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Basics of RF
1.
RF Basics and Getting
Started
2.
Introduction
This presentation serves as an overview of the parameters and considerations a designer would use to select a low-power wireless (LPW) solution.. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
3.
Agenda
• RF Definitions • Radio Modulation Schemes • Radio Frequency Spectrum • Stack Considerations • Network Types Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
4.
RF Definitions
5.
RF Power Definitions
• dBm – power referred to 1 mW PdBm=10log(P/1mW) 0dBm = 1mW 20 dBm = 100mW 30 dBm = 1W Example: -110dBm = 1E-11mW = 0.00001nW Power = V2/R: 50 W load : -110dBm is 0.7uV • Rule of thumb: 6dB increase => twice the range 3dB increase => roughly doubles the dbm power Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
6.
dBm to Watt
• About dBm and W – Voltage Ratio aV = 20 log (P2/P1) [aV] = dB – Power Ratio aP = 10 log (P2/P1) [aP] = dB – Voltage Level V„ = 20 log (V/1µV) [V„] = dBµV – Power Level P„ = 10 log (P/1mW)[P„] = dBm • Example: 25mW is the maximum allowed radiated (transmitted) power in the EU SRD band – P„ = 10 log (25mW/1mW) = 10 * 1.39794 dBm ~ 14 dBm Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
7.
dBm Typicals Technology beyond
the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
8.
Radio Performance
Definitions • Packet Error Rate (PER) The percentage (%) of packets not received successfully • Sensitivity Lowest input power with acceptable link quality (typically 1% PER) • Deviation/separation Frequency offset between a logic ‘0’ and ‘1’ using FSK modulation • Blocking/selectivity How well a chip works in an environment with interference. Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
9.
Radio Modulation Schemes
10.
Wireless Communication Systems
Transmitter Low Frequency Information Signal (Intelligence) Modulator Amplifier High Frequency Carrier Communication Channel Receiver Demodulator Output Amplifier Amplifier (detector) transducer Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
11.
Modulation Methods
• Starting point: We have a low frequency signal and want to send it at a high frequency • Modulation: The process of superimposing a low frequency signal onto a high frequency carrier signal • Three modulation schemes available: 1. Amplitude Modulation (AM): the amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance to the information signal 2. Frequency Modulation (FM): the frequency of the carrier varies in accordance to the information signal 3. Phase Modulation (PM): the phase of the carrier varies in accordance to the information signal Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
12.
Digital Modulation –
ASK The modulation of digital signals is known as Shift Keying Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK/OOK): – Pros: simple, duty cycling (FCC), lower transmit current – Cons: susceptible to noise, wide spectrum noise • Rise and fall rates of the carrier's amplitude can be adjusted to reduce the spectrum noise at low to medium data rates. This is called Shaped OOK – Common Use: Many legacy wireless systems carrier 0 1 0 1 digital OOK ASK data 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Signal Space Diagram • Each axis represents a „symbol‟ modulation • OOK has two basis functions: sinusoid & no sinusoid OOK • OOK has two symbols: carrier & no carrier • Distance between symbols predicts BER Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
13.
Digital Modulation -
FSK Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): – Pros: Less susceptible to noise Frequency deviation – Cons: Theoretically requires larger bandwidth/bit Frequency separation = 2 x df than ASK – Popular in modern systems – Gaussian FSK (GFSK) has better spectral density Fc-df DIO=low fc Fc+df DIO=high Frequency than 2-FSK modulation, i.e. more bandwidth efficient FSK modulation data carrier carrier digital freq2 freq1 0 1 Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation • Each axis represents a „symbol‟ FSK mod • Each basis function is „orthogonal‟ • Distance between symbols predicts BER Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
14.
Phase Shift Keying
(PSK): Digital Modulation - PSK – Pros: • Less susceptible to noise • Bandwidth efficient – Cons: Require synchronization in frequency and phase complicates receivers and transmitter data carrier carrier digital freq2 freq1 0 1 Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation • Each axis represents a „symbol‟ PSK mod • Each basis function is „orthogonal‟ • Distance between symbols predicts BER Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
15.
Digital Modulation -
MSK Minimum Shift Keying (MSK): – Pros: Difference in Frequency is Half the bit rate – Very bandwidth efficient – Reduced Spectrum noise – Cons: Require synchronization in frequency and phase complicates receivers and transmitter data carrier carrier digital freq2 freq1 0 1 Signal Space Diagram / Signal Constellation • Each axis represents a „symbol‟ MSK • Each basis function is „orthogonal‟ mod • Distance between symbols predicts BER Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
16.
Digital Modulation –
QPSK/OQPSK 2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying AC – Pros: Symbol represents two bits of data 2 10 01 AC – Cons: Phase in the signal can jump as much as 180O 2 causing out of band noise 1 Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying – Pros: Offsetting the signal limits the phase jump to no 11 00 more than 90O Example: IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
17.
Preamble The Preamble
is a pattern of repeated 1’s and 0’s 4 bytes / 8 bytes • Which can be used by Receiver to pull Received Signal Strength Information (RSSI) – To trigger a Carrier Sense Flag – To qualify Sync Word to protect from false triggers • An extended preamble can be sent by sending an STX with no data in the TX Buffer (or by not triggering the DMA in the SoCs) • For data rates less than 500kb/s, a 4 byte Preamble is recommended, at 500kb/s, 8 bytes is recommended Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
18.
Clock and Data
Recovery • Data is asynchronous, no clock signal is transmitted. • Clock is recovered (trained) with the Sync Word. Received Data Train 1111 0000 1111 0000 11 00 11 00 1 0 1 0 Expected Sync Word 4 clocks 2 clocks 1 clock Recovered Clock Bit Time • Sync Word is 2 Bytes Programmable & can be repeated – default 0xD391: 1101001110010001 • An 8 bit Sync Word can be accomplished by Extending the Preamble with the Sync MSB Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
19.
Radio Frequency Spectrum
20.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
SOUND RADIO LIGHT HARMFUL RADIATION VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCY 2.4 GHz 4G CELLULAR UHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY ISM band 56-100 GHz SHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY ISM bands UWB EHF = EXTRA HIGH FREQUENCY 315-915 MHz 3.1-10.6 GHz Source: JSC.MIL Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
21.
Regulations ISM/SRD Bands Technology
beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
22.
The “World-Wide” 2.4
GHz ISM Band The 2400–2483.5 MHz band is available for license-free operation in most countries • 2.4 GHz Pros – Same solution for all markets without SW/HW alterations – Large bandwidth (83.5MHz) available, allows many separate channels and high datarates – 100% duty cycle is possible – More compact antenna solution than below 1 GHz • 2.4 GHz Cons – Shorter range than a sub 1 GHz solution (same output power) – Many possible interferers are present in the band Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
23.
2.4 GHz ISM-band
devices • Due to the world-wide availability of the 2.4GHz ISM band it is getting more crowded day by day • Devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, cordless phones, microwave ovens, wireless game pads, toys, PC peripherals, wireless audio devices occupy the 2.4 GHz frequency band Power 802.11b/g Microwave Cordless Frequency oven Source: Eliezer & Michael, TI Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
24.
WiFi Channels in
the 2.4GHz Space Taken from: http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/2point4freq.cfm Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
25.
802.15.4 versus 802.15.4 Technology
beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
26.
Bluetooth versus 802.11 Technology
beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
27.
Sub 1GHz ISM
Bands • The ISM bands under 1 GHz are not world-wide • Limitations vary a lot from region to region and getting a full overview is not an easy task – Sub 1GHz Pros • Better range than 2.4 GHz with the same output power and current consumption (assuming a good antenna – not easy for a limited space) – Sub 1GHz Cons • Since different bands are used in different markets it is necessary with custom solutions for each market • More limitations to output power, data rate, bandwidth etc. than the 2.4 GHz • Duty cycle restrictions in some regions • Interferers are present in most bands Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
28.
Sub 1GHz ISM
bands • 902-928 MHz is the main frequency band • The 260-470 MHz range is also available, but with more limitations • The 902-928 MHz band is covered by FCC CFR 47, part 15 • Sharing of the bandwidth is done in the same way as for 2.4 GHz: • Higher output power is allowed if you spread your transmitted power and don’t occupy one channel all the timeFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers wideband modulation • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) with ≥50 channels are allowed up to 1 W, FHSS with 25-49 channels up to 0.25 W • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and other digital modulation formats with bandwidth above 500 kHz are allowed up to 1W • FCC CFR 47 part 15.249 • ”Single channel systems” can only transmit with ~0.75 mW output power Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
29.
Available Wireless Standards
30.
Short-Range Wireless Comparison Range 1000m
Proprietary Low Power Radio •Gaming •PC Peripherals •Audio 100m ZigBee/802.15.4 •Meter Reading •Building Mgmt. • Building Automation •Automotive • Residential Control • Industrial • Tracking 10m • Sensors Wi-Fi/802.11 • Home Automation / Security •PC Networking • Meter Reading •Headsets •Home Networking •PC Peripherals •Video Distribution UWB •PDA/Phone •Wireless USB •Video/audio links 1m Data Rate 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M (bps) Different Value Drivers for Different Applications Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
31.
Typical Decision Parameters
Highest Data Rate • WLAN/UWB (Video) • Bluetooth (Audio) • CC430/SimpliciTI (High Speed UART) • Zigbee/802.15.4 Highest Battery Life • CC430/SimpliciTI (Alkaline) • Zigbee/802.15.4 (Alkaline/Li-Ion) • Bluetooth (Li-Ion) • WLAN/UWB (Line powered/Li-Ion) Longest Range (Radio Only, not boosted) • CC430/SimpliciTI (433MHz) • Bluetooth Class 1 • WLAN • Zigbee 802.15.4 • Bluetooth Class 2 Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
32.
Stack Considerations
App MAC Physical
33.
Low Power Wireless
Networks Point to Point Star Network Multihop – Mesh and cluster tree Networks Proprietary or IEEE 802.15.4 Proprietary or ZigBee or based on ZigBee PHY + MAC IEEE 802.15.4 technology PHY+ MAC Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
34.
Network Types
SimpliciTI 802.15.4 RemoTI Proprietary SimpliciTI 802.15.4 Point to Point (Peer to Peer) Data path Star Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
35.
Network Types: Mesh
Coordinator Router End Device Re-Connect Data path Mesh Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
36.
Mesh Network
• Pros – Self healing – Easily extendable through multiple hops – End devices can be battery operated – Easy to deploy – Can be ZigBee certified • Cons – Router nodes needs to be mains powered • Example ZigBee Coordinator – Lighting applications ZigBee Router ZigBee End Device – Building Automation Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
37.
Table routing (simplified)
- Mesh • Requesting device – Sends Route Request 4 1 3 • Routing device(s) 0 – Adds link cost depending on LQI 4 7 6 – Selects request with lowest link S D cost 0 2 – Forwards the Route Request 6 9 – Stores the information 4 • Requested device – Selects lowest link cost In this example the selected route will be: S- – Sends Route Response 1-3-D (link cost 7) • Routing device(s) – Uses stored information to route the response back Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
38.
For more details
– www.pantechsolutions.net – http://www.slideshare.net/pantechsolutions – http://www.scribd.com/pantechsolutions – http://www.youtube.com/pantechsolutions Technology beyond the Dreams™ Copyright © 2006 Pantech Solutions Pvt Ltd.
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