UWA.EWBChallenge.Sem1

Team 4 Final Report Costelo, Ings, Nathan,
Patterson, Posner
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Waste to energy: Organic Waste Briquettes
Authors: Monika Costelo, Tim Ings, Oaksoe Nathan, Scott Paterson, Ilan Posner
Jenny Turner
EWB Challenge Coordinator
Engineers without Borders Australia
Summary of the Report
The aim of this report is to provide a solution to the problems of waste management in the
rural township of Bambui, Cameroon. The report provides a social, environmental and
historical context to the general challenges facing Bambui today. It will then detail the
process of evaluating various potential solutions to waste management based on criteria such
as feasibility and ease of implementation. The final design choice is a dry and press machine
that compresses dried biodegradable organic waste into briquettes, blocks of compressed
biomass commonly used for combustion, that can then be used as a fuel source for heating
food, households or for boiling water. The report will explain the mechanics of the dry and
press system, the process involved to build a prototype and its final assembly. Finally the
report will also contain an in depth analysis of the results of this project complete with
recommendations and a summarizing conclusion.

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Contents
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1
OBJECTIVE:.....................................................................................................................................1
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: .........................................................................................................................1
RATIONALE:....................................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................2
HISTORICAL CONTEXT:.......................................................................................................................2
RECENT HISTORY: ............................................................................................................................3
ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE: ..............................................................................................................3
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION...........................................................................................................4
STAKEHOLDERS:...............................................................................................................................4
SOCIAL CONTEXT:.............................................................................................................................5
POLITICAL CONTEXT:.........................................................................................................................6
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: ...............................................................................................................7
DESIGN CHOICES..........................................................................................................................7
DRY AND PRESS:..............................................................................................................................8
ETHANOL PRODUCTION: ....................................................................................................................8
REGULATION OF WASTE PICKERS: ........................................................................................................9
COMPOSTING:.................................................................................................................................9
RECYCLING: .................................................................................................................................. 10
SEPARATION BINS: ......................................................................................................................... 10
RELOCATION OF LANDFILLS:.............................................................................................................. 11
DESIGN MATRIX ............................................................................................................................ 11
FINAL DESIGN CHOICE................................................................................................................ 15
CONSTRUCTION: ............................................................................................................................ 15
SAFETY ANALYSIS:.......................................................................................................................... 18
DESIGN SPECIFICS:.......................................................................................................................... 18
COSTS AND BENEFITS: ..................................................................................................................... 19
IDEAL FINAL RESULTS: ..................................................................................................................... 22
TEAM PROCESS.......................................................................................................................... 26
RESULT AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 31
THE DESIGN:................................................................................................................................. 31
ADDRESSING THE ISSUES: ................................................................................................................. 34
THE COMMUNITY........................................................................................................................... 35
RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................................. 36

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CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................... 38
ATTACHMENT #1 DIVISION OF LABOUR...................................................................................... 40
ATTACHMENT #2 ADDRESSING OF OUTCOMES........................................................................... 41
ATTACHMENT #3 LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. 43
ATTACHMENT #4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ 43

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Introduction
Objective:
The overarching objective of this report is to design a project that will assist the community
of Bambui in Cameroon, where rapid urbanisation and expansion juxtaposed against a rural
economy and under-developed infrastructure are putting strain and pressure on the
community (EWB 2015a). In conjunction with Reignite Action for Development (RAD) and
EWB (Engineers without Borders) the aim is to design a system focussed on aiding the
Bambui community in one of nine crucial areas which they have nominated as priority areas
(EWB 2015a). These nine areas include the following: Waste Management, Water supply,
Sanitation and Hygiene, Energy, Food transformation, Transport, Infrastructure, Climate
change and ICT (information, communication and technology).
Specific Objective:
For UWA students the assigned design area was waste management with the specific aim
being to help manage, by means of reduction or elimination, the waste produced in Bambui.
Presently there exists in Bambui two designated dump sites, both of which are unregulated
and uncontrolled with the introduction of an additional monitored landfill site being
impractical due to financial restrictions (EWB 2015b). As a result it is the aim of this report
to find an alternative practical design solution to counter this growing issue. The partner
organisation for this project, Reignite, has already identified four key design projects which
are as follows:
 Supporting separation: Design a solution that focuses on separating recyclable
materials from the waste stream.
 Sorting Depot: Design a method of sorting different types of plastics and methods that
are separated from the main waste stream.
 Organic waste: Design a solution that collects the large amounts of organic waste
present in Bambui and transforms them into a useful by-product.
 Recycling: Design products that can be produced from recyclable materials present in
Bambui.
The evaluation of potential solutions and the final design project was chosen will be
discussed in the problem identification section of this report.

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Rationale:
Managing the waste problem is vital for the development and growth of the Bambui
community as the waste in Bambui is contaminating the surrounding environment and water
supply. A study by The Journal of Public Health in Africa found that kids exposed to clinical
dumpsites or open landfills were 3.5 times more likely to develop respiratory infections and
were 3 times more likely to suffer from intestinal infections (Mochungong et al., 2011). The
current life expectancy in Cameroon is 55 for Males and 57 for Females due to the prevalence
of disease and infection much of which results from untreated and exposed waste (Roungou,
2015). Managing the waste effectively is vital to improve the health and safety of the
residents of Bambui which is required to improve the city’s overall development and
progress. One area where this could be achieved is the prevention of waste going into open
landfills. The Bambui Waste Management Board estimates 80% household waste is
biodegradable (EWB Challenge 2015b).
Background
Historical Context:
Cameroon is situated on the west coast of Africa and was originally a German colony where,
like much of Africa, the land was controlled by commercial companies who used forced
labour to harness the natural resources primarily for exportation to Europe (Gascoigne, 2011).
As a result, though the German economy benefited greatly from it, little development took
place in Cameroon itself. At the start of WW1 British and French forces took control of the
colonies however there was little improvement in the rate of socioeconomic development
(Gascoigne, 2011). After decolonisation began to occur in Africa, and Cameroon gained its
independence in 1960, there was a shortage of professional services such as locally trained
engineers or doctors(West, 2009). This shortage meant that economic, structural and
technological development was slow and, like many other postcolonial societies, Cameroon
relied on assistance from aid agencies. The lack of education also meant that there was little
knowledge about disease, sanitation and health (West, 2009). Without the funding or
infrastructure to correctly manage waste disposal and with a rapidly expanding population,
Cameroon developed a serious waste management issue.

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Recent History:
Through globalisation and such institutions as the World Health Organization and the
International Monetary Fund, aid assistance to countries such as Cameroon has become more
common. The recent construction of a new university in Bambui caused rapid urbanisation
and development which was previously being held back by the limited infrastructure (Baillie,
& Armstrong, 2015). As a result the Tubah National Council have begun realizing the
importance of effective waste management and included it as one of the design areas to be
addressed by the EWB challenge. It is in this context that this report attempts to provide a
solution to the waste problem of Bambui.
Engineering Significance:
According to the 2010 UNESCO report on engineering; “engineering needs to promote itself
as relevant to solving contemporary problems, to become more socially responsible and to
link to ethical issues related to development” (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015).
This project has extreme significance in terms of engineering practises for a number of
reasons.
1) The role of engineers as innovators is to create and implement systems for the betterment
of all mankind. Whether designing computers or compost systems it is the job of engineer’s
to help make our lives easier. This project demonstrates the importance and ease in which
engineering can save and impact on the lives of millions in need of assistance.
2) Engineers also have environmental and sustainable responsibilities. In addition to
improving the lives of people engineers must also be working towards bettering the
environment and addressing the growing issue of the sustainability of life and resources of
the planet.
3) This project demonstrates the strong effects of globalisation on the engineering world.
Distance and socioeconomic differences are no longer preventative factors in helping people
across the whole world. It is important for engineers to embrace the concept of globalisation
to maximise the effectiveness of their designs.
4) Engineering is strongly associated with team work and cooperation. This project is
significant in utilising the benefits of cooperation between different stakeholders,
organisations and team members to maximise effectiveness and innovation.

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Problem Identification
Identification of the problem was the first step of the project as doing so would allow the
team to determine the social, political, economic and, environmental circumstances that
would have the largest effect on the proposed designs.
Identification of the problem centred on the given task, to solve part of the waste problem in
Bambui, Cameroon. After some initial research into the types of waste produced in the
region, 80% of which is organic with the remaining 20% being inorganic (Baillie, &
Armstrong, 2015), the team came to the consensus that focussing on organic farm and
household waste would be the most effective way of reducing the load on the region’s
underdeveloped waste management infrastructure (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015).
Stakeholders:
The key stakeholders in this waste management project were determined to be; Engineers
Without Borders (EWB), Reignite, the Tubah Municipal Council's Waste Management
Board, the Tubah Municipal Council and, the general population of Bambui. The general
population can be further divided into four groups; farmers, men, women, health workers.
Any proposal that the group comes up with will have to go through the Tubah Council and
the Waste Management Board as they have the power and budget to execute them. The
Bambui men are more mostly farmers and as the waste is mostly organic, they will have the
most influence on whether this proposal succeeds (Tubah Municipal Council, 2012). Health
workers have been identified as the least influential stake holders as they only work directly
with the sick population, however they are one of the most affected groups as the reduction of
waste will result in a decrease in illness related to the water pollution problem in Bambui
(Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015). The women of Bambui are almost entirely domestic workers
and teachers (Klasen, Stephan, 2000; T.J. Homan, 2012), due to this, this stakeholder will
have less of an influence in regards to our proposed designs. Engineers without Borders and
Reignite will have a role in initiating the proposed design and so would initially have a large
influence on the direction in which the project is taken. They will also be among the least
affected by our proposal as they are a not for profit organisations and are not based in
Bambui. The rainbow plot details, relatively, to what extent each stakeholder is affected and

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how influential they will be.
Figure 1 – Rainbow plot.
In the report section Final Design Choice there is a more comprehensive analysis of which
stakeholders will be affected by the specific design chosen and to how each one is affected.
Social Context:
The social factors that are most likely to affect the design decisions include; gender, status,
class and ethnicity, religion and language (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015).
Gender equality is a big problem in the developing world (Klasen, Stephan, 2000; T.J.
Homan, 2012) and as such, is an important element to consider with regards to Bambui’s
social context. The township of Bambui has been described as “one of the bread baskets of
the North West Region in particular and of Cameroon in general” (All About Cameroon,
n.d.). This description of the region is accurate, as industry in Bambui is almost exclusively
agricultural (All About Cameroon, n.d.). As Bambui’s industry mainly consists of third world
agriculture, traditional extended family units consisting of working men and domestic women
are extremely common (Klasen, Stephan, 2000; T.J. Homan, 2012). As such, men tend to
have the most control over the organic waste produced in the region and so designing with
this in mind would be appropriate.
Due to the traditional nature of Cameroonian society, social status and class are ascribed and
followed by most of the population. This can be seen embedded into the existing education
system (Brian Cooksey, 1981). These economic and social issues faced by Cameroonians
mean that the design should be focussed on the largest waste producing group in the region.
Farmers and their families make up the vast majority of the population of Bambui and so the
design solution has been designed accordingly.

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The town of Bambui is located in the ethnically and religiously diverse Tubah region of
Cameroon. Out of all the clans present in the region, the Bambui, the Kedjom and, the
Baforchu reside in the town with the Bambui being the vast majority (Tubah Municipal
Council, 2012). Three major religious groups exist in the region, these being Christianity,
Islam and, other traditional beliefs that are often in combination with the previous two
(Tubah Municipal Council, 2012). All of the proposed designs relate to plant waste and not
that of livestock, so no issues exists with the two major religions mentioned, and as farmers
who object to handling a certain crop would likely not grow said crop, not being able to
dispose of it is unlikely to be an issue for the final design.
Language is always a large barrier to overcome when it comes to education. There are three
major languages spoken in Cameroon and in Bambui, these being English, French and,
Cameroonian Pidgin English (Tubah Municipal Council, 2012). The final design is simple to
construct and very simple to operate so operation instructions can be in the form of diagrams
rather than a specific language. This also helps avoid the illiteracy problem in the country
(Tubah Municipal Council, 2012).
Political Context:
The political context of the Republic of Cameroon is an important part of distribution and
operation of most of the proposed designs. The political environment involves a municipal
council, known as the Tubah Municipal Council, and a decentralised unitary state
government, a similar system to the United Kingdom and most of Europe (Tubah Municipal
Council, 2012). Other traditional forms of government still maintain some autonomy due to
their hereditary land. These traditional governments are known as Fondoms and are ruled by
a Fon, which are analogous to Kingdoms and Kings (Tubah Municipal Council, 2012). These
governing bodies have no problems with a vast majority of farming equipment and so all of
the proposed designs should cause no issue with them. The Tubah Municipal Council has
issues with waste disposal and does not have the budget to deal with it for at least two years
(specifically 2012 to 2014), and likely more as history would have it (Baillie, & Armstrong,
2015).

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Environmental Context:
The environment is generally of a lesser concern in developing countries. This is one of the
major reasons behind designing a device to improve the waste situation in Bambui. Two
landfills already exist in the region and are not controlled or regulated. This is problematic as
through erosion and excessive dumping, waste is polluting the local environment and the
region’s water supply (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015). As mentioned in the political context,
budget is a major barrier to improving the disposal of waste in the region and so this has been
taken into account with the choice of materials and capital needed for the production of any
devices proposed solutions would require.
Design Choices
Many designs were considered before a decision was made on the final one. These designs
and ideas targeted a variety of waste management processes, including; prevention, reuse,
recycling, energy recovery and, disposal. The designs will be referred to as; Dry and Press,
Ethanol Production, Regulation of Waste Pickers, Composting, Recycling, Separation Bins
and Relocation of Landfills. These solutions address many of the sections in the waste
management pyramid, ranging from reuse to disposal. While prevention and minimisation are
more favourable, many of the solutions that fit these categories are not economically viable in
the given region.
Figure 2 – Waste Management Pyramid, (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015)

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Dry and Press:
This management method involves drying and compacting plant waste from farms and
households to remove moisture and increase density. This increases the resulting material’s
ability to be burnt as fuel as a substitute for wood. This solution falls under energy recovery
on the waste management pyramid and therefore is not the most favourable, however it is
relatively inexpensive. Similar forms of waste disposal currently exist in Sweden and many
third world countries, where waste is burnt to generate electricity (Dan Haugen, 2013).
Advantages of this solution include;
• Low Cost
• Easy Implementation
• Direct Financial Benefit to user
• Similar methods already exist
Disadvantages of this solution include;
• Does not prevent waste production
• Does not address ash and soot produced
Ethanol Production:
This management method involves fermenting plant waste from farms in order to produce
ethanol. The resulting substance can be combusted to produce energy, generating electricity,
cooking food or fuelling motor vehicles. This solution falls under energy recovery on the
waste management pyramid and therefore is not highly favoured. Similar forms of waste
disposal currently exist in Brazil where bio-diesel is used to fuel motor vehicles (Isaias C.
Macedo, 2007). This design turned out to be too expensive, along with the fact that the
infrastructure in Bambui would not be able to use the ethanol effectively as there are not
enough cars for bio diesel and using a liquid in wood or gas fired stoves presents a new
problem.
• Direct Financial Benefit to controlling body (potentially the government)
• Does not address fermented biomass by-product
• High initial cost

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Regulation of Waste Pickers:
This management method involves setting up a regulatory body to control and organise
already existing waste pickers (people who search landfills for valuable waste to sell) to
increase efficiency and safety. This solution would likely be combined with some of the other
solutions to increase efficiency. This solution falls under reuse and recycling on the waste
management pyramid and therefore is neither highly favoured nor unfavoured. Waste pickers
already exist in most poor and/or developing countries and are normally not regulated.
Regulating waste pickers would be a high risk option as most of the waste is organic and
therefore not of much value. The regulatory body would also need funding and the Tubah
Municipal Council already has budget issues.
• Workers already exist and would need very little training
• Increase safety standards of workers
• Potential to create and diversify job opportunities
• Potential cost due to funding required by regulatory body
Composting:
This management method involves fermenting bio degradable farm waste for use as fertiliser.
This potentially increases crop yields and improves soil quality. This solution falls under
reuse on the waste management pyramid and therefore is among the most highly favourable.
Composting is a common practise in many countries and quite a few households in more
developed countries.
• Low Cost
• Easy Implementation
• Direct Financial Benefit to user

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Recycling:
This management method involves setting up a recycling plant to deal with the inorganic
waste produced in the region. This reduces the amount of non-bio degradable waste sent to
landfills. This solution falls under recycling on the waste management pyramid and therefore
is neither highly favoured nor highly unfavoured. Most countries in the developed world use
recycling as a means to reduce waste sent to landfill. The major difference between the
developed world and Cameroon is the proportion of organic waste produced, rendering
recycling far less effective in overall waste reduction. Recycling is very expensive to set up
and run effectively, as compared to the other solutions. This solution only targets 20% of the
waste produced (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015), and makes no effort to reduce waste
production.
• Very high cost
• No impact on Cameroon’s 80% organic waste (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015)
Separation Bins:
This management method involves encouraging citizens to separate organic and in organic
waste for regulated government collection. This method cannot be used on its own and would
instead lead into recycling and ethanol production. Most countries in the developed world use
separation bins as a means to reduce waste sent to landfill and increase the volume of
recycled and reused waste. The major difference between the developed world and Cameroon
is that the government does not effectively regulate waste as of today and would need to start
a proper waste collection system to even consider this option (Veronica E. Manga, 2014).
Separation bins would work well with recycling and composting, but on their own are not
good waste management solutions.
• Cannot be used on its own to reduce waste

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Relocation of Landfills:
This management method involves actively moving landfills away from sensitive areas such
as water supplies and preventing new locations from falling victim to erosion. This solution
falls under disposal on the waste management pyramid and therefore is highly unfavoured.
This solution will eventually be necessary in preserving the region’s water supply but will
likely take a long time due to the size and state of the two current landfills (Baillie, &
Armstrong, 2015). Relocating two poorly regulated landfills would be a large task to
undertake, and would require a lot of funding and equipment.
• Preserves the region’s water supply
• Just moves the problem
Design Matrix
During the teams analysis of all the possible solutions a design matrix was constructed with
seven different possible solutions to Bambui’s waste problem.
As mention previously these solutions include;
 A dry and press machine to make fuel briquettes out of biodegradable waste
 A method of producing ethanol from biodegradable waste
 A way of regulating pre-existing waste pickers to improve efficiency
 Introducing/Encouraging the practise of composting
 Construction of a recycling centre
 Introduction of waste separation and collection for proper disposal
 Relocation of current landfills to less environmentally hazardous sites
To evaluate these possible solutions the team employed a wide range of criteria that can be
broadly split into 5 categories, namely;
 Cost
 Feasibility
 Environmental and Health impact

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 Overall waste reduction
 Equity
These broad categories were further split into more specific sub categories which can be seen
in the matrix. Further splitting of the categories allowed the team to better weight the criteria
and hence produce better results. These sub categories include;
 Average Cost
 Viability under Current Infrastructure
 Revenue
 Political Feasibility
 Financial Feasibility
 Social Feasibility (Community Attitudes)
 Vertical Equity
 Horizontal Equity
 Resettlement
 Environmental Impact
 Health Impact
 Overall Waste Reduction
The three highest scoring solutions were considered as candidates for the final choice. The
highest scoring solutions included; Dry and Press, Composting and the Regulation of Waste
Pickers. These solutions scored the highest due to their economic viability, low negative
impact on the environment, the health of the general population of those who executed the
solution and most importantly they were effective at reducing the waste problem in Bambui.
The other solutions suffered from a range of problems, the most reoccurring being related to
their economic viability.
In an attempt to more accurately represent the importance of each criteria, relative to each
other, the criteria was assigned a weighting between one and five. The five most important
categories were the average cost and financial feasibility of the project, due to the limited
funds of the Tubah Municipal Council in Bambui, The impact on the environment and the
Health of the residents of the Bambui community, as it was deemed essential that our project
did not adversely affect the lives of the Bambui residents of the environment in which they
lived, and finally the overall impact on waste reduction that our solution would have as the

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primary design goal was to address the waste management problem in Bambui. Due to this
each of these five categories was given the highest weighting of 5. The viability under current
infrastructure and resettlement were also assessed as being of high importance as both of
these categories could potentially increase the cost of the project by a large amount as well as
adversely affecting the residents of the Bambui community and so were given a weighting of
4. Other categories such as any revenue generated by the solution and the vertical and
horizontal equity were evaluated as being less important as they were not seen as essential
elements needed for the success of the project.
Once each category was scored, these scores were multiplied by the weighting of the
category and then added together to give a final weighted total. Despite Composting being
the overall winner, the team decided on the Dry and Press due to the lack of originality
associated with composting. To allow for the solution scores to more accurately reflect the
benefits of each option an originality category should also be included in the design matrix
for this project.

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Table1-Thedesignevaluationmatrixshowingthesevensolutionideasthat
Team4cameupwithforBambui,Cameroon’swastemanagementissue.

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Final Design Choice
The final design choice was the dry and press machine that compresses dried biodegradable
organic waste into briquettes, a block of compressed biomass commonly used for
combustion, that can then be used as a fuel source for heating food, households or for boiling
water.
The base design consists of a cylindrical container that is open at one end with small holes in
the bottom of the closed end as can be seen in the diagram below. A circular sheet, with a
diameter slightly smaller than that of the container, is then attached to a handle and acts like a
piston, driven by manpower, to compress the organic waste inside the container.
Construction:
This machine is very simple to build and can be made out of very few materials that are
easily sourced.
Materials:
 A hollow cylindrical container (approximately 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height.
For this an old tin can was used)
 A circular sheet of material with a diameter slightly smaller than that of the can (one
end of a tin can works well for this)
 A rigid block of wood or bar of metal to use as a handle
 2 nails (An alternative method of joining the sheet and the handle will be needed if
using a metal handle)
Method:
1. If using a metal can (or other cylindrical container with two close off ends) cut off one
end
2. Take the removed end of the container and cut a small piece around the edge (about
0.5mm) in from the edge so that you are left with a circle of diameter slightly smaller
than the container
3. Make 5-10 small holes in the bottom of the container to allow for liquid removal

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4. Nail the removed circle to one end of the block of wood to make a piston (if using
metal, solder or glue will be more effective here).Place biodegradable waste inside the
container and use the piston to compress the waste into a cylindrical briquette
Optional
1. To combine multiple pressing machines together, repeat steps 1-5 the required amount
of times then nail the other end of all the pistons to a plank of wood.
2. Multiple briquettes can now be produced at once by pressing down on the plank of
wood
Figure 3 - Materials for the Design.

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Figure 4 - Final design Diagram

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Safety Analysis:
While the safety risks associated with the construction of the design were deemed to be relatively
low there are a few steps that should be undertaken to ensure that the risk of injury is minimized.
These are detailed in the table below.
Dry and Press Machine - Construction
Step
Number
Description of Step
Potential Incidents or
Hazards
Controls and Checks
Required
1
Cut around the open
end of a can to make
way for the lid
Sharp edges of the can and
the saw blade can lead to
cuts on the hands or wrists
Wear gloves to protect hands
and make sure the
surrounding area is clear.
Cover the sharp edges with
duct tape to reduce risk.
2
Puncture small holes
in the bottom end of
the container
Sharp implement used to
create holes could cause
puncture wounds
and safety glasses to protect
eyes
3
Use duct tape to cover
the sharp edges of the
container
Sharp edges of the can lead
to cuts on the hands or wrist
4
Cut rectangular block
of wood to
appropriate size
Sharp blade on the saw can
lead to cuts on the hands or
wrists and saw dust can
damage eyes
Wear gloves and safety
glasses to protect hands and
eyes
5
Nail the end of the
wood block to the
can/container lid
Heavy hammer can cause
serious injury to hands or
fingers
Carefully tap the nail into the
wood before removing your
hand and hammering in the
nail with more force
Table 2 - Safety Analysis for construction of the Dry and Press Machine
Operation of the Dry and Press Machine is also a relatively risk free process however care should be
taken if cutting up the waste material into smaller pieces, with gloves helping to reduce the risk of
injury in this case. It is also important that the products of the machine, namely the dried fuel
briquettes, are burnt in a well ventilated area so as to avoid a build-up of smoke.
Design Specifics:
The small holes in the bottom of the container are very important as they allow for moisture
removal during the compressing process. This is very important as the moisture levels have a
large effect on both the density and the heating value of the briquette (Mani, et all., 2006).
Due to this, for maximum effectiveness the waste material should be dried before being
compressed so as to reduce the level of moisture in the briquette.
The size of the container is also important as the container must be large enough to hold a
reasonable amount of waste or else the process will be too inefficient and would become
unviable. A container that is too large would also be ineffective as the amount of pressure per
m3
that can be applied to the organic material decreases as the size of the container increases.
This is especially problematic as the piston is operated by manpower so there is a limit to the

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amount of pressure that can be applied to the organic waste. This also limits the number of
containers that can be used at once if the machine were to be produced on a larger scale
without the use of a mechanic powered piston. While this is a definite issue, as lower density
briquettes have a higher combustion rate meaning they cannot be used for as long (Chin, &
Siddiqui, 2000), the alternative would have been to use a mechanical piston which would
have complicated the design and thus limited the creation and use to those who have the
required materials and experience to build their own mechanical piston.
While it is not part of the project design it should be noted that both heating and size of waste
particles both also have an effect on the final density of the briquette. To maximise briquette
density the biodegradable waste should be ground into small pieces of about 0.5-1cm3
and
heated to around 60o
C during the compressing process (Chou, et all., 2009). While briquettes
with a higher density will have a higher heating value, a briquette with a low density will still
provide a large heating value so this should not be a major problem for the design if heating
and grinding are not viable additions to the project.
Costs and Benefits:
Out of the four possible design projects this solution focuses on the disposal of organic waste
as it effectively transforms organic waste so that it can be used for other purposes. However it
also benefits other design areas of the Engineers without Borders Challenge as it positively
impacts energy, if used for heating of homes or food as firewood in Cameroon is rapidly
being depleted without being replenished (Abanda, 2012) and this project could provide a
more sustainable solution for energy in Cameroon. This project could also have a positive
impact on water supply if used for the boiling of water and its purification. This is important
as the majority of water sources in Bambui have dangerously high levels of bacterial
pathogens making them unsuitable for drinking without further treatment such as disinfection
or boiling (Ngwa, & Chrysanthus, 2013). This would reduce the spread of water borne
diseases and thus reduce the strain on the Bambui health system caused by unclean drinking
water and thus also improve the sanitation and hygiene in Bambui.
This solution also has little to no negative impact on the environment and may even benefit it
in the long term. The main two products of oxidation of biomass material according to the
equation
𝐶𝐻3 + 𝑂2 → C𝑂2 + 𝐻2O

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20
are H2O and CO2 gas (Andrea, 1991) where CH3 is the general formula for biodegradable
material. This would imply that the design would have a negative impact on the environment
due to the carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. This reaction is effectively the
reverse of the photosynthesis reaction so all the stored carbon in the plant will be released
back to the atmosphere. Traditionally when sourcing biodegradable material many trees were
cut down in order to produce briquettes (Andrea, 1991). According to Andrea this would lead
to a large emission of CO2 gas into the atmosphere with an estimated 700-2000 TgC/yr from
deforestation by burning.
However as the biomass we used in this project is sourced completely from waste material
there will be little to no increase in the amount of CO2 gas produced as the same quantity of
CO2 gas would be released into the atmosphere through microbial processes and burning of
crop waste. Due to this the design may even have a positive impact on the environment
through the reduction of deforestation for use as a fuel source as a large portion of the fuel
used for heating and cooking will come from waste material. This is important as around 80%
of fuel sources in developing countries such as Bambui are used for heating and cooking
(Andrea, 1991) so this design could potentially reduce the strain on traditional wood fuel
sources by up to 80%.
One of the major benefits of this design is its versatility as there is a wide range of materials
that can be used for both the cylindrical container and the piston. The final prototype has a
container made from an old metal can with the lid of the can used as the piston. A simple
block of wood is attached to the lid however any strong prism shaped object can be used for
this purpose. This prototype is also versatile in scale as multiple containers can be connected
together as demonstrated by our final prototype where 4 containers were connected together
in a two by two square with duct tape. The pistons can also be connected together with a
plank of wood or other large sheet of sturdy material which allows for ease of use as multiple
briquettes can be produced at the same time. The versatility of the design also allows for it to
be used either on a small scale for individual households, a slightly larger scale for farmers or
even used on a commercial scale with the possibility of companies being set up to produce
briquettes from community waste that can then be sold back to households.
Due to this versatility the project will have minimal economic requirements as the machine
itself is simple and easy to produce out of waste material. If set up on a commercial scale this

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project could also have a large positive impact on the Bambui economy, as it has the potential
to produce many jobs working in a briquette factory. If a smaller scale approach is chosen it
will still have a positive economic effect for individual members of the Bambui community
as it will reduce the cost and time required to heat food and households.
If this project is implemented on a small scale it could potentially have a small negative
social impact on the families and farmers in the Bambui community. As the transformation of
biodegradable waste to briquettes would require extra work on the part of the families and
farmers, especially the gathering, drying and grinding processes required for briquette
production. This could have an especially large impact on farmers after crop harvesting due
to the large amount of biodegradable waste they would have to process. Due to this the
project may be less viable for farmers, however it is not likely to have a very large social
impact on households as the alternative to making briquettes for fuel is to collect firewood for
house and food heating. This process is also less physically demanding then that of collecting
firewood and so would allow for both males and females to assist in this process.

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Ideal Final Results:
Figure 5 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Households.
Figure 6 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Farmers.
Cultural
Impact
Inconvenience
Health Impact
Economic
Impact
Waste
Reduction
Cultural
Impact
Inconvenience
Health Impact
Economic
Impact
Waste
Reduction

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Figure 7 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Commercial Use.
As can be seen in the Ideal Final Result Diagrams above all three possible methods of
implementing the project will have a large positive impact on reducing waste in Bambui. It
should also be noted that regardless of which way the project is implemented the health and
cultural impact on Bambui is similar. However where the impacts differ is the inconvenience
for different stakeholders and the economic impact that the project could have. Notably
implementing the design on a commercial scale would have by far the largest positive
economic impact due to the jobs it could create in Bambui. However this method would be
more costly to implement in the short run and would require investors to get started up.
Conversely this project would have the largest inconvenience if implemented for farmers due
to the large amount of biodegradable waste they produce when harvesting crops. For such a
project to be successful farmers would need to allocate large amounts of additional time to
collecting and transforming this waste into briquettes which may not be a viable option. If a
process of selling excess briquettes was created this extra labour would at least provide some
return for the farmers. Without such a system this design may be unviable for farmers,
especially if the goal is to transform 100% of biodegradable waste from farms into briquettes.
Cultural
Impact
Inconvenience
Health Impact
Economic
Impact
Waste
Reduction

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24
Least affected
Moderately affected
Most affected
Most influence
Least influence
Waste Management Board
Bambui Women
Tubah Council
Bambui Men
Health Workers
Impact on Key Stakeholders:
Stakeholder Environment Economic Social
EWB and Reignite + - None
Tubah Council + - None
Waste Management Board + - None
Farmers + + -
Men + + +
Women + + +
Health Workers + + +
Table 3 – Franklin Plot of Impact on Key Stakeholders.
Figure 8 – Rainbow plot of the key stakeholders.
For this design 7 major stakeholders, as mentioned earlier, were identified as being either
greatly affected or having a very influential role in the success of this project. These
stakeholders are Engineers without Borders, Reignite, the Tubah Municipal Council, the
Waste Management Board of Bambui, Bambui Farmers, Bambui men and women and Health
Workers in the Bambui Area.
EWB and Reignite: One of the most influential members of this project will undoubtedly be
Engineers without Borders and Reignite as mentioned before, as they will be the bodies
overseeing the implementation and will be working with the citizens of Bambui to make sure

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25
the project runs smoothly. There may also be a negative economic impact on these
stakeholders related to the cost of getting this project off the ground. However they are one of
the least affected stakeholders in this project as they do not live in Bambui and will not need
to continuously oversee the running of this project once it has been set up.
Tubah Municipal Council and Waste Management Board: The cooperation of the Tubah
Municipal Council and the Bambui Waste Management Board is very important for the
success of this project. As the overseeing body of the Tubah area any large scale project will
have to go through the Tubah Municipal Council before being approved. However they are
unlikely to have a large impact on the running of this project and as such their influence is
moderate. The Waste Management Board will have a larger influence on this projects success
as they are in charge of all projects that affect the waste issues in Bambui. This project may
also have a slight negative economic impact on both of these stakeholders again due to the
cost of setting up the initial project.
Bambui Farmers: The success of this project would be greatly influenced by the cooperation
of the farmers in the Bambui region. This is especially true if the project were implemented
to target the farmers of Bambui as without their cooperation this project would not be
possible. And while it would have a positive environmental and economic impact for the
farmers it may have a negative social impact due to the time and physical effort required to
create the briquettes from their waste material. Due to this farmers would also be largely
affected by this project as it would change the way in which their farms are run. However it is
important to note that this influence and affect are subjective to the way in which this project
is implemented.
Bambui Men and Women: If this project is implemented on a household scale the influence
of the men and women of Bambui would be very large. The women in Bambui are almost
entirely domestic workers and teachers (Klasen, Stephen, 2000; Homan, 2012) and so would
most likely be responsible for the creation of briquettes from household waste or at least for
the collection and preparation of this waste that would come primarily from food preparation.
They would also be heavily affected by this project as together they make up the citizens of
Bambui however the environmental, social and economic impact would all be positive as
waste levels would be reduced, money could be saved on fuel for heating and cooking and it
would allow the women of Bambui to have an important role in a large project. Bambui

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Health workers: The health workers have been identified as having the smallest influence on
the success of this project however they would be affected if the project is successful in
reducing the spread of diseases, especially waterborne diseases through boiling of unpotable
water (Ngwa, & Chrysanthus, 2013)
Team Process
The start of the first few weeks, as indicated by the Gantt chart, allowed the team to
acknowledge the stakeholders and familiarize themselves with the Bambui culture in depth;
with each member of the team being constantly familiarized with the Bambui way of life, the
needs and the wants of the community, the taboos existing in the community and the statistics
provided by researchers and project partners about the community. From this the team was
able to innovate and plan an effective yet feasible final design that would be most suitable
and useful in Bambui.
During the first weeks several team meetings before each practical workshop session allowed
the team to schedule and organize the research required by each of the members. Sources
such as the unit outline and one search allowed the acknowledgement of different
stakeholders that needed to be considered during the design planning before construction.
Additionally the information sessions allowed a detailed understanding of the social context
of Bambui and the significance of considering other factors including poverty and
globalisation, rather than just aim at solving the waste management of the community. Due to
this the team aimed at a project that would positively affect as many stake holders and
problems as possible, not just the general citizens of Bambui and the waste issue.
Through the analysis of the stakeholders, the team was motivated to construct a model that
would be beneficial for everyone, from farmers to newly born infants. As represented by
(Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015) and supported by (Gabriel, & Mochungong, 2013) the life
expectancy of an average Cameroon citizen is revealed to be around 55 years of age, hence
the team was prompted to find a resolution to this issue while simultaneously tackling the
dominating waste management problem. Furthermore by understanding the nine design areas
provided by (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015) the team was able to come up with a model that
would cover five of the nine design areas provided in the design brief including waste

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27
management, water supply, sanitation and hygiene, energy and food transformation.
Moreover by the end of week 14 the team was able to evaluate possible designs with the ‘dry
and press briquette machine’ being both feasible and effective as suggested by the design
evaluation matrix. Furthermore as indicated by (Baillie, & Armstrong, 2015) the majority of
the waste produced by the Bambui community was biodegradable as it makes up eighty
percent of the total existing waste; hence the compression machine which uses biodegradable
waste to produce energy and is easily constructed by recycled material was highly
considered.
Over the following weeks each member of the team constantly came up with new innovative
ideas. The compression machine was improved slightly overtime as shown on the old and
new model diagrams. The original model as suggested by a team member would use zigzag
slits on each side of the tube as represented by the old model diagram, due to a possible
strong upward force provided. As the team built a prototype of the old model the zigzag slit
did not have much use, as there were no existing upward force by the sample organic waste.
Moreover the team’s intention of building a large scale model, the size of a barrel was
theoretically acceptable but after the building of the prototype, acknowledgement of the
difficulty of the construction process and the limited equipment was identified. Through the
identification of such issues the team came to a halt, with back up plans being considered.
However through an occasional group discussion a solution was envisaged, which was to
construct a smaller scaled tin can sized model with a wooden plank attached to a metal lid to
provide a downward force on the organic waste. This solution had a positive outcome
allowing each member of the group to be confident on its viability and usefulness in the
Bambui community.
The final design model being functional in a Bambui kitchen, the general hospitals, both
agricultural and business setting as well as being uncomplicated to construct, allows for more
than just the reduction of organic waste but may conceivably tackle some of the existing
health issues prevalent in the Cameroon. The design’s ability to be created from a general
recycled material existing in Bambui is also a cost effective solution for the general citizens
who lack the funds to build a costly design or an expensive system that would create a
healthy environment. Moreover the compression machine does not require a high level of
education to operate; it is a basic system that is safe and easy to use without any restrictions,
even for children. The model can be used by children over the age of 4 and can even

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28
transform the creation of fuel briquettes into a basic chore. Team management remained
organised with the team atmosphere remaining positive. There was constant communication
between the team through a group chat on a social networking site, which allowed the group
to ensure that everyone was up to date. Research was split evenly throughout the team with
constant sharing of information between each member. Assistance of one member to another
was also common during an important project or a weekly progress report where a member
sacrificed time to check the other’s work to ensure the teams progress. Group meetings also
took place where each member was given time to reflect on the project and share ideas.
Though the outcome was positive and the team worked well with one another; a few issues
were prevalent through the project as illustrated by the SWOT analysis diagram. As displayed
on the weakness some issues arises when it comes to organization in terms of attendance as,
at times during group meetings and classes, some members failed to attend or arrived late, but
the majority of the time team members were informed and punctual. Optimism could be both
a strength and a threat, but for the group at the beginning of the design evaluation it was
evident to be more of a threat as ideas, which the team initially thought were feasible, turned
out to be practically impossible. The teams original plan was to construct a fairly large-scale
model at least the size of a standard barrel so that large fuel briquettes could be created for
effective energy production, but following the prototype building and testing, the team
acknowledged the complexity in building a large scale model as it requires a large amount of
skill and a good understanding in measurements in order to build it. A large-scale model
would also lack the cost efficient nature of the final design and furthermore require a large
labour force to operate effectively, therefore a smaller scaled model was adopted.

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Figure9–FinalGanttchart
part1.

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30
Figure10–FinalGanttchart
part2.

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Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) Analysis:
Table 4 - SWOT analysis of the team.
Result and Discussion
The Design:
The team’s final solution converts the 80% organic waste the population of Bambui produces
into fuel for use in traditional wood fired stoves (EWB Challenge 2015b). This method of
compressing and drying organic waste is able to not only address a major contributor to
Bambui’s waste management issue but also subsidises their energy needs. The initial design
(see Figures 11 and 12) required cutting stair-shaped slits at opposite sides of a sturdy
cylindrical structure, such as a can or a barrel, where a shaft is fitted and is used to push the
top of the cylinder down, compressing the waste inside. Small holes at the bottom of
The initial design (see Figures 11 and 12) required cutting stair-shaped slits at opposite sides
of a sturdy cylindrical structure, such as a can or a barrel, where a shaft is fitted and is used to
push the top of the cylinder down, compressing the waste inside. Small holes at the bottom of
the cylinder allow liquid to be evacuated from the cylinder. After testing a rough prototype
for this idea using a Coke can, the design was dismissed as the slits used to guide the shaft
down severely compromised the structural integrity of the cylinder, and was therefore
ineffective for waste compression. The construction of the device was also more complicated
than expected, primarily due to the weakening of the cylinder, and meant that achieving the
correct specification was a challenge.
Strengths
 Communication
 Time management
 Sharing of ideas
 Equalizing workload and research
Weaknesses
 Attendance
Opportunities
 Group meetings
 Communication through Social
network
Threats
 Optimism

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Figure 11 – The initial design plan.

Patterson, Posner
33
Figure 12 – An image of the original prototype
The second iteration of the Dry and Press design eliminated some complexity by removing
the two staggered slits and replacing them with two vertical slits. This did help with the
structural integrity of the cylinder, but it was still difficult to properly construct.
The third iteration of the Dry and Press was the design the team settled on (as shown in
Figure 13). This design was vastly superior to the initial two designs. The construction was
very simple and had a far greater tolerance for error. Operation of the device was almost
identical to the previous two iterations. An added functionality of the final design was
modularity. The design can now be easily operated in a group consisting of a square number
(2, 4, 9 etc.) of devices. Other congruent shapes or lines may work similarly. The design
consists of a cylinder, a can or barrel, and a shaft, a block of wood to a broomstick handle,
nailed to its detached lid. The plunger compresses the waste inside the cylinder when it is
pushed down. Modular operation can be achieved by attaching each plunger onto a plank of
wood or other flat surface so they can be pushed down simultaneously, much like a bathroom
scale. The plank would also provide a large surface area so more force can be applied; for
example – if more force is required to compress the waste then weights can be put onto the
plank. The cans are punctured with small holes at the bottom to allow the liquid squeezed out
of the waste to escape the cylinder. As waste is dried and compressed, it solidifies and is
ready to be burnt or stored for later use.

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34
Figure 13 – Images of the prototype of the final design.
The designs were all tested with wet, shredded paper. The paper was dried and formed a
briquette, which burnt better than the paper in its free and wet state.
Addressing the issues:
By focusing mainly on the organic waste, the dry and press solution deals with a large
proportion of the factors contributing to Bambui’s waste problem, as 80% of the waste they
produce is biodegradable (Baillie & Armstrong, 2015). Converting the waste into something
useful decreases the amount of waste being sent to Bambui’s unregulated and uncontrolled
dumping sites. According to Baillie and Armstrong, these sites are prone to erosion and
subsequently pollute the environment around them, affecting the region’s water supply. The
reduction of the amount of waste sent to the landfills will reduce the amount of pollution the
sites cause, and could also help make the regulating and controlling the landfills easier for the
Tubah Municipal Council and its Waste Management board.
The design falls under energy recovery on the zero waste pyramid (See Figure 2). It wouldn’t
be financially viable to prevent or minimise the amount of waste that the Bambui population
produces, so the two most favoured options are practically unachievable. Another issue that
the ‘dry and press’ solution addresses is Bambui’s fuel issue, more specifically as a
replacement for the wood used in the large number of wood fired stoves present in the region
(Nfor, 2014). The majority of households in the rural areas of Cameroon still use wood and

Patterson, Posner
35
charcoal to cook their daily meals leading to excessive deforestation, which is already a
problem in the area with thousands of trees cleared in Cameroon yearly (Ngalame, 2012).
The Dry and Press solution allows citizens to have an alternative source of energy for
domestic cooking while minimising the amount of waste that is sent to the two out of control
landfills that threaten the region’s water supply. This alternative source of fuel also helps to
reduce the number of trees being cut down for fuel which will help the already dire
deforestation problem the region has.
The Community
While devising a solution for Bambui’s waste management problem the team actively made
sure that the following criteria were met.
• The design solution must be feasible, economically, environmentally, culturally and,
socially
• The device is straight forward, and easy to explain to the residents of Bambui
(including the less educated and illiterate)
• The construction of the device must be simple enough for the citizens to do
themselves regardless of whether they have any previous building experience
• The materials used in the construction of the device must be readily available to the
population of Bambui
• Ideally no financial investment by the governing bodies, the Tubah Municipal Council
and their Waste Management Board, or the citizens of Bambui.
Cameroon has plentyof recyclable materials, includingmetal cans and plastic containers that can be
found in the existing landfills (Nfor, 2014). These can be used as the cylinder for the Dryand Press
design. Wood for the plunger’s shaft can also be found at these landfills or fashioned from firewood that
is alreadypresent in most households.

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36
Recommendation
- Increasing the size of the design to about 2 to 3 times the original will increase the
efficiency of the model, without greatly affecting its mobility or increasing the complexity of
the construction process. This will allow more organic waste to be compacted into usable fuel
briquettes in the same amount of time; therefore more energy is available for use in a short
amount of time.
- Increasing the solidity of the connection of the four cans, may allow an easy and fast
removal of fuel pallets without the risk of the links between the cans breaking. The final
designs’ cans are separated slightly with duct tape so that the wooden planks can fit perfectly
fine without having to arrange the cans, but it does not provide a strong and solid structure.
The duct tape connected provides a weak structure hence limitations appear when fuel pallets
needs to be removed. Since the fuel pallets cannot be removed unless tilted downwards this is
a problem due to the weakly connected cans.
- Increasing exit holes on the cans, especially on the sides of the can will improve the
release of fluid from the organic waste, allowing for a faster compression rate with a more
effective release of excessive liquid from the can. The current model will slightly restrict the
release of liquid due to the holes created only at the bottom of the can
- Improving the effectiveness of compression by increasing the size of the metal lid that
will fit perfectly well with the hollow inside of the can. Since the current design’s metal lid is
slightly smaller than that of the opening of the can, it allows some biomass to exit upwards
due to the existing gap, hence utilizing a perfectly scaled metal lid would allow more
productiveness.
- That separation of biodegradable waste that will be burned from the most to the least
CO2 emission, then using the waste that doesn’t emit as much CO2 is considering
environmental wellbeing. This would slightly reduce the quantity of CO2 being released to
the atmosphere, which could contribute to ozone depletion.

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37
Conclusion
• Implementing the project will have a fairly large positive impact on reducing waste in
Bambui and will also cover 5 of the 9 design areas mentioned in the design brief (Baillie &
Armstrong, 2015) including waste management, water supply, sanitation and hygiene, energy
and food transformation.
• The benefits of the design:
1. The design model is feasible, straight forward, and does not need a high level
of education nor skill to operate, therefore a brief set of instructions would
allow for the residents of Bambui to operate it normally.
2. The construction of the design is simple enough for the residents to operate,
regardless of experience or age.
3. The materials used in the construction of the prototype are abundant and
available to the general population of Bambui.
4. The design is very cost efficient.
• The project’s seven major stakeholders were identified and classified through factors
including extent of influence in the success of the project and the project’s extent of influence
on them. These stakeholders include Engineers without Borders, Reignite, the Tubah
Municipal Council, the Waste Management Board of Bambui, Bambui Farmers, Bambui men
and women and Health Workers in the Bambui Area. The final design has been established
through the consideration of various stakeholders, so that the end result would be beneficial
for all.
• Furthermore the team worked effectivelywith one another with constant communication and
equal distribution of work; with each member being dynamic, cooperative and innovative thinkers and
team management throughout the project raising no issues.

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38
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• Republic of Cameroon. Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization.
(2012). Baseline Report; Tubah Council Area. Retrieved from
http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au/pluginfile.php/852542/mod_resource/content/1/Basline%20Repo
rt%20for%20Tubah%20Council%20area.pdf

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40
Attachment #1 Division of Labour
Content Contribution:
Ilan: Wrote main sections titled Introduction and Background, summary page and
Attachments #1 and #2.
Tim: Wrote Approach section 1 (Problem Identification, Stakeholders, Social Context,
Political Context, and Environmental Context) and Approach section 2 (Design Choices, Dry
and Press, Ethanol Production, Regulation of Waste Pickers, Composting, Recycling,
Separation Bins, Relocation of Landfills).
Scott: Wrote Approach section 3 (Final Design Choice, Construction, Design Specifics, Costs
and Benefits, Ideal Final Results)
Monika: Wrote main section titled Results and Discussion, and Attachments #3.
Oaksoe: Wrote main section titled Conclusion, Recommendation, and Approach section 4
(team process).
Other contributions:
Scott: Initial editing
Ilan: Final editing and revising of sections.
Monika: Formatting and compiling.
Tim: Technical Formatting and revision of formatting
Oaksoe: Compiling and organising of references and drawing of diagrams.
Joint contributions:
All team members:
• Research, general and specific.
• Ideas and design decisions.
• Tables and Charts.

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41
Attachment #2 Addressing of outcomes
1. Communication skills: This outcome will best be demonstrated in the group oral
presentation, however the whole report should be clear and concise demonstrating the
team’s communication skills.
2. Enquiry Skills: The section of “Engineering significance demonstrated the team’s
awareness of the changing and significant role of engineers in today’s world.
Additionally the team’s attempt to combine multiple issues into one design shows
their understanding of pushing the boundaries on engineering innovation.
3. Team Work Skills: The section of “Team Process” shows how the team developed
and used team work skills effectively to manage and succeed in performing the tasks
assigned to them.
4. Project Management Skills: The section of “Team Process” again demonstrates how
the team learned to use their time effectively. Additionally the gantt chart shows the
team’s timeline and effective management system.
5. Literary Skills: The many in text references shows the team’s ability to read,
understand and quote sources as well as their ability to critique them and incorporate
them into their report (see particularly Approach part 3). The Bibliography at the end
of the report shows the many references used by the team.
6. Creative thinking/thought: The section of Approach part 3 final design shows the
team’s innovation and creativity encompassed in their final design choice. The
analysis of that design in Results also demonstrated the team’s understanding of the
limits on that creativity and the need to be practical.
7. Sensitivity to Cultural/gender diversity: The section Approach part 1 social context
shows in depth the team’s understanding of cultural and gender significance
especially how it relates to Bambui and the effects of that on the project. This
sensitivity is also show cased in the stake holder analysis of Approach part 1 and 3.
Ability to critique date on environmental, health etc: The section of Background
shows that the team understands the importance of health and the environment on the
population and as a factor of the project. The emphasis the team placed on the design
reducing deforestation further shows their sensitivity to this idea
8. Develop understanding on sustainability: The team’s addressing of deforestation in
the results section of the report demonstrates their understanding of sustainability and

Patterson, Posner
42
its importance for engineering. This idea is also mentioned in the engineering
significance section as well as the cost benefit sections of the report.
9. Understanding of contexts of engineering: The engineering specific section
showcases the teams understanding of the responsibility of engineers in the modern
world. Further the whole design idea its implementation and effectiveness are
designed to be sensitive to the environment and social settings around which it is
based, this further demonstrated the team understands of the context of engineers.
10. Ability to recognise flaws of materials tools etc: The section of Results shows how
the team progressed through various stages of design demonstrating their
understanding towards structural and material flaws and the need to take such matters
under consideration in project design
11. Understands constraints and objectives of engineering problems: The conclusion
shows the teams over all understanding of the objectives and constraints involved in
this project and for engineers in general. Further the section of problem identification
also shows the team’s sensitivity to this issue.
12. Identify design parameters and design decisions: The section Approach 3 with the
design method and diagrams shows the teams understanding and ability to specify the
construction of the design.
13. Ability to qualitatively analysis various alternatives: The various tables and charts
in the report demonstrate the team’s effectiveness at analysis data and specifically
weighing up multiple considerations and alternatives. Primarily the design matrix
chart and the stake holder analysis rainbow plot demonstrates this ability.

Patterson, Posner
43
Attachment #3 List of Figures
 Figure 1 – Rainbow plot of key stakeholders. (Page 5)
 Figure 2 – Zero Waste Pyramid, (Caroline Baillie, 2015). (Page 7)
 Figure 3 – Materials for the Design. (Page 16)
 Figure 4 – Final design diagram. (Page 17)
 Figure 5 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Households. (Page 22)
 Figure 6 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Farmers. (Page 22)
 Figure 7 – Ideal Final Result Diagram for Commercial Use. (Page 23)
 Figure 8 – Rainbow plot of the key stakeholders. (Page 24)
 Figure 9 – Final Gantt Chart part 1. (Page 29)
 Figure 10 – Final Gantt Chart part 2. (Page 30)
 Figure 11 – An image of the original prototype (above). (Page 32)
 Figure 12 – The initial design plan (right). (Page 33)
 Figure 13 – Images of the prototype of the final design. (Page 34)
Attachment #4 List of Tables
 Table 1 – The design evaluation matrix showing the seven solution ideas that Team 4
came up with for Bambui, Cameroon’s waste management issue. (Page 14)
 Table 2 – Safety Analysis for the costuction of the Dry and Press Machine (Page 18)
 Table 2 – Franklin Plot of Impact on Key Stakeholders. (Page 24)
 Table 3 - SWOT analysis of the team. (Page 31)

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