1. History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine
Greek Civilization

2. • Greece is a small country in Europe.
• Greece is near the Mediterranean
Sea.
• The main part of Greece in on a
peninsula.
• A peninsula is a body of land
surrounded by water on three sides.
• The rest of Greece is made up of
islands.

3. Ancient Greece
•2.1 Archaic Greece
•2.2 Classical Greece
•2.3 Hellenistic Greece
•2.4 Roman Greece

4. Geography of Greece
• Greece is a small country in Europe.
• Greece is near the Mediterranean
Sea.
• The main part of Greece in on a
peninsula.
• A peninsula is a body of land
surrounded by water on three sides.
• The rest of Greece is made up of
islands.

5. Located in southeastern Europe, Greece is defined by a series of mountains and
surrounded on all sides except the north by water.

6. • GREECE WAS SURROUNDED ON 3 SIDES BY
SEA, WITH INNUMERABLE ISLANDS OF
ARCHIPELAGO. GREEKS WERE GREAT
SAILORS, AS THEY WERE SAILING TOWARDS
MEDITERRANEAN IN SEARCH OF FOOD,
TRADE AND ADVENTURE, THEY WERE
LOOKING FOR NEW PLACES TO BUILD
GREEKS CITIES AND OUTPOSTS.
• WHILE SAILING THEY CAME ACROSS A TRIBE
OF PEOPLE LIVING ON AN ISLAND IN CRETE.
THESE PEOPLE WERE THE MINOANS, THEY
WERE VERY ADVANCED CIVILIZATION FOR
THEIR TIMES.
• GREEKS HAD ABUNDANCE OF STONE
ESPECIALLY MARBLE FOUND NEAR ATHENS
• THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS THERE WERE
MODERATE NEITHER TOO HOT NOR TOO
COLD.
• OUTDOOR LIFE SUITED THEM .
6

7. Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians
The three cultures
that influenced the
development of
Greek civilization

8. 8PLAN OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS, CRETE 1700 – 1380 BCE

9. 9
RECONSTRUCTED LIGHT WELL
PALACE OF KNOSSOS, CRETE
LOCATED ON THE UPPER STOREY, THIS LIGHT-WELL
IS LOCATED DIRECTLY ABOVE THE THRONE ROOM.
THE FRESCO SHOWN HERE IS A RESTORATION
AS FAR AS WE KNOW KNOSSOS WAS UNFORTIFFIED.
AS MAJOR CEREMONIAL ROOMS WERE
LOCATED PARTIALLY UNNDER GROUND, STAIRS
TO REACH THEM WERE CONSTRUCTED AROUND
OPEN SHAFTS TO BRING LIGHT AND FRESH AIR
TO LOWER LEVELS. THE ORIGINAL WOODEN
COLUMNS AND SUPPORTING BEAMS WERE
DESTROYED IN THE FIRE THAT CONSUMED THE
PALACE AROUND 1380 BCE

10. THIS FABLED CITY WAS STRATEGICALLY SITUATED TO CONTROL MAJOR
TRANSPORTATION ROUTES IN THE VICINITY. THE ENCLOSING WALLS IS
COMPOSED OF ROUGHLY SHAPED BOULDERS.
PLAN OF THE CITADEL MYCANAE
1600 – 1250 BCE 10

11. AT MYCENAE, THE PALACE
MEGARON IS THE LARGEST ROOM,
ROUGHLY 40’ SQUARE. BASES FOR
THE FOUR COLUMNS THAT
SUPPORTED THE ROOF ARE STILL
VISIBLE, AS IS THE CENTRAL
HEARTH. THIS PART OF THE PALACE
WAS BUILT IN PART ON FILL,
SUPPORTED BY RETAINING WALL,
AND THERE IS STILL A SPLINDID
VIEW OUT OVER THE VALLEY FROM
THE COURT IN FRONT OF THE
MEGARON. TO THE NORTH, A
SMALLER ROOM WITH A STUCCOED
POOL HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A
BATHING ROOM.
THE CITADEL OF MYCENAI WAS
SURROUNDED BY SMALLER
SETTLEMENTS, PERHAPS
COMPRISING OF EXTENDED FAMILY
GROUPS WHO LIVED IN HOUSES
CLOSELYL ASSOCIATED WITH THE
TOMBS OF THEIR ANCESTORS. NINE
OF THESE TOMBS HAVE BEEN
FOUND IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.
11

12. GREEK HISTORY: AN OVERVIEW
Greek CIVILIZATION started around 2000 B.C. By 1600 B.C., the Greek people
had built fortified cities in the major valleys and many people were educated.
Greece then had several wars, including the Trojan War around 1200 B.C., which
threw them into what is known as the Dark Age.
During the DARK AGE, knowledge of writing was lost and most people lived in
isolated villages. The Dark Age ended in about 800 B.C when the Greeks started
to write again with an alphabet based on that of the Phoenicians.
During that time, many city-states emerged and struggled with each other for
power for hundreds of years after that. In 480 B.C., the Greeks UNITED to defeat
the invading Persians, but the alliance didn’t last long.
Around 477 B.C., two city-states, ATHENS AND SPARTA, became the dominant
powers in that region and constantly fought each other for power. Greece had its
GOLDEN AGE in Athens around 477 - 431 B.C.

13. 13
Greek CITIES
GREEK CITY PLANNING WAS NOT ALWAYS AS ASYMMETRICAL & EVOLUTIONARY IN FORM AS THE AGORA IN
ATHENS. THE GREEKS WERE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF PRODUCING REGULAR, ORTHONONAL TOWN PLANS AND
FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED THEM FOR COLONIAL CITIES, AS MAY BE SEEN AT PAESTUM (POSEIDONIA), WHICH A
STREET PATTERN FROM THE MID- SEVENTH CENTURY BCE THAT PRODUCED HUGE, ELONGATED, RECTANGULAR
BLOCKS.
WHILE MANY CITIES GREW ORGANICALLY OVER TIME, OTHERS WERE REBILT, OFTEN AFTER SUFFERING WAR
DAMAGE, ACORDING TO THE NEW, MORE REGULAR TOWN PLANNNING PRINCIPLES. SUCH WAS THE FACE IN THE
5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES BCE, WHEN A NUMBER OF TOWNS WERE PROVIDED WITH GRID BLOCKS & CAREFULLY
CONSIDERED OPEN SPACES AND ORTHOGAL AGORA.

14. Greek City-States
• Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall
mountains, the Greeks began to build city-states instead of one
country.
• A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money.
• City-states were cities that acted like countries.

15. Greek City-States
• Shared a language & letters
• Remained independent of each other
• Each region had a Polis
• Each region was built around an acropolis

16. Structure
of the
City-States
Polis Acropolis
Agora

17. Polis
A city-state in ancient
Greece

18. Polis • Each polis was a nation of
its own
• developed because land
was isolated by mountains
or water
• common language
• depend on one another to
survive.
• met every year at a great
athletic contest known as
the Olympics.

19. Parthenon
Erechtheum
Erechtheion
Pinakotheke Theater of
Dionysius
King’s
Shrine
Sanctuary of
Asclepius
Odeum of Herodes
Atticus (Roman)
Stoa of
Eumenes
The Acropolis of Athens

20. ACROPOLIS
a large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter
and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

21. Agora
• A central area in Greek cities used both as a
marketplace and as a meeting place.

22. 22
Athens

23. 23
PLAN OF THE PARTHENON COMPLEX
THE ACROPOLIS IS A PLATEAU RISING ABRUPTLY ABOVE THE PLAIN OF THE CITY. FROM THE EARLIEST
TIMES, THE ROUTE TO THE PANATHENAIC WAY FROM THE CIVIC COMMERCCIAL CENTER ( THE
AGORA) TO THE ACROPOLIS TRAVERSED A WINDING STEPPED PATH UP THE WESTERN ESCARPMENT.
AS MOST GREEK TEMPLES FACE EAST, THIS MEANS THAT THE INITIAL VIEW THAT ONE HAS IS OF THE
BACK SIDES OF THE BUILDINGS. IT HAS A DIGNIFIED SYMETRICAL ENTRANCE WAY AMID ASYMMETRIES
ACCOMMODATING A FRAGMENT OF THE ORIGINAL MYCENAEYAN FORTIFICATION WALL AND A
GRADIENT CHANGE THRU THE DEPTH OF THE BUILDING.

24. The POLIS (city-state) consisted of a city and its surrounding plains and valleys.
The nucleus of the polis was the elevated, fortified site called the ACROPOLIS
where people could take refuge from attack. With the revival of commerce, a
TRADING CENTER developed below the acropolis-Agora

25. 25
THE ACROPOLIS, ATHENS 479BCE
(FROM THE ENTRANCE SIDE)
THE REMAINS OF THE PROPYLAEA TO
THE LEFT AND THE TINY TEMPLE OF
ATHENA NIKE IN THE CENTER STAND
OUT IN THE FOREGROUND WITH THE
GABLE END OF THE PARTHENON
VISIBLE ON THE RIGHT.
VIEW FROM BELOW OF THE ACROPOLIS,
ATHENS
THE PARTHENON TEMPLE SITS ON THE
HIGHTST GOUND AND STILL DONINATES
THE MODERN CITY. PART OF THE
ERECHTHEION IS VISIBLE AT THE EXTREME
LEFT, WHILE THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
STANDS AT THE FAR RIGHT SIDE. IN THE
RIGHT FOREGROUND REMAIN THE RUINS
OF THE RAMS AND STAIRS THAT LED TO THE
PROPYLAEA. THE PARTHENON IS FIRST SEEN
AT AN ANGLE & THRU A SCREEN OF
COLUMNS

26. 26
THE PERSIANS CONTROLLED
MESOPOTAMIA & THE IONIAN GREEK
AREAS AROUND THE AGEAN SEA IN ASIA
MINOR FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE 6TH
BCE. IN 480 BCE THE PERSIANS
ATTACKED THE GREEK PENINSULA AND
DESTROYED ATHENS BUT WERE FINALLY
DEFEATED BY THE GREEK NAVY. ATHENS
THEN DEVELOPED AS THE LEADING CITY
ON THE MAINLAND . IT UNITED WITH
IONIAN CITIES TO BETTER ITS MIGHT. A
CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF MONEY
WAS SPENT ON REBUILDING THE
RAVAGED ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS, WHICH
HAD BEEN A MILITARY, POLITICAL, AND
RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY SINCE
MYCENAEN TIMES. THE 4 BUILDINGS
ERECTED THERE AFTER 479 BCE
USHERED IN THE MATURE PHASE OF
GREEK ARCHITECURE KNOWN AS THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD (479 – 323 BCE)
THE PARTHENON ATHENS, 448 – 432 BCE
THIS IS HOW THE PARTHENON APPEARS TO SOMEONE LEAVING THE PROPYLAEA AND
LOOKING SOUTHEAST. AS IS THE CASE WITH MANY GREEK TEMPLES, THE BUILDING IS
SET SO THAT THE VIEWER LOOKS UP TO IT AND SEES TWO SIDES AT ONCE.

27. 27
EXTERIOR OF THE CELLA WALL, AND ACTUAL USE OF
THE IONIC ORDER IN THE WESTERN
OPISTHODOMOS (BACK ROOM) THAT HOUSED THE
TREASURY, WHERE 4 IONIC COLUMNS SUPPORT THE
ROOF. THE USE OF 8 COLUMNS ACROSS THE GABLE
END, UNUSUAL IN DORIC, HAS CONNECTIONS TO
THE EARLIER IONIC TEMPLES. BEHIND THEM AT
EACH END STAND SIX PROSTYLE COLUMNS, OR
COLUMNS IN FROM OF THE EAST AND WEST WALLS.
ENTASIS , WHICH WAS RATHER HEAVY HANDED IN
THE TEMPLE OF HERA AT PAESTUM , WAS USED
SUBTLY HERE TO CREAT A SENSE OF REPOSE.
MINUTE ADJUSTMENTS IN THE HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICAL LINES OF THE STRUCTURE ENHANCE THE
PERCEPTION OF ORTHOGONAL GEOMETRY: THE
STYLOBATE ( THE PLATFORM FROM WHICH THE
COLUMNS RISE) IS ACTUALLY CONVEX UPWARD;
THE COLUMNS INCLINE IMPERCEPTIBLE AWAY
FROM THE VIEWER; AND THE CENTRAL AXES OF THE
COLMNS ARE NOT VERTICAL BUT LIE ALOND RADII
EMANATING FROM A POINT OVER 6800’ ABOVE THE
GROUND.
THE COLUMNS ARE NOT THE SAME DIAMETER –
THE END ONES ARE LARGER – NOR ARE THEY
EQUIDISTANTLY SPACED; THE CORNER ONES ARE
CLOSER TOGETHER.
THE PARTHENON, ATHENS
IT WAS THE LARGEST AND MOST FAMOUS OF THE GREEK
TEMPLES, DEDICATED TO ATHENA POLIAS, PATRON GODESS OF
THE CITY. AFTER THE PERSIANS DESTROYED THE 0LD TEMPLE OF
ATHENA, A NEW PERIPTERAL TEMPLE, DESIGGNED BY THE
ARCHITECTS IKTINOS AND KALLIKRATES WAS BUILT OF THE
FINEST MARBLE FROM MOUNT PENTELIKOS (PENTELIC MARBLE).
IT WAS BUILT ON THE SAME SITE AS THE PREVIOUS TEMPLE,
WITH ENLARGEMENTS AND PROBABLY MADE USE OF COLUMN
DRUMS AND METOPES CARVED FOR THE OLDER TEMPLE. IT IS A
DORIC TEMPLE, 8 COLUMNS WIDE X 17 COLUMNS DEEP, BUT IT
INCORPORATES IONIC ATTRIBUTES, INCLUDING SLENDER
COLUMN PROPORTIONS, A CONTINUOUS FRIEZE AROUND THE

28. 28
SCULPTED FIGURES ADORNED BOTH THE OUTSIDE AND THE INSIDE OF THE PANTHENON. THE 2 END PEDIMENTS WERE
FILLED WITH OVER – LIFESISE FIGURES REPRESENTING, ON THE EAST, THE BIRTH OF ATHENA WHINESSED BY THE DOGS,
AND ON THE WEST , THE CONTEST BETWEEN ATHENA AND POSEIDON FOR CONTROL OF ATHENS. THE METOPES
CONTAINED RELIEF SCUPLTURES DEPICTING STRUGGLES BETWEEN GREEKS AND AMOZONS. GREEKS AND TROJANS, GODS
AND GIANTS, AND LAPITHS (PEOPLE OF THESSALONIA) AND CENTAURS (CREATURES COMBINING THE UPPER TORSOS OF
MEN WITH THE B ODIES OF HORSES), ALL COMMEMORATING THE TRIUMPH OF GREEKS CIVILIZATION OVER
BARBARIANISM.

29. 29
THEATER EPIDAUROS,350-200BCE
THE THEATRE AT EPIDAUROS IS EXCEPTIONALLY WELL PRESERVED AND BEAUTIFULLY SITED IN THE LANDSCAPE, LOOKING OUT TO DISTANT HILLS. TRADITION ASSIGNS ITS DESIGN TO
POLYKLEITOS, ARCHITECT OF THE THOLOS, BUT NOT ALL SCHOLARS AGREE WITH THIS ATTRIBUTION. THE THEATER WAS BUILT IN 2STAGES, THE LOWER 5000 SEATS IN 34 TIERS
DATING FROM 350 BCE, WHITH THE UPPER 23 TIERS BEING ADDED IN THE SECOND STAGE.
5TH CENTURY ATHENIANS CONSTRUCTED THE THEATER OF DIONYSOS ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE ACROPOLIS HILL, USING THE RISING EMBANKMENT TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR A
CONCENTRIC SEATING FOCUSED ON THE CIRCULAR ORCHESTRA, A FLAT AREA FOR DANCING. BEHING THE ORCHESTRA WAS A BACKDROP STRUCTURE, THE SKENE, & THE ARE
DIRECTLY IN FRONT, THE PROSKENION, WAS A RAISED PLATFORM FROM WHICH ACTORS DECLAIMED THEIR LINES. (NOTE H OW THIS TERMINOLOGY CONTINUES TO BE USED TODAY;
THE FRAMING ARCH OVER THE STAGE OF TODAY’S THEATERS IS KNOWN AS THE PROSCENIUM, WHILE THE ORCHESTRA SEATS ARE THOSE PLACED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE
STAGE). SEVERAL DOORS SET IN THE SKENE SERVED AS ENTRANCES & EXISTS AS NEEDED IN THE DRAMA, AND ACTORS SPOKE LINES FROM THE GODS FROM THE ROOF O FTHE
BUILDINGS.

30. 30
PLAN OF THE THEATER EPIDAUROS,
350 – 200 BCE
VIRTUALLY EVERY GREEK CITY HAD ITS OWN THEATER THAT COULD ACCOMMODATE A GOOD PORTION OF
THE POPULATION, AS ATTENDING FRAMATIC PERFORMANCES WERE ENCOURAGED TO PROMOTE CIVIC
VALUES

31. 31
STOA OF ATTALOS, ATHENS 159 – 132 BCE
THIS BUILDING WAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE CITY BY ATTALOS OF PERGAMON. IT IS RECONSTUCTED FORM, IT AND THE HEPHASTEION ARE
THE ONLY STRUCTURES FORM ANTIQUITY REMAINING IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA. THE COLUMN FILE ORGAIZATION OF THE STOA CAN BE
TRACED BACK TO EGYPTIAN COMPLEXES SUCH AS THE TEMPLES OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT & MENTUHOTEP.
TOWN PLANNING WENT BEYOND SPECIFYING THE LOCATION OF THE CIVIC BUILDINGS, THE LAYOUT OF STREETS, AND THE
POSITIONING OF OPEN SPACES, TO ENCOMPASS DESIGN OF TYPICAL SINGLE – FAMILY HOUSES FOR AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF
15,000 TO 20,000. HOUSES WERE CONSISTENTLY ORIENTED WITH THEIR MAJOR ROOMS OPENING TO THE SOUTH, AND THE
MEGARON FORM ALREADY FAMILIAR FROM MYCENAEAN TIMES WAS USED AGAIN AS THE BASIC LIVING UNIT OF THE HOUSE.
DURING HELLENISTIC PERIOD BOTH ARCHITECTURE & T.P. BECAME MORE ELLABORATE AND THEATRICAL.

32. 32
PLAN OF PAESTUM (POSEIDONIA) 7TH CENTURY BCE
THIS GREEK COLONIAL CITY WAS LAID OUT WITH ELONGATED BLOCKS ON THE ORTHOGONAL PATTERN. ACROSS THE CENTER WAS
THE PULIC SECTOR, WITH COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, & TEMPLES, INCLUDING THE TEMPLE OF HERA.
THIS SITE WAS SUBMERGED BY THE SEA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES BUT IS LOCATED AGAIN ON DRY LAND TODAY

33. Four major TYPES OF GOVERNMENT evolved in ancient
Greece:
• Monarchy (rule of a king) limited by an aristocratic council and a
popular assembly.
• Oligarchy (rule of the few) arising when the aristocratic council
ousted the king and abolished the assembly.
• Tyranny (rule by one who ruled without legal authority) riding to
power on the discontent of the lower classes.
• Democracy (rule of the people), the outstanding political
achievement of the Greeks.

34. Monarchy
Some city-states had a single ruler

35. Oligarchy
In some city-states, a small group of the richest and most powerful
citizens controlled decision-making

36. Democracy
Rule by the citizens

37. 37
THEGREEKORDERS

38. 38
THE LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE: THE THREE ORDERS OF COLUMNS USED IN GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
VITRUVIUS, THE ROMAN ARCHITECT WHOSE FIRST – CENTURY BCE TREATISE WAS BASED IN PART
ON EARLIER, NOW LOST, GREEK TEXTS, NAMES THREE SUCH ORDERS :
1 ) THE DORIC
2) THE IONIC &
3) THE CORINTHIAN.
THE DORIC , THE STURDIEST, WAS BASED ON THE PROPORTIONS OF A MAN.
THE IONIC, WAS LIGHTER IN CHARACTER TO REFLECT THE PROPORTIONS OF A WOMAN
THE CORINTHIAN, SLENDEREST OF ALL, HAD A HIGHLY DECORATED CAPITAL TO SUGGEST THE
FORM AND PROPORTIONS OF A YOUNG MAIDEN.
THE DORIC ORIGINATED ON THE MAINLAND OF GREECE, WHILE THE IONIC DEELOPED ON THE
ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN AND THE COAST OF ASIA MINOR. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER ONLY
APPEARED LATER.
EACH ORDER HAS ITS OWN PARTICULAR COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS. THE DORIC COLUMN HAS
NO BASE AND HAS THE SIMPLEST CAPITAL ATOP THE FLUTED SHAFT; ITS ENTABULATURE
CONSISTS OF A PLAIN ARCHITRAVE AND ALTERNATING METOPES AND TRIGLYPHS IN THE FRIEZE,
WHICH IS CROWNED WITH A CORNICE.

39. 39
BUILDERS OF THE EARLY DORIC TEMPLES MADE USE OF
LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL, MOST OFTEN LIMESTONE.
THIS IMPOSED STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS ON THE LENGTH
OF SPANS FOR LINTELS AND THE DIAMETER OF COLUMNS
NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE HEAVY TILE ROOF. IONIC
TEMPLES USED MARBLE, A SUPERIOR STONE, AND THUS
HAD A MORE SLENDER PROFILE.
AT PAESTUM IN SOUTHERN ITALY, THE TEMPLE OF HERA IN
THE FORMER COLONIAL CITY OF POSEIDONIA IS ONE OF
THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL OF SURVIVING ARCHAIC TEMPLES.
BUILT IN ABOUT 550 BCE, IT HAS STURDY DORIC
COLLUMNS. THE COLUMN SHATS SWELL, THEN DIMINISH,
AS THEY RISE TO THE BULBOUS ECHINUS MOULDING
THAT FORMS THE CAPITAL. THIS CHANGE IN SOLUMN
DIAMETER IS CALLED ENTASIS, AND IT WAS THOUGHT TO
BE COMPARABLE TO THE MASCULAR STRENGTH OF AN
ARM OR LEG, EXPRESSING VISUALLY THE PHYSICAL LOAD
SUSTAINED BY THE SHAFT. EACH FLUTE IS THE COLUMN HAS
A PRECISE EDGE, AN ARRIS, WHERE THE CURVED SECTIONS
OF ADJACENT FLUTES INTERSECT, AND THESE ARRISES RUN
ABSOLUTELY STRAIGHT UP THE SHAFT ON EVERY COLUMN.
ABOVE THE ECHINUS IS A FLAT SQUARE BLOCK, THE
ABACUS, WHICH PROVEDES THE TRANSITION FROM THE
CYLINDRICAL FORM OF THE COLUMN TO THE
RECTANGULAR AND LINEAR ARCHITRAVE ABOVE. JOINTS
BETWEEN LIMESTONE BLOCKS ARE EASILY SEEN AT
PAESTUM, AND THE LLIMITED SPANNING CAPABILITY OF
THE STONE IS REFLECTED IN THE CLOSE COLUMN SPACING .
TEMPLE OF HERA AT PAESTUM 550 BCE
THE END ELEVATION OF NINE STURDY COLU,NS, WITH
ENTASIS, CAPITAL WITH FLATTENED ECHINUS PROFILES,
AND SUBSTANTIAL ABACUS BLOCKS, ALL SUPPORTING AN
ENTABLATURE. NOTICE HOW SHADOWS CAST BY FLUTING
ON THE COLUMN SHAFTS ENHANCE THE SENSE OF
VOLUME

40. 40
THE IONIC HAS A BASE SUPPORTING ITS FLUTED COLUMN SHAFT
AND A CAPITAL WITH VOLUTES (SCROLLS). ITS ENTABULATURE IS
ALSO COMPOSED OF AN ARCHITRAE AND FRIEZE. THERE IS
REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE IONIC : ALONG THE COAST OF ASIA
MINOR, THE FRIEZE IS USUALLY TREATED AS THREE STEPPED BANDS
OF MASONRY. WHILE ON THE MAINLAND OF GREECE THE FRIEZE
OFTEN FEATURES CONTINUOUS SCULPTED RELIEF. A CORNICE
OFTEN WITH DENTILS CONCLUDES THE ORDER.
THERE WAS ALSO GENERAL CONVENTIONS REGULATING THE
PROPORTIONS OF THE PARTS, THE OVERALL HEIGHT, AND THE
COLUMN SPACING, WHICH THE ANCIENT GREEKS ADJUSTED
ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES. ITALIAN
ARCHITECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE 2000 YEARS LATER CODIFIED
THE PRACTICE INTO A SET OF MATHEMATICAL RATIONS BASED ON
THE COLUMN’S DIAMETER AT THE BASE, BUT MEASUREMENTS OF
SURVIVING TEMPLES PROVIDE NO EVIDENCE THAT THE GREEKS
EVER REDUCED TEMPLE DESIGN TO A SINGLE FORMULA. THE
ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE WERE THUS AT ONCE SPECIFIC AND
FLEXIBLE, NOT A RESTRICTION FOR DESIGNERS BUT AN EXPRESSIE
MEDIUM THAT COULD BE ADAPTER TO PECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES.
THE ORIGINS OF THE ORDERS REMAIN OBSECURE. VITRUVIUS
MAINTAINS THAT THE ORDERS WERE DERIVED FROM EARLIER
ARCHITECTURE IN WOOD, A MATERIAL THAT WE KNOW WAS ONCE
USED FOR TEMPLES. EVEN AFTER WALLS AND COLUMNS WERE
BUILT IN STONE, WOODEN BEAMS CONTINUED TO BE USED FOR
FRAMING THE ROOF, SO THESE HAVE NOT SURVIVED.
THE IONIC ORDER AS FOUND ON THE
NORTH PORCH OF THE ERECHTHEION,
ATHENS.
THE IONIC’S DECORATIVE FLOURISHES MAY
RELFECT INFLUENCE FROM ORIENTTAL
SOURCES. ALTHOUGH THE ENTABLATURE IS
SIMPLER THAN THE DORIC’S ITS CAPITALS
AND BASES ARE SUBJECT TO CONSIDERABE
ARTISTIC INTERVENTION

41. 41
CORINTHIAN CAPITAL, THOLOS,
EPIDAUROS 360 – 330 BCE
LAVISH CORINTHAIN CAPITALS LIKE
THIS COMBINED IONIC VOLUTES
WITH THE LEAVES OF THE
ACANTUS PLANT, WHICH IS STILL
COMMONLY FOUND IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN AREA. ONLY
PENTELIC MARBLE OR OTHER
STONE WITH SO FINE A GRAIN
ALLOWS FOR THE CARVING OF
SUCH FINE DETAIL.

42. Socrates
• Socrates was a philosopher
of Ancient Greece.
• A philosopher is someone
who tries to explain the
nature of life.
• Socrates taught by by
asking questions. This
method of questioning is
still called the Socratic
method.

43. Plato
• Plato was a student of Socrates.
• He started a school called The
Academy.
• Plato’s writing took the form of a
dialogue between teacher and
student.

44. Aristotle
• Aristotle was another Greek
philosopher and student of
Plato.
• He wrote about science, art,
law, poetry, and government.

45. Alexander the Great
• Alexander the Great was the son of
King Phillip II of Macedonia.
• Alexander conquered Persia, Egypt,
the Middle East and Northern India.
• He died at age 33 from malaria.

46. Alexander’s Empire

47. Greek religion was polytheistic.

48. Assignment
1. Minoans
2. Mycenaeans
3. Phoenicians
4. Time period of ancient Greece
5. Geographic peculiarities and different cities
6.Greek city states-overview
7. Parthenon
8. Acropolis
9. Agora
10. THEATER EPIDAUROS,350-200BCE
11. STOA OF ATTALOS, ATHENS
12. Different governing systems
13. Doric order
14. Ionic order
15. Corinthian order
16. Philosophers
17. Alexander and his empire
18. Optical correction-Parthenon
19. City planning-Athens
20- polis-Sparta
21- Iron grid planning
22- beginning of olympics