Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya

Aflacontrol conference Southern Sun Hotel, 13 th January 2011 Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety Guantai S.M. ACDI/VOCA Kenya 02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

What are Mycotoxins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Occurrence and Hazards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Hazards continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Epidemiological associations in Kenya ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Economic implications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Toxins of Aspergillus Spps. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Toxic effects of Mycotoxins in Humans 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Mycotoxin Fungi/ mould producer When produced Most susceptible commodity Toxic effect/ disease Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus, A. Parasiticus Mainly post harvest, during storage Maize, cereals, groundnuts, tree nuts Liver damage (hepatitis) Liver cancer and death in case of acute cases Ochratoxins Aspergillus spps, Penicillium spps Mainly post harvest, during storage Cereals, Coffee, Cocoa, Spices and herbs Endemic balkan nephropathy- Kidney degeneration (common in eastern Europe) Citrinin Aspergillus spps, Penicillium spps Mainly post harvest Cereals and beverages Kidney damage Fumonisins Fusarium moniliforme Mainly pre harvest Maize, cereals Esophageal cancer Zealalenone (ZEN) Fusarium spps (especially F. roseum) Pre harvest and post harvest Mainly Cereals Oestrogenic effects (female hormone) cancer Deoxynivalenol (DON) Fusarium spp Especially F. graminearum Mainly pre harvest Cereals especially wheat, barley and maize Vomiting, enteritis (diarrhea), depressed immunity. Ergot Ergot alkaloids Mainly pre harvest Cereals especially barley, rye ,sorghum Localized tissue death (gangrene) and death.

Toxic effects of Mycotoxins in Domestic Animals 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Mycotoxin Fungi/ mould producer Toxic effect/ disease Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus, A parasiticus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ochratoxins Aspergillus spps, Penicillium spps ,[object Object],[object Object]

Factors that lead to Fungal Growth and Aflatoxins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Factors that lead to Aflatoxins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Factors leading to aflatoxins formation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Environmental conditions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Environmental conditions Cont. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Factors and Critical Hazard Control Points 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Procedure Mycotoxins Application /Purpose Pre harvest (GAP) Seed Selection Aspergillus toxins Adaptability to fungal infection and ability to resist certain fungi. Ability to degrade aflatoxins in situ. Adaptability to ecological conditions. Resist pest damage and drought / moisture stress. Timely Planting Aspergillus and toxins Avoid growth stress at late stages of maturity/ Ensure timely harvest Spacing / Weeding / Fertilizer application / Irrigation Aspergillus toxins Avoid growth Stress (Moisture and Nutrients), increase water retention during growth. Ensure weed free seedbed to avoid pests and diseases. Fertilization ensures a healthy crop. Pest and Disease Control Aspergillus toxins Avoid grain damage by pests and easy mould formation. Avoid fungal inoculums dispersal Crop Rotation Aspergillus and Fumonisin Break proliferation of pathogen inoculums. Irrigation Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Avoid moisture stress during crop growth (irrigate or use drought tolerant varieties) Liming Aspergillus, Fusarium toxins Acidic soils stress the plant and predispose the plant to infestation Crop Residue management Aspergillus and Fusarium toxins Minimize inoculum's sources

Factors and Hazard Control Points cont. 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Procedure Mycotoxins Purpose / Application Harvesting / Post Harvest Timeliness Aspergillus toxins Fast drying of harvested produce at physiological maturity during the dry weather. Avoid prolonged standing in the field. Avoid partial and interrupted drying. Cleaning; sorting and grading Aspergillus toxins Remove potential contaminated kernels / remove easily infested kernels and remove carriers of heavy fungal innoculums/ avoid moisture retention during storage Drying Aspergillus toxins Arrest proliferation of toxigenic fungi at all stages of handling. Good storage practices Aspergillus toxins Avoid build up of moisture / moisture formation and retention. Control relative humidity. Avoid pest and vermin damage. Avoid temperature build up and avoid dissemination of fungal inocculums Good trade practices Aspergillus toxins Grading , sorting, cleaning and removal of contaminants. Avoid moisture build up and retention. Avoid fungal growth. Avoid pest infestation. Do not blend with old or poor quality

Identification of Aflatoxins Contaminated Grains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Suspect Aflatoxins contamination in Grains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

What to do with Aflatoxins Contaminated Grains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Incidences of acute Aflatoxins poisoning in Kenya (findings not by Aflacontrol) 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Year Those affected Numbers affected Locality (District / Province Source of toxin Observed complications / effects 1960 Ducklings 16,000 White settler farms RVP Aflatoxin contaminated ground nut feed Death 1977 Dogs / Poultry Large numbers Nairobi / Mombasa / Eldoret Contaminated produce due to poor storage Death 1981 Human beings 12 Machakos Aflatoxin contaminated maize Death 1984 / 85 Poultry Large numbers Poultry farms Contaminated imported maize Death 1998 Humans Humans A few 3 Meru north Meru north Aflatoxin contaminated beans Aflatoxin contaminated maize Acute poisoning Death 2001 Humans 3 Meru north Mouldy Maize Death 2001 Humans 26 Maua Aflatoxin contaminated maize Severe liver damage. 16 deaths 2002 Dogs / Poultry Large numbers Coastal region Aflatoxin contaminated feed Death

Incidences of Acute Mycotoxins poisoning in Kenya cont.- 02/15/11 ,[object Object],Year Those affected Numbers Locality (District / Province) Source of poisoning Observed complications / effects. 2003 Humans 6 Thika Mouldy maize Death 2004 Humans 331 Eastern / Central Machakos, Kitui and Makueni Aflatoxin contaminated grains Acute poisoning 125 deaths 2005 Humans 75 Makueini, Kitui, Machakos Aflatoxin contaminated maize Acute poisoning 342 deaths 2006 Humans Over 20 cases Ndithini (Machakos), Mutomo (Kitui) Matiliku / Kisau (Makueni) Aflatoxin contaminated cereals Acute poisoning. 10 deaths reported in Mutomo as at 9 th June 2006 and 11 deaths as at 5 th June in Makueni. 2007 Humans 4 Kasekeu / Makindu Aflatoxin contaminated Maize 2 deaths reported as at 21 st May 2007 2008 Humans 5 high aflatoxins levels samples Isinya in Embu, Kibwezi and Mutomo Contaminated maize 3 persons hospitalized In Mutomo, 2 deaths reported in Kibewezi as at 5 th June 2008 2010 29 Districts in Eastern Kenya Suspect contaminated maize Price spiral down and grain trade break down. Unconfirmed cases of Dogs dying in Nairobi

Thank You ,[object Object],02/15/11 ,[object Object]

Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya

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Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya