human development

1. ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
IS A PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION
BETWEEN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD, INVOLVING
MULTIPLE, INTELLECTUAL PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES.EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT NR NGWENYA 201227825
MENSTRUATION B NKOPANE 201456467
MENSTRUATION MISCONCEPTIONS C MNDEBELE 201305923
HYGIENE F TSHABALALA 200703806
MALE DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES N MSELEKU 201377383

2. THE
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

3. WHAT IS THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE?
• The menstrual cycle is the time from the first day of
a woman’s period to the day before her next period.
• Girls can start their periods anywhere from age 10
upwards, but the average is around 12 years.
• Between the ages of 12 and 52, a woman will have
around 480 periods, or fewer if she has any
pregnancies.

4. WHAT CHALLENGES DO GIRLS FACE IN
SCHOOL?
• Periods are challenges on their own especially when girls
have to go to school.
• The lack of proper sanitations like clean pads.
• Lack of resources in schools like clean bathrooms. As a
result most learnmers miss school.
• Most schools do not have sick bays where learners can go
and rest should they start feeling the period symptoms like
headaches, menstruation cramps, vomiting etc.

5. HOW TO KEEP CLEAN DURING YOUR
CYCLE
• Take baths on a regular basis. Twice a day
preferably if you can
• Change the sanitary towel every two hours
• Drink lots of liquids so that your periods are not too
heavy
• Change and wash your underwear's EVERYDAY
• Have enough supplies of pads to avoid running out
• Do not use soaps or vaginal soaps
• Wash your hands every time you change a pad or
tampon

6. SUGGESTIONS THAT FEMALE GIRLS CAN
USE DURING THEIR CYCLE

7. HOW PARENTS AND TEACHERS CAN HELP
TO SUPPORT OUR YOUNG GIRLS
• This is an emotional time for females therefore we should be understanding and empathetic
• Parents should re-assure girls that their period is their secret and that nobody else knows that they are on
their period
• Remind girls to carry pads or tampons from home incase the period comes while they are at school
• If you are a heavy bleeder then you should carry extra underwear or pants to school incase of emergencies
• Girls can also wear a pad a few days before their periods to avoid any embarrassing moments at home or
at school
• They should use the right products for themselves especially if they engage in sports.

8. REFERENCES
• www.nhs/livewell/menstrual cycle/pages/whatisthemenstrualcycle.aspx
• Kidshealth.org/en/parents/embarrassed-about-period.html?WT.ac=p-ra
• Sampath, P. (2015). 10 menstrual hygienge tips every girl and woman
shoul know. When a woman has her period for the first time is is a dinstint
period into womanhood.

9. GUIDELINES IN TEENAGE PERSONAL
HYGIENE

10. 1. THE IMPORTANCE OF WHY NUTRITIOUS
FOOD IS GOOD FOR TEENAGERS.
EATING TIPS:
Tips for Parents: Eating tips
Parents need to monitor what their
teens are consuming.
Homes should be stocked with
nutritious food.
Healthy meals and snacks always
equal good intake of nutrients
Cut back on sugary drinks and fries
Keep fruits available at home
Eat breakfast always with whole
grain cereals and low fat milk
Don’t skip lunch and dinner
Eat high fibred foods
Avoid take-always

11. GOOD FOOD

12. 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE
ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES
WILL:
• Helps maintain physical and mental health.
• Parents need to encourage teens to be active
and participate in their favourite sports.
• This is good as it reduces depression, boosts
confidence, promote restful sleep and
improve mental health.
• Exercise controls weight, burns calories and
reduces risk of diabetes.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES FOR
TEENS:
• Hockey
• Walking/Running
• Swimming
• Soccer
• Dancing
• Biking
• Basketball

13. BEING ACTIVE

14. 3. HOW TO PREVENT BODY ODOURS.
CAUSES OF BODY ODOUR:
Hormonal changes in the body
Poor hygiene
Bad breadth
Chronic health diseases (kidney or
heart problems)
TIPS TO PUT INTO PRACTICE:
 Bath with anti-bacterial soap daily.
 Use deodorant to prevent bad body
odour.
 Take a shower or bath after exercise
 Avoid intake of spicy and oily foods.
 Wash smelly feet occasionally with
plain water.

15. AVOID BODY ODOURS

16. 4. DISADVANTAGES OF JUNK FOOD.
Weigh gain and obesity
Chronic disease (diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure)
Nutritional deficiency
Stomach ulcers
Waste of money
Irregular time of eating (eating while walking or driving)
Stress

17. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
IS THE MERGE OF THE CHILD'S EXPERIENCE
EXPRESSING UNDERSTANDING AND REGULATION
OF EMOTIONS FROM BIRTH TO LATE ADOLESCENT
IT IS ALSO COMPRISES HOW GROWTH AND
CHANGES IN THE PROCESS CONCERNING
EMOTIONS OCCUR

18. EVERY CHILD DEVELOPS WITHIN THE
BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM BY
BRONFENBRENNER

19. • Every individual develops through ecological system that
were developed by Bronfenbrenner.
• These systems will cause positive or negative emotional
development into a person’s life.
• in this presentation I will unpack how these systems with
how they can affect an individual, liked altogether
menstrual cycle, development in males and hygiene that are
touched by my colleagues.
• I will further link the concept to motivation as one of the
aspect to develop positive emotional development in
teenagers.

20. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• The ecological system is dived into five subsystems namely the microsystem, mesosystem,
microsystem, exosystemic and chronosystem.
• I will focus on the microsystem and macro system.
• “the macro system refers to dominant social and economic structures and attitudes, beliefs,
values and ideologies in the system of a particular society and culture” Landsberg E, Kruger D
and Swart E(2013).
• The macrosystemic deal with society, political system, economics, values and ideologies.
• Values and beliefs play a crucial role the emotional wellbeing of an individual and spirituality
also pay a big role. This helps with the meditations of the soul and brings stability.

21. • Society may and can play both positive emotional development or a
negative role in the child's emotional development.
• For instance, in an African community they are some cultures who
discourage women to be educated this will serve to the girl child's
disadvantage in future they may struggle to be employed.
• to some extent when the girl child is menstruating they are not allowed to
go to school which will affect their future.
• In such cultures the child is not given the choice to decide for themselves
their future is already decided for them. Hence this may lead the child to be
financially dependent.

22. • The microsystem “is therefore the immediate environment (physical, social and
psychologically proximal processes are played” Landsberg E, Kruger D and Swart
E(2013).
• The individual being interconnected to all these other systems affect their
emotional state for instance the school being connected to him. If the school is not
in a good condition or rather lacks resources for teaching and learning to take place
the child may be affected emotionally and will as a result worry about their future.
• Education opens much doors in the future and provides job opportunities this will
therefore cause stress to the child, the stress can affect them negatively by drop in
their performance and they can became withdrawn to society and peers, this will
then result in the child being depressed that will impact their emotional
development negatively.

23. OTHER FACTORS THAT IMPACT EMOTIONAL
WELL-BEING NEGATIVELY.
Social factors also affect the learner’s emotional development factors like:
• The parent is not interested or involved.
• The child works slowly or cannot read
• Divorce
• Being bullied
• Poor backgrounds
• Alcoholic parent/guidance
• Hygiene issues and not being able to afford toiletries

24. HOW DO WE HELP A CHILD TO ACQUIRE
POSITIVE EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT?
•Motivating the child
•Help the learner to develop set of goals
and values.
•Help the learner to develop their own
interest.

25. • Maslow theory of growth is another tool that can help us to enforce a positive
emotional development in the child’s life.
• learners need to be taught about self-actualisation. Self-actualisations refers to
the need for self-fulfilment an individual’s need to develop all of their potential,
talents and capabilities.
• Having learners master their capabilities, skills and talents will give them self
confidence that will enrich their emotional development.
• We also need to consider Maslow hierarchy of needs help us by recognising the
needs of the child and how these needs will help us to help a child to have
healthy emotional development.

26. MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
ALL THESE 5 ASPECTS HAVE AN IMPACT IN THE CHILD'S EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT.

27. MOTIVATION AND IDENTITY
• Wenstein E (2016) argues, “Generally the relationship between
motivation and identity is regarded as the link between a person goal
orientated behaviour that persons of who they are or become”. Hence a
child having set of goals is the child having a picture of who they are and
where they are going.
Identity can be conceptualised as two sets of self-perception.
Perception of skills, characteristics and competences.
Perception of personal goals and values

28. • In conclusion what does then motivation mean for
emotional development over learners, it means a
child a child being aware of who they are and where
they are going.
• Motivation is a sense of direction for all people in aim
to develop them into better people or encourage self-
awareness the will eventually affect emotional
development of the learner.

29. MALE DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE
NOZIBUSISO MSELEKU

30. • What is male development and change?
 Puberty: is the process of physical changes through which a child body matured into an adult
body capable of sexual production. It is initiated by hormonal signs from brain to the gonads:
in male is organs
 PHYSICAL CHANGES- PUBERTY
• Timing of puberty
It can start as early as 9 years to 13 years
• Genitals and public hair
Scrotum grows larger, public hair might start appearing at the base of male penis.
The more public hair grows, it becomes more darker
• Voice changes
Voice becomes deepen

31. • Growing
Growth spurt, head, hands and feet grows first
Than arms, legs, shoulders and rest of your body
• Body hair
Facial hair appears from the chin until the upper lip and the
rest of the face.
• Acne
Underarm hair appear

32. HOW CAN AN ADULT SUPPORT THE CHILD
• Be a healthy role model
Avoid comparing you’re your child body to other people
• Encourage healthy sleep routines
Making sure your child has a quiet, comfortable sleeping environment, and encouraging your
child to turn off the mobile phone
• Support your child physical activity
Keep your child active by encouraging him to join soccer team
• Encourage healthy eating
• Treat your child in a age-appropriate way

33. MISCONCEPTIONS
ABOUT
MENSTRUATION
PRESENTED BY C MNDEBELE

34. Swimming in the ocean on your period will
get you eaten by sharks.
You shouldn’t wash your hair during your
period.
Bed rest is a must during your period.
Hot water increases period flow.
You cannot get pregnant during your
period.

35. Irregular periods are bad for your reproductive
health.
You shouldn’t use a tampon until you old
enough.
Menstrual cycles are 28 days.
You can shorten or delay a period by ………
Menstrual blood is different from regular
blood.