2. SPEAKER
Parmar Chandrakant B.
3rd Sem, M.Sc. (Hort.) Fruit science
Reg. No. : 04-2932-2016
Department of Horticulture,
A.A.U., Anand
Co-Guide :
Dr. A. S. Thounaojam
Assistant Research Scientist
Medicinal and Aromatic plant processing
station
A.A.U., Anand
Major Guide:
Dr. H. H. Sitapara
Assistant Professor
Department of Horticulture
B. A. College of Agriculture
A.A.U., Anand
FLOOR MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT ORCHARD
3. Introduction
What is orchard floor management ?
Objectives of orchard floor management
Components
Brief Review of research work
Conclusion
Future thrust
Content
3
4. Introduction
India, can take the pride of attaining second position in the
production of fruit crops (92846 thousand MT) with the covering an
area (6480 thousand ha) but the productivity of most fruit crops is
low (NHB, Database 2016-17, 2nd Advance Estimates).
In spite of higher production, India’s contribution for export in
global market is less as compared to other countries.
One of the reason is poor quality of produce and low yield.
Management of the orchard floor can influence the
effectiveness of irrigation, nutrient and soil management practices.
Proper orchard floor management is vital to the health and
productivity of fruit trees, with management practices impacting
tree growth, yield and quality of fruit.
4
5. Table1: Area, Production and Productivity of major fruit crops
during the (2014-15) year
INDIA
CROPS
AREA
(thousand HA)
PRODUCTION
(thousand MT)
PRODUCTIVITY
(IN MT/HA)
Mango 2516.0 18431.0 8.1
Banana 803.0 29725.0 37.0
Papaya 133.0 5639.0 42.3
Guava 238.0 3668.0 13.7
Sapota 177.0 1744.0 9.9
Custard apple 21.77 165.15 8.3
Citrus 1078.0 11147.1 10.3
Apple 313.0 2498.0 8.0
Pomegranate 130.8 1345.601 30.3
Source: NHB, Database (2015)5
6. Orchard floor management refers to the
management of the orchard soil in such a
manner that the fruit trees give higher yield of
quality fruits in successive years for sustainable
economic returns
What is Orchard floor management ?
6
7. Objectives of Orchard Floor Management
To provide optimum soil moisture during the critical plant growth
stages
Prevent or reduce soil erosion
Increase or at least maintain organic matter in soil.
Increase nutrients status of soil
Control weeds in the orchard
Improve soil structure and loosen it for good aeration and water
percolation
To ensure additional income from the interspaces of the orchard,
especially during the pre-bearing stage
Enhance bio-control and improve microbial activity
7
10. • The inter space between
the trees is kept clean by
tillage and removal of
weeds
• Dis-favour in respect to
maintaining soil fertility
• Moisture loss aggregates
Clean cultivation
High density peach orchard under clean
cultivation10
11. Improves soil aeration and physical conditions
Controls weeds and thus reduces competition for light,
nutrients and moisture
Eliminates or avoids alternate hosts for pests and
diseases
Improves the infiltration of water through breaking the
hard soil surface crust
Enhances biological activity in the soil through better
aeration
Advantages
11
12. Grasses are allowed
to grow in the
interspaces between
the trees without
tillage or mulching
The grasses are
mowed periodically to
reduce competition
for water and
nutrients with the
trees
Sod culture
12
13. Controls soil erosion
Maintains optimum soil moisture and organic matter
Provides better aeration to the roots
Enhances microbiological activity in the soil through
better aeration
Avoids bruising of falling fruits
Advantages
13
14. Grasses are allowed to grow in
the entire area of the orchard
Tree basins are mulched with
straw, instead of tilling
The grasses are mowed down
regularly and are spread to
maintain the mulch in basins
Sod mulch implies to use of
cut over grasses as a mulch in
fruit cultivation
Sod mulch
14
15. Moisture conservation
Temperature regulation
Weed suppression
Better nutrient availability
Hastended microbial activity
Minimized soil compaction
Controlling or checked soil erosion
Improves fruit colouration
and enhances fruit maturity
SOD MULCH
BENEFITS OF SOD MULCH
15
16. • Herbicide also commonly known as weed killers, are
chemical substances used to control unwanted plants
• Herbicides are applied to soil to manage weeds
• While it is desirable for the chemicals to control weeds
during the season of application, it is not desirable for
them to persist and affect subsequent crop growth
Use of herbicides
16
17. • It is a technique of covering soil by organic or
inorganic materials for maintain moisture and
improve soil conditions
Mulching
Mulch in strawberry and banana
17
20. Conserves soil moisture
Organic mulches add organic matter and nutrients to the soil
upon decomposition thus save fertilizer requirements
Improves the soil structure, nutrient availability and micro flora
Controls soil erosion
Improves water infiltration and controls weed growth due to
etiolation
Reduces soil temperature fluctuation
Mulch acts as a cushion for dropping fruits and thus avoiding
physical injury
Growth, production, colour and quality of fruits are improved
Advantage of mulching
20
21. It is the practice of growing
one or more short duration
crops between inter-spaces of
trees in the same field
Types of intercropping
1. Parallel intercropping
2. Companion
intercropping
3. Multiple intercropping
Intercropping
21
22. It gives additional yield or income/unit area than
sole cropping
Higher productivity per unit area
Maintain soil fertility
Reduction in soil run-off and control weeds
Provide shade and support to the other crops
It utilizes resources sufficiently and their
productivity is increased
Intercropping with cash crops is highly profitable
Advantages
22
23. It is the cheapest and most effective method of maintaining soil
productivity and soil structure
Which are raised between the tree rows during rainy season.
Cover crops affect:
Weeds
Soil C, N, other nutrients
Soil biology, moisture
Pests (insect, disease)
N fixation (legumes)
Soil and orchard temperature
Manage excess vigour
Increase fruit cleanliness / quality at
harvest
Cover crops
23
24. In tropical and subtropical countries, 70% of the labour input is diverted for
weeding
Weed interferes with agricultural operations and reduces the yield of crops
In India, yield loss due to weeds is approximately 33% of total production, and on
an average 30 per cent of the total production cost is spent on tillage operations
alone
In case of heavy infestation 70 to 80% losses are observed in the crops where
weeds are allowed to grow along with the crops till harvesting
Weeds competition with main crop for light, water, nutrients, and interfere with
other operational factors
Weed is defined as a unwanted plant in the field.
24
25. Irrigation is a vital management practice in fruit production regions of the world,
particularly in arid and semi-arid climates
Optimum growth and production of fruit crops is strongly linked managing
irrigation water
Insufficient water supply may result in reduced tree growth, yield and fruit quality
due to water stress
Excessive irrigation may increase nutrient leaching, water-logging problems,
incidence of pests and diseases and the associated cost of frequent operation and
maintenance of the irrigation system
commonly adopted methods of irrigations methods are : 1) Drip irrigation
2) Basin irrigation method
Irrigation management
25
26. Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that saves water and
fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants,
either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a
network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Advantages
Save water.
Increase yield and fruit quality.
Higher returns per unit area and time.
It saves labour cost.
Improved water penetration.
Eliminate soil erosion.
Reduced weed growth.
Saving in fertilizers and chemicals (40-60%).
Drip irrigation method
26
27. The combined use of different sources of plant nutrients for
the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility and plant
nutrient supply at an optimum level for desired crop productivity.
Provides balanced nutrition to crops and minimizes the
antagonistic effects
Improves the physical, chemical and biological properties of
soil
Minimizes the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by
reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface water bodies and
to atmosphere
Integrated nutrient management
27
33. Table 4: Effect of irrigation levels on the yield and quality of mango cv. Dashehari
(15 year old tree)
Treatments No. of
fruits/tree
Yield
(q/ha)
WUE
(q/ha-cm)
Pulp
(%)
TSS
( ̊Brix)
T1 194.31 26.95 0.98 64.25 17.50
T2 222.67 31.65 1.16 65.98 19.50
T3 360.27 45.27 1.72 67.98 18.50
T4 293.14 44.92 1.75 70.33 20.25
T5 278.71 40.72 1.70 68.24 19.98
T6 328.53 52.95 2.29 71.58 22.65
T7 239.30 35.46 1.52 67.95 21.05
T8 366.17 59.92 3.21 72.60 23.35
T9 225.23 31.88 1.24 64.00 18.98
T10 262.08 38.10 1.65 61.72 20.98
C. D. at 5% 27.96 1.12 0.102 1.42 0.840
IGKV, Raipur Panigrahi et al. (2010)
T8 = Drip irrigation with 0.6 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
33
34. T1 = Basin irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water (control)
T2 = Basin irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
T3 = Drip irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water
T4 = Drip irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
T5 = Drip irrigation with 0.8 V-volume of water
T6 = Drip irrigation with 0.8 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
T7 = Drip irrigation with 0.6 V-volume of water
T8 = Drip irrigation with 0.6 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
T9 = Drip irrigation with 0.4 V-volume of water
T10= Drip irrigation with 0.4 V-volume of water + polythene mulch
Where V = Irrigation water requirement
Treatment details:
34
35.
36. Table 5: Effect of irrigation and mulch on yield, water use efficiency of
banana cv. Dwarf Cavendish
Treatments
Number of
hands/bunch
Yield
(q/ha)
WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
Water
saving(%)
T1 6.82 272.66 19.06 -
T2 6.95 321.27 23.65 7.69
T3 7.75 330.16 26.40 11.37
T4 8.07 385.41 30.82 12.59
T5 7.61 358.76 35.69 36.43
T6 8.27 434.58 43.23 47.54
T7 7.62 369.58 49.26 50.72
T8 8.90 498.68 66.46 61.83
T9 7.08 342.36 62.72 21.41
T10 7.38 418.16 76.60 29.72
CD at 5% 0.29 33.55 - -
Agrawal and Agrawal (2005)IGAU, Raipur (UP)
36
37. T1 = Basin irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water (control)
T2 = Basin irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water + plastic mulch
T3 = Drip irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water
T4 = Drip irrigation with 1.0 V-volume of water + plastic mulch
T5 = Drip irrigation with 0.8 V-volume of water
T6 = Drip irrigation with 0.8 V-volume of water + plastic mulch
T7 = Drip irrigation with 0.6 V-volume of water
T8 = Drip irrigation with 0.6 V-volume of water + plastic mulch
T9 = Drip irrigation with 0.4 V-volume of water
T10= Drip irrigation with 0.4 V-volume of water + plastic mulch
Where V = Irrigation water requirement
Treatment details:
37
38. Table 6: Effect of intercropping on yield attributes of banana cv.
Grand Naine
Treatment
Number of
hands/Bunch
Weight of
Bunch (kg)
Yield (t/ha)
T1- banana + onion (A1) 10.29 23.68 82.22
T2- banana + onion (A2) 10.32 25.67 89.14
T3- banana + onion (A3) 10.22 23.26 80.76
T4- banana + garlic (A1) 10.30 24.41 84.75
T5- banana + garlic (A2) 10.37 25.45 91.84
T6- banana + garlic (A3) 10.28 23.49 81.56
T7- banana + cauliflower (A1) 10.19 22.74 78.95
T8- banana + cauliflower (A2) 10.24 23.39 81.21
T9- banana + cauliflower (A3) 10.00 23.37 74.20
T10- sole banana 10.31 24.68 85.70
CD at 5 % NS 2.76 9.50
NAU (Navsari) Patil et. al. (2015)
38
A1- 25% (cauliflower) and 27% (onion and garlic) (without lateral shifting);
A2- 33% (with lateral shifting in between rows); A3- combination of three above intercrops
41. Treatments No. of
hands per
bunch
No. of
fingers per
bunch
Finger
length
(cm)
Finger
girth (cm)
Bunch
weight
(kg)
Yield
(MT/ha)
T1 10.8 154.6 20.6 12.0 21.2 94.2
T2 11.2 160.5 21.1 12.2 21.7 96.4
T3 12.2 173.3 22.1 12.5 23.5 104.4
T4 11.6 165.7 21.7 12.3 23.1 102.7
T5 9.8 146.9 20.3 11.8 19.9 83.4
CD at 5% 1.51 7.22 0.50 0.31 0.92 7.52
Table 8: Effect of different mulches on yield of banana cv. Grand Naine
Shaikh et al. (2017)Banana Research Station, Jalgaon (MH)
T1: Soybean straw
T2: Banana plants part
T3: Silver-Black polyethylene mulch
T4: Black-Black polyethylene mulch
T5: Control
41
42. Treatments
O.C (%)
Available N
(kg/ha)
Available P2O5
(kg/ha)
Available K2O
(kg/ha)
Pre
harvest
Post
harvest
Pre
harvest
Post
harvest
Pre
harvest
Post
harvest
Pre
harvest
Post
harvest
T1 0.38 0.59 189.21 267.40 16.14 24.40 175.00 162.25
T2 0.45 0.62 192.56 308.53 16.87 26.63 180.00 210.75
T3 0.48 0.65 229.32 322.40 23.54 30.95 182.00 190.25
T4 0.5 0.68 229.82 341.20 24.12 35.17 183.11 215.00
T5 0.51 0.75 230.50 360.81 24.95 37.89 184.00 239.50
C. D. at 5% 0.04 0.21 5.23 19.47 0.58 0.95 27.25 52.43
O.U.A.T, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) Chhuria et al. (2016)
Table 9 : Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil physical and
chemical parameters of tissue culture banana cv. Grand Naine
42
T5-100% RDF (300:100:300 g NPK/Plant) + 125 g of bio-fertilizers
43. T1 Control
T2 100% RDF (300:100:300 g ) N:P:K/ Plant
T3 100% RDF + 75 g of bio-fertilizers
T4 100% RDF + 100 g of bio-fertilizers
T5 100% RDF + 125 g of bio-fertilizers
Treatments details:
43
Bio- fertilizer: Azotobactor, Azospirillium and PSB were applied
48. Treatments
Fruits
/plant
Fruit
weight(g)
Yield
(t/ha)
Water use
efficiency (kg/
ha/cm)
(A) Irrigation methods
T1- Drip
irrigation
23.43 630.11 20.38 127.53
T2- Basin irrigation
with straw mulch
24.76 677.67 23.17 112.78
T3- Basin irrigation
without straw mulch
20.55 585.78 18.31 74.94
C. D. at 5% 0.88 56.84 1.11
Table 12: Effect of irrigation methods on yield attributing characters of papaya cv.
CO-2 (pooled 2010-2012)
O.U.A.T, Sambalpur (Odisha) Nayak et al. (2015)
48
49.
50. 50
Treatments No. of
fruits/plant
Fruit yield
(kg/plant)
Fruit wt.
(g)
Pulp
wt./fruit (g)
TSS
(˚Brix)
Total sugar
(%)
T1 1309.00 103.40 79.05 62.60 19.90 16.30
T2 1271.00 98.08 77.15 60.00 19.93 16.81
T3 1355.00 135.57 99.99 79.50 21.26 16.28
T4 1566.00 175.53 112.03 87.50 21.86 17.86
T5 1512.66 185.20 122.35 98.66 21.63 17.72
T6 1247.66 110.30 88.43 71.10 20.00 17.35
T7 1262.66 113.93 90.20 71.50 21.46 17.57
T8 1236.33 106.17 85.83 68.40 20.33 17.55
T9 1569.33 197.53 125.87 101.66 23.16 18.03
T10 1274.00 100.71 79.00 62.76 20.26 17.72
T11 1186.00 73.99 61.33 47.50 16.06 15.76
C. D. at 5% 30.09 13.09 6.86 10.35 1.94 0.18
Table 13: Effect of integrated nutrient management on fruit yield and
quality of sapota
P.D.K.V, Akola (MH) Baviskar et al. (2011)
T9 -1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g PSB/plant
50
51. T1
1500:1000:500 g NPK + 50 kg FYM / plant
T2
1125:750:375 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter / plant
T3
1125:750:375 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillium / plant
T4
1125:750:375 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g PSB /
plant
T5
1125:750:375 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillium + 250 g PSB/
plant
T6
1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost /plant
T7
1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azotobacter/plant
T8
1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillium/plant
T9
1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g
PSB/plant
T10
1125:750:375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillium + 250 g
PSB/plant
T11
Control
Treatment details:
51
52. Table 14 : Effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on No. of fruits/ tree, fruit yield
and TSS of sapota cv. Kalipatti (14 year old tree)
Treatments No. of fruits/ tree Fruit yield (t / ha) TSS (ºBrix)
T1 1789 11.47 17.90
T2 1775 11.35 17.87
T3 1901 12.47 19.90
T4 1713 10.98 18.83
T5 1897 12.35 20.07
T6 2082 13.37 20.83
T7 1824 11.65 18.17
T8 2211 14.41 18.40
T9 2243 14.91 17.17
C.D. at 5% 339.10 2.60 1.40
Anonymus (2015)A.A.U, Anand
52
53. T1 = 0.4 PE Fraction + 50% NPK of RDF
T2= 0.4 PE Fraction + 75% NPK of RDF
T3= 0.4 PE Fraction + 100% NPK of RDF
T4= 0.6 PE Fraction + 50% NPK of RDF
T5= 0.6 PE Fraction + 75% NPK of RDF
T6= 0.6 PE Fraction + 100% NPK of RDF
T7= 0.8 PE Fraction + 50% NPK of RDF
T8= 0.8 PE Fraction + 75% NPK of RDF
T9= 0.8 PE Fraction + 100% NPK of RDF
Note: RDF- 900:450:450 g NPK/ plant
Treatments details :
Conti….
53
61. Treatment
Plant
height (m)
Soil moisture
content
(50 DAM)
Weed
population
(Plants/m2)
Yield
(kg/ha)
T1 - Control 2.59 6.82 80 1560
T2 - Bajra straw 2.81 8.60 50 1700
T3 - Maize straw 2.93 8.05 60 1720
T4 - Grasses 2.75 7.58 40 1680
T5 - Brankad 3.00 8.84 58 1744
T6 - FYM 3.09 9.52 38 1780
T7 - Black polythene 3.16 10.16 35 1848
C. D. at 5% 0.15 0.63 10.4 34.41
Kumar (2014)S. K.U.A.S.T, Raya, (J&K)
Table 19: Effect of mulching on plant height, soil moisture
content, weed suppression and yield of Eureka lemon
61
62. Treatment
Average
fruit weight
(g)
Fruit yield
(kg/tree)
TSS
(°Brix)
Ascorbic Acid
(mg/100 g juice)
Acidity (%)
T1- 100% RDF (50 kg FYM, 900 g :
750 g : 500 g NPK/tree)
40.25 33.41 6.88 24.10 7.95
T2- 75% RDF + 5 kg Castor cake/tree 42.67 35.09 7.42 25.13 7.87
T3-T2 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5
ml/tree)
49.83 36.13 7.73 26.90 7.82
T4-50% RDF + 10 kg Castor cake/tree 48.68 34.90 7.57 26.20 7.73
T5-T4 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5
ml/tree) 50.17 42.42 8.60 28.03 7.40
T6-75% RDF + 9 kg
Vermicompost/tree
47.00 37.53 7.92 27.67 7.50
T7-T6 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5
ml/tree) 53.20 46.92 8.85 29.63 7.32
T8-50% RDF + 18 kg
Vermicompost/tree 45.75 41.68 8.37 27.83 7.43
T9 - T8 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5
ml/tree) 51.92 46.68 8.72 28.53 7.35
C. D. at 5% 5.19 4.95 0.57 1.88 0.43
Table 20: Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield and quality
attributing characters of acid lime cv. kagzi lime
Nurbhanej et al. (2016)A.A.U, Anand 62
63.
64. Treatments
Fruit yield
(kg/plant)
TSS
(°Brix)
Reducing
sugar (%)
Total sugar
(%)
T1 - Control 14.62 23.80 15.91 17.21
T2 - Circular basin with
5% slope
14.85 24.33 16.05 17.60
T3 - Crescent bunding 15.49 24.81 16.15 17.66
T4 -Circular basin with
5% slope and
mulching locally
available organic
material
16.08 24.85 16.69 17.91
C. D. at 5%
0.89 0.77 0.53 0.58
JAU, Junagadh Polara et al. (2013)
Table 21: Effect of in situ water harvesting and mulching on yield and quality
parameters of custard apple cv. Sindhan (5 year old plants)
64
65. Treatments
O.C .
(%)
Available N
(kg/ha)
Available
P2O5
(kg/ha)
Available
K2O (kg/ha)
T1 -Control 0.535 215.44 24.31 336.10
T2- Circular basin with 5% slope 0.541 220.46 25.66 344.43
T3- Crescent bunding 0.534 221.74 25.14 337.89
T4- Circular basin with 5%
slope and mulching locally
available organic material
0.548 225.68 25.98 340.90
CD at 5% NS 8.67 1.15 NS
JAU, Junagadh Polara et al. (2013)
Table 22: Effect of in situ water harvesting and mulching on available
nutrients in custard apple (5 year old plants)
65
66.
67. Treatments
Flower drop
(%)
Fruit set
(%)
Total fruit
drop (%)
Number of
fruits/plant
Yield
(t/ha)
T1- Cover crops
(cowpea)
28.74 71.26 45.71 277.51 10.20
T2- Sugarcane trash 30.71 69.29 49.86 267.85 9.46
T3- Saw dust 23.33 76.67 45.81 252.19 9.15
T4-Dry leaves 27.74 72.26 48.30 275.21 10.77
T5- Paddy straw 17.85 82.15 40.31 286.26 12.34
T6-Black polythene 19.02 81.06 40.02 347.95 13.08
T7-White polythene 21.69 78.31 42.12 340.17 12.42
Control 36.82 63.18 51.33 245.15 7.71
C. D. at 5% 0.94 0.96 0.78 5.62 1.56
B.C.K.V, Mohanpur, (WB) Das et al. (2010)
Table 23: Effect of soil covers on flower drop, fruit set, fruit drop, number
of fruits/plant and yield of guava cv. L-49 (14 year old plants)
67
68. Treatments
TSS
(°Brix)
Total sugar
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(%)
Non-reducing
sugar
(%)
T1 -Cover crops(cowpea) 7.67 5.20 3.04 2.16
T2 - Sugarcane trash 7.47 5.42 3.12 2.30
T3 - Saw dust 7.73 5.93 3.26 2.67
T4 - Dry leaves 8.40 6.01 3.33 2.68
T5 -Paddy straw 8.53 6.53 3.81 2.72
T6 - Black polythene 7.73 6.35 3.69 2.66
T7 - White polythene 7.53 6.08 3.56 2.52
Control 7.07 5.07 3.01 2.06
C. D. at 5% 0.64 0.138 0.35 0.11
B.C.K.V, Mohanpur (W.B) Das et al. (2010)
Table 24: Effect of soil covers on dimension and bio-chemical composition of
fruits of guava cv. L-49 (14 year old plants)
68
69. Table 25 : Effect of integrated nutrient management on fruit yield and quality of guava
Treatment
No. of fruit
per plant
Fruit yield
(Kg/plant)
Fruit
weight (g)
TSS(°B)
Total
sugar(%)
Acidity (%)
T1 143.00 24.45 191.10 10.01 7.32 0.330
T2 146.00 26.56 215.44 11.15 8.28 0.327
T3 153.00 27.98 215.20 10.40 8.27 0.341
T4 205.00 39.45 289.40 12.51 8.70 0.259
T5 179.66 35.68 246.10 11.57 8.32 0.305
T6 84.00 21.78 182.30 9.95 7.32 0.312
T7 91.00 25.12 198.70 9.78 7.32 0.335
T8 129.00 22.63 183.50 10.10 7.34 0.355
T9 165.00 33.41 211.70 11.45 8.26 0.394
T10 154.00 31.27 206.20 11.20 7.64 0.389
T11 73.00 12.74 131.80 9.45 6.07 0.359
C. D. at 5% 8.81 4.27 8.93 0.77 0.22 0.04
P.D.K.V, Akola (MH) Barne et al. (2011)
69
70. Treatments detail:
T1 650 : 325 : 375 g NPK + 50 kg FYM / plant
T2 487.5 : 243.75 : 281.25 g NPK + 50kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter / plant
T3 487.5 : 243.75: 281.25 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum
T4 487.5 : 243.75 : 281.25 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g PSB
/plant
T5 487.5 :243.75: 281.25 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillum+ 250g PSB
/plant
T6 650 : 325 : 375 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost / plant
T8 487.5:243.75:281.25 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum / plant
T9 487.5 : 243.75 : 281.25 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azotobacter +
250g PSB / plant
T10 487.5 : 243.75 : 281.25 g NPK + 15 kg vermicompost + 250 g Azospirillum +
250g PSB / plant
T11 Control
70
Conti….
72. Table 26 : Effect of orchard floor management treatments on fruit set, fruit drop, fruit
crack, total no. of fruit and yield of pomegranate cv. Kandhari Kabuli
(Seven year old plants)
Treatments
Fruit set
(%)
Fruit
drop (%)
Fruit
crack
(%)
No of
fruits per
tree
Yield
(kg)/plant
T1 - Grass mulch
(10cm thick) 51.52 13.45 1.76 44.33 12.35
T2 - Black polythene mulch 53.40 12.32 1.36 51.66 13.05
T3 - Clean basin + herbicidal
treatment (7ml/litre) 45.28 24.13 2.60 35.66 7.50
T4 - Ridge basin + grass
mulch 47.47 20.34 1.98 39.66 6.90
T5 -Control 42.34 25.66 2.80 34.00 7.35
CD at 5% 1.82 2.11 0.14 2.23 0.73
YSPUHF, Solan (HP) Sharma et al. (2017)
72
73. Treatments
TSS
(Brix)
Titratable
acidity (%)
Total
sugar
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(%)
Non-
Reducing
sugar (%)
Ascorbic
acid
(mg/100g )
T1 12.66 0.43 11.52 9.31 2.21 15.67
T2 13.33 0.33 11.86 9.54 2.32 15.81
T3 11.43 0.42 11.30 9.16 2.14 13.26
T4 11.93 0.49 10.22 8.52 1.70 14.01
Control 11.10 0.54 9.84 8.40 1.44 12.82
CD at 5 % 0.68 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.36
Sharma et al. (2017)
Table 27: Effect of orchard floor management treatments on physico-chemical
characters of pomegranate cv. Kandhari Kabuli
73
YSPUHF, Solan (HP)
78. Conclusion
Orchard soil management practices and integrated nutrient
management with use of organic manures (FYM, vermicompost,
bio-fertilizers, cakes etc.) and cover cropping helps in improving
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil for
quality fruit production.
Mulching encourages proliferation of feeder roots resulting in
efficient uptake of plant nutrients and more retention of moisture
and improves thermal regimes under weed free conditions as well
as drip irrigation with use of plastic mulch significantly influence
tree yield and fruit quality.
78
79. FUTURE THRUST
To make aware about more use of organic sources of
nutrient for sustainability of orchard soil
Fruit crops are long time establishment at a single spot,
so it is needed to manage fruit orchard according to its
root system and growth habit.
There is scope to work on soil nutrient analysis on
recommendation base
79
Hinweis der Redaktion
What are cover crops?
weeds are defined as plants that are growing where they are not wanted.
Orchard weeds compete for water and nutrients, reducing growth and yield of fruit trees. Alleyway weeds increase the soil weed seed bank.
Weeds in the tree rows can interfere with irrigation sprinklers and harvest, and can attract and harbor arthropod pests and rodents.
Best practices for orchard floor management limit weed growth
is a limiting resource in Intermountain West orchards.
The amount of water required for an orchard is partly determined by orchard floor management.
Some management practices that improve soil properties or reduce insect populations may require additional irrigation inputs.
These higher water requirements must be weighed against their potential benefits, particularly in seasons or situations where irrigation water is scarce or expensive.
The conventional weed-free strip and grass alleyway minimizes competition with orchard trees for water and nutrients