STARS4ALL - Contaminación Lumínica
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Presentación general sobre contaminación lumínica, en español, del proyecto STARS4ALL (www.stars4all.eu). Generada por el consorcio del proyecto, con especial agradecimiento a Lucía García (@shekda) por generar la primera versión en inglés, y Miquel Serra-Ricart, por realizar su traducción inicial.
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STARS4ALL - Contaminación Lumínica
- 1. Oscar Corcho (UPM) en representación del consorcio STARS4ALL
- 7. Photo: Josep Maria Ollé
- 14. 3 errores que debes corregir para evitar la
- 19. Photo: Ángel Morales & Enric Marco
- 21. http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org/for-wonks/lamp-spectrum-light-pollution/ LPS HPS Narrow-band Amber LED PC Amber LED 2400 K LED 4100 K LED 5100 K LED
Hinweis der Redaktion
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- Most of us are familiar with air, water, and land pollution, but did you know that light can also be a pollutant? Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. The fact is that much outdoor lighting used at night is inefficient, overly bright, poorly targeted, improperly shielded, and, in many cases, unnecessary. This light, and the electricity used to create it, is being wasted by spilling it into the sky, rather than focusing it on to the actual objects and areas that people want illuminated.
- The inappropriate or excessive use of artificial light – known as light pollution – can have serious environmental consequences for humans, wildlife, our climate, safety, security and astronomy.
- We live under much higher illumination levels and different temporal daylight patterns that existed when humans evolved. Our body needs darkness at at night to produce melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep. When melatonin levels are not right our body suffers. Jet lag being the most common example of the body suffering from wrong melatonin levels, consequences on the long term are being studied, specially for people working shifts.
- Sleep deprivation is a serious problem in space. Severe enough that sleep meds are the second most common drug taken by astronauts after painkillers. Ambient light exposure affects the sleep-wake cycles of crew members during long-duration stays on board the International Space Station.
- Scientists Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling our biological clocks. This award, could hardly be more timely. Their discoveries explain how plants, animals and humans adapt their biological rhythm so that it is synchronised with the Earth's revolutions. Life on Earth is adapted to the rotation of our planet.
- There is a large body of evidence demonstrating the impact of artificial light at night on the human circadian system, which is liked to adverse consequences on sleep and health (diabetes, obesity, cancer…) This is why we are fighting against kinds of light pollution such as light trespass, that won’t let us sleep tight, specially during the summer when people rather sleep with their blinds and windows open.
- Lighting that emits too much light or shines when and where is not needed has huge economic and environmental consequences as producing carbon dioxide emissions that could be avoided. It’s estimated that at least 30 percent of all outdoor lighting is wasted, mostly by lights that aren’t shielded. In the picture we can see that the light that we emit towards the space from Europe is enough to light up the International Space Station, in orbit at 400 km above us.
- Light pollution (or artificial light at night used in an abusive manner) Affects vision and therefore alters predator-prey-relationships, orientation and navigation of migrating animals. Alters the circadian rhythm with impact on the immune system and reproduction for many species not only nocturnal. Impairs ecosystem services like pollination by luring insects off their habitat Endangers night tie habitants and biodiversity Disrupts ecosystems communities
- There is no scientific evidence that increased outdoor lighting stop crimes to happen. It may make us feel safer, but has not been shown to make us safer. Outdoor lighting is intended to enhance safety and security at night, but too much lighting can actually have the opposite effect. Visibility should always be the goal. Glare from bright, unshielded lights actually decreases safety because it shines into our eyes and constricts our pupils. In addition to blinding, it also makes it more difficult for our eyes to adjust to low-light conditions.
- This picture was taken from the International Space Station and shows different countries' lighting levels. Germany (at right) does not light its highways. Belgium (at left) does. Many people believe that better visibility improves safety by reducing car accidents. Although this assertion seems reasonable, it is, however, false. Streetlights don’t prevent accidents. Researchers looked at data on road traffic collisions and crime and found that lighting had no effect, whether authorities had turned them off completely, dimmed them, turned them off at certain hours, or substituted low-power LED lamps.
- The nighttime environment is an important natural resource for all life on Earth, but the glow of uncontrolled outdoor lighting has hidden the stars and changed our perception of the night. Today, the increasing number of people living on earth and the corresponding increase in artificial light at night makes most people unable to see the Milky Way from home.
- There are some recommendations to illuminate outdoor areas in a way that is sustainable, healthy and socially acceptable.
- Lamps’ lighting should not emit light above the horizontal. Upward light provides no benefit. Light, including façade lighting should always shine downwards.
- Exposure to cold light below should be avoided during the evening and night as the circadian system is most sensitive to blue light. Blue light is more glaring, specially for older individuals. Light attraction to most flying insects increases with this color. Blue photos are more likely to be scattered by the atmosphere and returned to Earth as sky glow.
- There should be used only as much light as needed for any purpose. The energy and CO2 emissions associated with outdoor lighting could decrease dramatically if we lowered the standards.
- Following this recommendations we could transform our cities.
- Currently in the EU there is no light pollution regulation. At artificial light at night is not considered a pollutant, so when visiting the city council they send you to the environment section, where you are redirected to urbanism... Lack of regulation implies lack of awareness. Most people think migrating into LED technology is positive for the environment, but the reality is that we are migrating into cold illumination and in most of the cases increasing the light intensity.
- We don’t speak about light pollution as we didn’t speak about tobacco during the 70s and 80s, but little by little the idea of having warmer lights is getting into the people and now we have PC-Amber LED, narrow band amber LED on the market. In the picture we can see IKEA has started selling a great 2200 K bulb lamp.
- In any case we recommend dimming. Dimming technology is also available for gas discharge lamps.