Summer School “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, July 1-3, 2017 Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece The Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, in collaboration with the Jean Monnet Chair of the Democritus University of Thrace organize a summer school entitled “The EU area of freedom, security and justice”, that will take place in July 1-3, at the Conference Room of the University of Macedonia.

1. Illegal immigration in the EU
Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Professor at the Democritus University of Thrace (Greece)
Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Bruges (Belgium)
Honourary Assoc. Professor at the University of Nottingham (UK)
Barrister - of the Athens Bar
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 1

2. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction
- Sharp increase of illegal migrants
- Increased demand for immigration – restrictive
receiving policies
- Strengthening of external borders  trafficking
networks
- Transporters’ liability  recourse to traffickers
- Development of ICTs/GPS  facilitates coordination of
traffickers
- Arab spring + Syrian war  numbers increase 10 fold
(130.000 entries in 2012  over a million in 2015)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 2
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

3. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction
- Sharp increase of illegal migrants - Destination (EU/stat)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 3
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

4. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction
- Sharp increase of illegal migrants - Origin (EU/stat)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 4
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

5. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction
- Why it matters
- Any immigration policy is deprived of any sense if illegal
immigration is possible
- Any immigration/integration policy is bound to fail if it
is based on erroneous data
- Illegal entry  illegal work  delinquency
- Impossibility to integrate illegal immigrants
- Question of migration pressure that societies are ready
to support
- Reactions against immigration in general !
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 5
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

6. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction
- EU approach
- Progressive strengthening of mechanisms against illegal
immigration:
- Tampere’99, Laeken’01, Seville’02, Thessaloniki’03, Hague
Programme’ 04 etc
- Global programme 2002
- Visa security
- Data exchange and analysis
- Action before the frontiers
- Collective border management
- Repatriation – readmission
- Police cooperation (Europol)
- Criminal sanctions
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 6
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

7. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Introduction- EU approach
- Progressive strengthening of mechanisms against illegal
immigration:
- Stockholm programme (2010-14)
- Evaluation of readmission agreements
- Conclusion of readmission agreements
- Dialogue with and funding of 3d countries
- European Agenda on Migration (2015-20)
- 3x budgets for TRITON (Adriatic) and POSEIDON (Mediter/n)
- Funding of frontline MS and 3d countries
- Return action plan
- Creation of European Border and Coast Guard
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 7
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

8. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Prevention
- Action within the EU – at the MS level
- Border controls
- Programmes for strengthening control
mechanisms/techniques: Triton, Orca, Ulysses, Poseidon etc)
- Reform of the Schengen Handbook (2006)
- Securitisation of travel documents
- Common model for
- Visas (Reg 1683/95)
- Resident permits (Reg. 1030/2002)
- Use of biometric data
- Creation of databases: SIS, VIS, Eurodac, FADO, Eurosur
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 8
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

9. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Prevention
- Action within the EU - Privatisation of immigration
- Carriers’ liability (Dir 2001/51)
- Return of those not admitted in MS
- In country of origin or third country
- By carrier’s means or expenses
- Administrative sanctions for transporting w/out documents
- EXCEPT: for asylum seekers
- Obligation to communicate to police/border authorities
travellers’ data (+Dir 2004/82 on data protection)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 9
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

10. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Prevention
- Action with third states
- Prevention of illegal migration
- In the framework of accession negotiations
- In the framework of the ENP
- In the framework of international (economic) cooperation
- Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (2014-20)
- Internal Security Fund (2014-20)
- Borders and Visa
- Police (and crisis management)
- In the framework of other Programmes
- Migration oriented, eg AENEAS – other : MEDA, TACIS, PHARE …
- Guidance from the European Migration Network (D2008/381)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 10
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

11. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Prevention
- Action with third states
- Readmission agreements
- 3 generations: by MS harmonised  EU agreements
- Obligation to readmit people
- Having the nationality of the country concerned
- Having received a visa from the country concerned
- Having transited through the country concerned
- Sharing of cost (until respective borders)
- Operational cooperation: FRONTEX (Reg 2007/2004)
- Role of European Migration Liaison Officers
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 11
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

12. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Prevention
- Action in third states
- Readmission agreements – in force (+visa facilitation)
- 2004: Hong Kong, Macao
- 2005: Sri Lanka
- 2006: Albania
- 2007: Russia
- 2008: Ukraine, fyROM, Bosnia/Herz, Montenegro, Serbia,
Moldova
- 2010: Pakistan
- 2011: Georgia
- 2014: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cape Verde
- (200/10 Greek-Turkish agreement)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 12
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

13. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Repression
- Harmonisation of criminal law – Sanctions for…
- Illegal entry
- Definition of illegal acts (Dir 2002/90)
- Help illegal entry EXCEPT for humanitarian reasons
- Help illegal stay, for profit
- Provision of minimal common sanctions (FD 2002/946)
- Employers of illegal immigrants: Dir 2009/52
- Other related activities
- FD 2002/629: trafficking
- FD 2004/68: sexual exploitation of children + pornography
- Residence permit for victims of trafficking (Dir 2004/81)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 13
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

14. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Repression
- Return directive (2008/115)
- Return decision subject to
- Child interest/family life/health + non refoulement
- Compassionate, humanitarian or other reasons
- Voluntary departure (7-30 days – BUT absconding)
- Removal
- By separate act
- Coercive measures as last resort
- Children only if returned to family
- Entry ban: mandatory/optional
- Procedure: in writing, motivated + remedies + suspensive effect
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 14
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

15. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Repression
- Return directive (2008/115)
- Detention
- When: risk of absconding or non-cooperation
- Ordered by judicial/administrative authorities – reviewed
- Duration: 6 m +12 m (difficulties) + open (emergency)
- Where:
- in specialised facility or separated in prison
- Families (separate + intimacy)
- Children (separate + leisure)
- COM (2015) 453: EU Action plan on return + Return handbook
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 15
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

16. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Repression
- Return technicalities
- Mutual recognition
- of expulsion decisions (Dir 2001/40)
- Compensation – cost sharing (Dec. 2004/191)
- Mutual assistance
- Assistance at removal by air (Dir 2003/110)
- Joint flights for removal (Dec 2004/573)
- +++ Joint actions of voluntary return (targeted to specific
countries eg Afganistan)
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 16
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

17. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Regularisation
- General
- Good for
- Migrants become ‘visible’
- The design and implementation of migration policies
- Integration of Migrants
- Combatting undeclared work + delinquency
- BUT risk of attracting more illegal immigrants
- Regularisation of regularisation: every 6 years (EU15)
- Different categories, types, criteria:
- Territorial, economic, humanitarian, origin
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 17
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination
Conclusion

18. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Cooperation and Coordination
- Europol
- Creation
- Closer cooperation than Interpol – focused on the EU
- Maastricht K-19, Convention 199598, EU institution after
Lisbon Treaty
- Powers:
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzopoulos 18
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion
Illicit Drugs
Trafficking in Human
Beings
Facilitated Illegal
Immigration
Europol Cyber Crime Centre
Intellectual Property Crime
Cigarette Smuggling
Euro Counterfeiting
VAT Fraud
Money Laundering and
Asset Tracing
Mobile Organised
Crime Groups
Outlaw Motorcycle
Gangs
Terrorism

19. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Cooperation and Coordination
- Europol
- Tasks
- Exchange of information + data base
- Cooperation between MS authorities
- Operational activities (???)
- Organisation
- Legal personality, Hague, personnel
- Europol officials
- Europol link officers
- Europol National bureaus
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzop oulos 19
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

20. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Cooperation and Coordination
- FRONTEX (reg 2007/04 + … 656/2014):
• Tasks
– risk analysis: trends in border crossings + cross-border crime
– RApid Border Intervention Teams (Reg 656/2014)
• At MS request – Under the authorities of MS – 200-250 personnel
– R&D: linking border control authorities with research organisations & industry
– Training: developing harmonised curricula and training standards for border
guards in EU 28;
– Joint returns - coordinating joint repatriation flights
– Information sharing between border authorities.
- Reform into European Border and Coast Guard
- Permanent staff (not detached on voluntary basis)
- Liason officers in border MS
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzop oulos 20
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

21. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Cooperation and Coordination- Cooperation and coordination
- CEPOL: network of police academies (D 2000/820)
- Joint investigation teams (2000 Conv + FD 2002/465)
- EUROSUR: European Surveillance System (Reg 1052/13)
- Immigration Liaison Officers network (Reg 377/2004)
- EUROJUST (Dec. 2002/187)
- Cooperation for criminal cases involving 2 MS (file exchange
etc)
- Judicial assistance for the execution of judicial and expulsion
decisions
- Data bases: SIS, VIS, Eurodac, Dublinet, Europol,
ICONet, FADO
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzop oulos 21
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion

22. Vassilis Hatzopoulos
Conclusion
- Is EU immigration policy bound to fail? PROBABLY!
- Any policy requires
- Concept/design: belated and short term vision
- Definition of target groups: very diverse + scarce data
- Implementation: spread between various levels and services
- Evaluation: choice of indicators problematic
- Change management
- Problems change constantly, solutions lag behind
- Complex issues not suitable for substantial dialogue
- Societies are by nature conservative + fear
- There are always losers political exploitation
- Contradictory choices (how many, who etc) and hard to control
 Not a single entity may claim success in its immigration policy!
08/02/18 Vassilis Hatzop oulos 22
Introduction Prevention Repression Regularisation Coordination Conclusion