1. HUMANISM, REFORMATION AND
COUNTER-REFORMATION

2. HUMANISM

3. - Anthropocentrism: focus on
the human being, considered to
be the centre of the universe
- Interest in Greek and Roman
culture: revival of Antiquity.
- Curiosity about everything
- Search for knowledge
through reason and
experience.
MAIN FEATURES
VITRUVIAN MAN
DRAWN BY LEONARDO DA VINCI IN 1487.
IT REPRESENTS THE HUMAN BODY AS
THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEAL PROPORTIONS
FOR ART AND GEOMETRY

4. - Many Byzantine wisemen migrated to
the West after the fall of Constantinople
(conquered by the Ottoman Turks).
They brought Byzantine manuscripts
and promoted the spread of Greek
culture and language.
-The invention of the printing press by
Johannes Gutenberg
-The role of sponsors or patrons: rich
bourgeois who sponsored studies and
works of art (the Medici family)
-Creation of universities, schools and
academies.
Gutenberg Bible
FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANISM

5. DANTE ALIGHIERI
WRITER
PETRARCH
POET
BOCCACIO
WRITER
PICO DELLA
MIRANDOLA
PHILOSOPHER
LORENZO VALLA
PHILOLOGIST
ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
PHILOSOPHER
AND PHILOLOGIST
MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE
PHILOSOPHER
AND WRITER
THOMAS MORE
THEOLOGIST AND
PHILOSOPHER

6. PHILOSOPHER
AND PEDAGOGUE
GRAMMARIAN AND
PEDAGOGUE
FIRST
CASTILIAN GRAMMAR

7. REFORMATION

8. SALE OF BULLS AND INDULGENCES
Certificate of indulgence
LUXURY AND DEPRAVATION OF
MANY CHURCH MEMBERS
STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE
CRITICISM TO THE CHURCH

9. 95 Theses of Wittenberg
(1517)
MARTIN
LUTHER

10. SALVATION
THROUGH FAITH
AUTHORITY
OF THE BIBLE
UNIVERSAL PRIESTHOOD
MARTIN LUTHER´S PROPOSALS
REDUCTION
OF SACRAMENTS:
BAPTISM
COMMUNION

11. Diet of Worms (1521)
Luther refused to recant and
Emperor Charles V declared him
an outlaw
1520: Pope Leo X´s Bull
excommunicating Martin
Luther

12. SPREAD OF LUTHERANISM
Many nobles and princes
supported Martin Luther,
because this was a way of
facing the Emperor and
the power of the Church.
Lutheranism became both
a religious and a political
matter.

14. Diet of Spires, 1529
Some German princes protested against the prohibition of Lutheranism
in the Holy Roman Empire: that was the origin of the word PROTESTANTS

15. WARS AGAINST THE PROTESTANTS IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Charles V at Mühlberg (1547),
painted by Titian
Although at the beginning Charles V
tried to make an agreement with the
Lutheran princes, in 1531 he declared
war against the Schmalkaldic
League (alliance of Lutheran princes).
Charles V defeated them at the Battle
of Mühlberg in 1547. But he was
aware of the fact that he couldn’t
impose Catholicism in the Empire and
finally the Augsburg Peace (1555)
was signed.

16. AUGSBURG PEACE, 1555
This agreement gave
the German princes the
possibility of choosing
religión in the Holy
Roman Empire: every
prince could choose the
religion he preferred,
but all the inhabitants of
his state had to have
the same religion of his
prince (CUIUS REGIS,
EIUS RELIGIO).
This agreement meant
the end of religion
wars in the Empire,
but intolerance
continued.
- GREEN: Protestant States
- DARK GREEN: Schmalkaldic League
members States
- LIGHT BROWN: territories of the House
of Austria (Habsburg)
- YELLOW AND LIGHT BROWN: Catholic
States

17. OTHER PROTESTANT CURRENTS
CALVINISM ANGLICANISM
John Calvin
Henry VIII of England
- More radical than Lutheranism
- Predestination doctrine
- Work and enrichment through work
considered to be signs of divine grace
-Dispute between Henry VIII and
the Pope : Henry VIII wanted to
divorce his wife Catalina of Aragón
and the Pope rejected this
-Act of Supremacy: king, head of
the Church of England

19. CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS
CATHOLICS LUTHERANS
AND
CALVINISTS
ANGLICANS
DOCTRINE
- Salvation through faith
and good works.
- Seven sacraments.
- Adoration of Virgin and
saints.
- Salvation through faith only.
- Two sacraments: baptism and
communion.
- They don´t believe neither in the
Virgin nor in the saints
CULT
- Main ceremony: the
mass.
-Magnificent ceremonies
celebrated in churches
with altars.
- Adoration of images
- Priests have to remain
single and accomplish
chastity.
The mass is replaced by the reading of
the Bible, sermons and singing.
Very simple
ceremonies
Magnificent
ceremonies.
Very austere
temples, without
altar and without
images.
without altar and
images, but not so
austere.
Ministers guide the congregation.
They can get married.
ORGANIZATION
- The Pope is the head of
the Church
-Ecclesial hierarchy:
cardinals and bishops
- No obedience to
the Pope.
- No bishops and
cardinals
-The king is the
head of the
Church
-There are bishops

20. DIFFERENT PROTESTANT BRANCHES

21. COUNTER- REFORMATION
- EXCOMMUNICATION OF THE
CRITICAL PEOPLE
- REINFORCEMENT OF THE
INQUISITION
- LIST OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (INDEX
LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUM)
FIRST DECISIONS OF THE CHURCH:

22. REFORMATION OF
SOME RELIGIOUS
ORDERS:
-CARMELITES
-CARTHUSIANS
San Juan de la Cruz and Santa Teresa of Jesús,
reformers of the Carmelites order.
LATER:

23. CREATION OF THE SOCIETY OF
JESUS BY SAINT IGNATIUS OF
LOYOLA
-ORGANIZED LIKE AN ARMY
-FOURTH VOW: DIRECT
SUBORDINATION TO THE POPE
-ORIENTED TO EDUCATION AND
MISSIONS IN THE COLONIES.

24. COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563)
- REAFFIRMATION OF CATHOLIC
DOGMAS: SACRAMENTS, VIRGIN,
SAINTS, SALVATION THROUGH
FAITH AND GOOD DEEDS
- VULGATE: ONLY VALID VERSION
OF THE BIBLE.
- PROHIBITION OF SELLING
INDULGENCES (BUT BULLS
CONTINUED TO BE SOLD)
- CREATION OF SEMINARIES
- CATECHISM TO EDUCATE
CHILDREN
- RECOMMENDATION OF GOOD
BEHAVIOUR FOR PRIESTS AND
BISHOPS