it is suitable dairy farmers and scientists working in dairy farm

1. Scientific Dairy Farming
Dr. P. Perumal
Scientist (Animal Reproduction)
ICAR-Central Island agricultural Research Institute
Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2. One Calf /Cow/Year

3. Reproductive Cycle
AI Birth AI Birth
Pregnancy
(300 days)
12 m
Pregnancy
(300 days)
60 days

4. Housing Management
Housing is the most important factor in dairy farming
Good housing: good mgt practices & optimum
production
Housing of dairy animals depends upon
Number of animals
Type of breed of animals
Local environmental conditions
Finances available
Facilities to be provided
It should be less expensive

5. Requirements of housing
It should be well ventilated.
It should protect from extreme environ conditions.
It should have maximum sun exposure.
Its axis of length should be east to west.
It should remain dry.
Its environment should be hygienic.
There should be availability of feed & water for 24 h
1.2m x 2.4m cubicle resting space per cow
Diff pens with different size stalls reduces flexibility
Too small: increased injuries, reduce laying time
Too large: dirty stalls, cows, increased stall
maintenance, small cows lay backward in stall

6. 6
Good Herd Management:
Access to good feed & Clean Water
Besides Light, Air, Rest & Space

7. 7
Type of
Animal
Floor Space (m2) Max. of
animal
per pen
Height of
shed for eves
Covered
area
Open
area
Bull 12 120 1 175cm
(medium
& heavy
rainfall areas)
220 cm
(semiarid
& arid
regions)
Buffalo 4 8 50
Cow 3.5 7 50
Down
calves
12 12 1
Young
calves
1 2 30
Older
calves
2 4 30

8. 8

9. Reproductive Management
Estrus detection
Unobserved estrus: managerial deficiencies and short
period of estrus
Heat signs at least three times a day
Wall charts, breeding wheels, herd monitors and
individual cow records
Teaser bulls: in large number of animals, buffalo cows
Provision of adequate lighting to improve estrus
detection
Silent / weak / Sub estrus: common in buffalo & in pp
Animals should be checked for PD within 45-60 days

10. Cows showing estrus Should be inseminated
In morning Same day evening
In afternoon Morning of next day or early afternoon

11. Breeding Management
Bring the animal into positive nutritive balance
Mineral mixture supplementation
Do AI twice at 12 or 24 h intervals
Intrauterine infusions: for uterine pathology
Diseased bulls should not be allowed for breeding
Diseased breeding bulls: abortion

12. Artificial insemination
Vaginal speculum method
Recto vaginal method

13. Management of pregnant cow
Pregnancy is result of successful mating
Gestation period about 280-290 days(9 M +15 days )
Diagnosis of pregnancy
Cessation of estrous
Chang in temperament from vicious to docile
Marked improve of body condition
Enlarged mammary gland specially at the end
Quickening : give the cow cold water at morning and
examine the movement of life foetus in right flunk
Increase size of abdomen and udder
Waxy secretion(bead like) in udder at last days
swelling of vulva –relaxation of pelvic ligament

14. Management of pregnant cow
1) Mild exercise or work
2) Good quality ration and plentiful clean water
3) Avoid –narrow doors
-crowding during movement
-slopping
4) Take care to prevent injuries by mounting cows
or bulls
5) Calculate the expected day of calving and
isolate the cow in calving box 3-5 days before
parturition.

15. Management of pregnant cow
6)Steaming up
6 M of pregnancy onwards:1/2-1kg extra con mix
Function of steam up
1.Development of foetus
2.Build up body reserve for coming lactation
3.Increase milk yield and fat % of milk
4.Lengthen of lactation period
Low plane of nutrition
-reduce total lactation
-weak and thin new born
-increase calve death rate
High plane of nutrition
-fattening of cow
-narrow pelvic
-Dystocia

16. Management of pregnant cow
7) Drying off udder
The cow dried off 40-60 days before calving
Function of drying off
1. Rest of milk secretory organ
2. Allow use of nutrient in foetus development
3. Permit built up of reserve of body flesh before
calving
Methods of drying off
1.Incomplet milking
2.Intermittent milking
3.Complete cessation of milking

17. Management of pregnant cow
8) Cow approach parturition
 Isolate in calving box: clean, ventilated &
bedded
Avoid noise and disturbance
Manipulation of udder and teat to open teat
orifice before suckling

18. Parturition
Preparatory stage
Begin by active contraction of ut muscle & dilatation of cx
Last for 1-4 hr and end ends with rupture of fetal membrane
Stand up and lie down frequently and signs of straining
Expulsive stage
Expulsion of foetus
Begin with rupture of FM & end with expulsion of foetus
Last for ½ -4 h, most cows are lying for final delivery
Expulsion of placenta
Placenta normally leave female uterus within 2-4 h
If not expelled after 8-12 h manual interfere
Manual interference should be done by veterinarian

19. Management of cow after parturition
Give the clean warm water to compensate the fluids losses
Give the cow easily digested food and laxative (bran mash)
Increase amt of con gradually till full dosage after 3 days
Wash the ext genitalia, buttocks & udder with warm water
+antiseptic (KMno4)
Under observation for 24 h after birth to avoid milk fever
Squeezing first milk from the udder before suckling
Keep the cow with the calf in calving pen for few days to
enhance maternal filial bond
Post partum oestrus: few cows come in oestrus after 30-50
days but conception rat is <50%

20. Management of calf
Dry the calf with dry cloth or straw
Remove the mucous & fluids from mouth & nostrils
If the calf not breathes, make artificial respiration
Normally calf stand after 15-45 min if not, should be
helped to stand
Cut the umbilical cord 6-8 cm, & touch with tincture
iodine
 Feed 1st colostrum 48-72 h after birth (18% p: IgG)
Void muconium within 4-6 h after first colostrum
Light bedding for the calf (straw bedding)

21. Management of calf
Identification: early by tagging or tattooing
Dehorning/disbudding at 3 weeks of life
Castration at 8-10 weeks old
Amputation of extra mammary teat 1-2 month old
Vaccination: FMD, Black leg, HS
Warm water: 275 ml
Raw egg (55g): one
Castor oil: 3 ml
Vit A: 10000 IU
Warm whole milk: 525 ml
Antibiotics: ~80 mg
Artificial colostrum

22. Health Management
Due to milk borne diseases: cows must be healthy
One cannot feel safe: unless milk from disease free
animals or it has been pasteurized.
Good herd management : animals free from
diseases
Such diseases are T.B., brucellosis, mastitis etc.
Herd must be tested for milk borne diseases
regularly

23. Udder Health Management
Udder & flanks of the cow: thoroughly brushed
At milking time: wiped with a cloth or paper towel
moistened in water
Washing the udder and wiping dry is ideal.
After milking, dip in any disinfectant for 30 seconds
Vaccination
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
FMD vaccine
HS vaccine
Tetanus
Rabies
Leptospirosis

24. Herd Health Management
Proper feeding of the herd
Good facilities with ventilation
Using dry, clean bedding
Proper cleaning and sanitation
Controlling disease carriers-flies, birds, rodents
Raising replacements needed for the herd
Maintenance of health records
Isolating sick animals
Using a vet
Controlling access to dairy herds
Require visitors to wear protective footwear
Do not allow visitors where cattle are kept
Bulk milk and feed delivery points as far away

25. General care
Fly control
Cleaning of utensils
Methods of milking
Exercise
Regularity in care
Hoof trimming
Deworming
Kindness in handling

26. Fly Control
Two major reasons for fly control
Flies annoy cows: milk production is decreased
Flies: source of undesirable bacteria
Flies breed rapidly: fly control by sanitation
Keep: free from manure and
Milk houses should be screened.
Extended use of certain sprays

27. Cleaning Utensils
Unclean & unsterile utensils: source of the bacteria
A utensil must be properly clean and should be:
Rinse in lukewarm water to remove milk sticking to it
Wash with a brush, but never with a rag
The utensils should be rinsed in scalding water
Real sterile: should be steamed or chemical sterile
The drying: important process
Various Chlorine sol: strengths for chemical sterilization

28. Regularity in care
Any sudden change in feeding, watering, milking,
exercise of animals would have adverse effects
specially on sensitive type of animals
Therefore all operations of feeding, watering,
exercise, milking etc. must be carried out in the same
manner and at the same time daily

29. Exercise
Dairy animals need limited exercise
Confining Animals too long without exercise cause
stiffness in their limbs and overgrow hoofs leading to
possibly lameness
Any strenuous exercise is likely to reduce milk solids
especially fat content in milk .
Deworming
Worm causes high mortality and morbidity
Deworm in every 6 months interval
Deworming is important where more worm problem

30. Grooming and Trimming Hooves
Grooming stimulates circulation, helps in clean milk
production and makes them docile
Hooves if neglected weaken the legs causing
lameness and lower milk production
Kindness in handling
Cruelty to animals spoils the temperament of animal
resulting in reduced milk yield and may even alter the
composition of milk .

31. General management
Loose housing within the shelter: get exercise
Grooming : before and after milking- clean milk
production
Daily brushing: remove the loose hair and dirt from
the coat
Wallowing of buffaloes or water spraying:
comfortable in summer
Common ailments: properly detect and treated
Common vices: kicking, licking, suckling- detect and
treat

32. General management
Dry period: 60- 90 days
Vaccination: diseases, insects & pests
Numbered: all the animal
Check Mastitis regularly
Extra con mix: 1.25 – 1.75 Kg-pregnant animals,
good quality leguminous fodder- should not be fat
condition
Clean drinking water and protect from thermal
stress
Aborted animal should be separate- carrier disease
like brucellosis

33. General management
Allow moderate exercise- calve normally
Do not tire them – long distance walking
Do not allow them fighting- not chase them dog
& other animals
 Avoid slippery condition: fracture, dislocation
Proper recoding: exact date calving, proper
weighting
Pens: thoroughly cleaned and fresh bedding

34. General management
Feed one kg extra concentrate: last 8 week of
gestation
Laxative feed: 3-5 days before and after calving
wheat bran 3kg+ 0.5 g GNC + 100 gm of mineral
mixture of salt)
Symptoms of delivery: swelling of external genitalia
and udder
After parturition: external genitalia, flank-cleaned,
protect the animal from chill, give warm water
Treatment RFM, milk fever, abortion, ketosis

35. Cow management

40. Fetal mummification Fetal Maceration Brucellosis Listeriosis
Leptospirosis Trichomoniasis Neospora IBR -IPV
Infectious Cause of Infertility

41. Dystocia Uterine Prolapse C-V Prolapse
Uterine Torsion Downer Cow Syndrome Metritis, Pyometra
Parturition Complications

42. Obstetrical Instruments

43. 43
Obstetrical Instruments

44. Normal Position

45. Abnormal Position

46. Abnormal Position

47. Obstetrical Correction

48. Obstetrical Correction

49. Obstetrical Correction