1. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:
Identify the primary network transmission methods.
Identify the main types of media access methods.
Identify the major network signaling methods.
Identify the elements of the data addressing and delivery
process.
Identify common network connection mechanisms.
Identify techniques for ensuring reliable network data delivery.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 1 of 51
2. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Transmission Methods
The primary transmission mechanisms that are
implemented on the networks are:
Unicast transmission
Broadcast transmission
Multicast transmission
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 2 of 51
3. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Unicast Transmission
• Unicast transmission is a transmission method in which
data is transferred from a specific source address to a
specific destination address.
Receives transmission
Ignores transmission Ignores transmission
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 3 of 51
4. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Broadcast Transmission
• Broadcast transmission is a transmission method in which
data goes from a source node to all other nodes on a
network.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 4 of 51
5. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast transmission is a transmission method in which
data is sent from a server to specific nodes that are defined
as members of a multicast group.
Multicast group Multicast group
Ignores transmission
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 5 of 51
6. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Media Access Methods
• The media access method determines whether or not a
particular node can place data on the network at a given
time.
• Two categories of media access methods are:
Contention-based or competitive media access
Controlled or deterministic media access
Central device
determines access
Contending
for access
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 6 of 51
7. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Media Access Methods (Contd.)
The common media access methods are:
Multiplexed Media Access
Polling
Token-Based Media Access
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
Contention Domains
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 7 of 51
8. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Multiplexed Media Access
• Multiplexing is a controlled media access method in which
a central device combines the signals from multiple nodes
and transmits the combined signal across the medium.
• The different methods of multiplexing are:
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
A central device called as multiplexer or mux is used to
manage the multiplexing process.
mux
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 8 of 51
9. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Polling
• Polling is a controlled media access method in which a
central device contacts each node in turn to see whether it
has data to transmit.
Client polled
for data
• Demand priority is a polling technique in which nodes
signal their state—either ready to transmit or idle—to a hub.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 9 of 51
10. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Token-Based Media Access
• Token-based media access is a media access method in
which computers pass a special sequence of bits called a
token between them.
Node with token
can transmit
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 10 of 51
11. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) is a contention-based media access method in
which nodes can transmit whenever they have data to send.
They detect and manage the inevitable collisions that occur
when multiple nodes transmit at once.
5. Wait
1. Data to transmit 4. Collision
2. Check network 3. Transmit
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 11 of 51
12. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) is a contention-based media access method
in which nodes can transmit whenever they have data to
send.
• The steps that they take to ensure media is unused are:
5. Transmit
6. Monitor for jam signal
1. Data to transmit 4. Wait
4. Wait
2. Check network 3. Jam signal
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 12 of 51
13. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Contention Domains
• A contention domain, also called a collision domain, is a
group of nodes on a contention-based network that
compete with each other for access to the media.
Contention Domain A Contention Domain B
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 13 of 51
14. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Signaling Methods
The electronic signals that are put onto the communication
media of the networks are categorized as:
Analog Signals
Digital Signals
The signaling techniques used in network communication
are:
Digital Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
Parallel Data Transmission
Baseband Transmission
Broadband Transmission
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 14 of 51
15. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Analog Signals
An analog signal is one that oscillates over time between
maximum and minimum values and can take on any value
between those limits.
The signaling techniques used in network communication
are: Cycle Phase
Amplitude
Cycle Peak
Frequency
Phase
Wavelength
Amplitude Valley
Wavelength
One-second frequency
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 15 of 51
16. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Digital Signals
A digital signal is one that oscillates between two discrete
values over time, never holding an interim value.
The discrete values in digital signals are either ones and
zeros.
The units of digital data are given specific names:
Crumb
Bit
+
Nibble
Byte 0
Word
-
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 16 of 51
17. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Modulation and Demodulation
• A modulation is a process in which the lower frequency
data signal is superimposed over the carrier’s waveform.
• The demodulation is a process in which the receiver
decodes the signal, removing the data from the carrier.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 17 of 51
18. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Digital Data Transmission
Digital transmissions use voltage differences to directly
represent the 1s and 0s that make up the data and are not
modulated over a carrier.
Data is converted into a digital waveform using the following
techniques:
On-off keying: Is a digital transmission encoding scheme in
which a change in voltage from one state to another within a
predetermined interval is symbolized by a 1.
Manchester encoding: Is a digital transmission encoding
scheme which represents the transition from a positive to a
ground with a 0 and the transition from a ground to a positive
with a 1.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 18 of 51
19. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Serial Data Transmission
• With serial data transmission, bits are transmitted, one per
clock cycle, across a single transmission medium.
• Synchronization, start/stop, and error correction bits are
transmitted in line with data bits, limiting the overall
throughput of data.
• Serial transmissions can delineate bytes by using either
synchronous or asynchronous techniques.
• The following devices are connected over a serial
transmission port:
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 19 of 51
20. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Parallel Data Transmission
• With parallel data transmission, multiple bits are transmitted
across multiple transmission lines.
• Synchronization, start/stop, and error correction bits are
transmitted in line with data bits are mainly sent over
additional transmission lines, improving overall throughput
of data
• The following devices uses the parallel transmission mode:
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 20 of 51
21. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Baseband Transmission
• In baseband transmissions, digital signaling is used to
send data over a single transmission medium using the
entire bandwidth of that medium.
Sender Receiver
Digital signal
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 21 of 51
22. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Broadband Transmission
• In broadband transmissions, analog signaling is used to
send data over a transmission medium using a portion of
the bandwidth of that medium.
Sender Receiver
Analog signal
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 22 of 51
23. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Data Addressing and Delivery
Data to be transferred within the network is packaged and
addressed, so that it can be accurately delivered to its
intended destination.
The various data addressing and delivery mechanisms that
are used are:
MAC Address
Network Address
Network Names
Packets
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 23 of 51
24. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
MAC Address
• A MAC address, also called a physical address, is a
unique, hardware-level address assigned to every
networking device by its manufacturer.
• A MAC address is six bytes long, with :
The first three bytes known as Organizationally Unique
Identifier (OUI)
The last three bytes known as Universal LAN MAC address
Six bytes long
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-86-47-F6-65
OUI Universal LAN MAC
address
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 24 of 51
25. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Activity 3-1
Activity on Identifying the
Local MAC Address
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 25 of 51
26. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Network Address
• A network address is a protocol-specific identifier assigned
to a node.
• A network address includes two parts:
Network portion
Node portion
Network portion Node portion
IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 192.168.100.100
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Separates network from node
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 26 of 51
27. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Activity 3-2
Activity on Identifying
the Local Network Address
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 27 of 51
28. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Network Names
• A network name is a word or phrase assigned to a node to
help users and technicians more easily recognize the
device.
• Naming services are methods that map network names to
network addresses, such as:
Domain Name System (DNS)
NetBIOS
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS)
Descriptive host name
IP address mapping
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 28 of 51
29. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Activity 3-3
Activity on Identifying the
Local Computer Name
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 29 of 51
30. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Packets
• A packet, also called a datagram, is a unit of data sent
across the network.
• All packets are made up of three components, such as:
Header
Data
Trailer or footer
Header Data Footer
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 30 of 51
31. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Activity 3-1
Activity on Identifying the
Local MAC Address
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 31 of 51
32. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Network Connection Mechanisms
A network connection is first established between the two
nodes that want to share data.
The network connection mechanisms are:
Simplex Mode
Half Duplex Mode
Full Duplex Mode
Point-to-Point Connections
Multipoint Connections
Radiated Connections
Connection Services
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 32 of 51
33. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Simplex Mode
• Simplex mode of communication is the one-way
transmission of information with the full use of bandwidth of
the medium for transmission.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 33 of 51
34. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Half Duplex Mode
• Half duplex mode communications permit two-way
communications, but in only one direction at a time.
Sender Receiver
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35. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Full Duplex Mode
• Full duplex mode communications permit simultaneous
two-way communications.
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 35 of 51
36. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Point-to-Point Connections
• A point-to-point connection is a direct connection between
two nodes.
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37. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Multipoint Connections
• Multipoint connections are connections between many
nodes. Each multipoint connection has more than two
endpoints.
Receiver Detector Sender Detector
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 37 of 51
38. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Radiated Connections
• A radiated, or broadcast, connection is a wireless point-to-
point or multipoint connection between devices.
• Wireless LAN, infrared, and Wi-Fi networks are all radiated
connections.
Wireless access point User
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 38 of 51
39. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Connection Services
• Connection services ensure reliable delivery by detecting
and attempting to correct transmission problems.
• The following connection services are used:
Unacknowledged connectionless service
Acknowledged connectionless service
Connection-oriented service
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 39 of 51
40. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Reliable Delivery Techniques
• Reliable delivery techniques ensure that the data that is
properly packaged and addressed is transmitted completely
and accurately across the network.
• When the delivery techniques are implemented they
perform the following functions:
Error Detection
Parity checking
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Flow Control
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 40 of 51
41. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Error Detection
• Error detection is the process of determining if transmitted
data has been received correctly and completely by
attaching extra bits in the form of an error detection code
(EDC) to the original contents.
Data sent with
EDC in footer
Receiver generates an
EDC and compares it with
the one sent in the footer
Do they
Yes match? No
Process data Request data be EDAC attempts to
retransmitted rebuild data
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 41 of 51
42. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Parity
Parity checking operates on a word-by-word basis and can
only reliably determine if a single bit has been changed or
not. Compare bytes with parity bits
Types of parity checking techniques are:
Even and Odd Parity
Internal Computer Parity Checking
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 42 of 51
43. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Cyclic Redundancy Check
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) uses a predefined
mathematical operation to calculate a CRC code.
Compare CRCs
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 43 of 51
44. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Flow Control
• Flow control is a class of techniques for optimizing the
exchange of data between systems.
• The types of flow control techniques commonly used in
computer networking are:
• Buffering
• Data Windows
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 44 of 51
45. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Flow Control (Contd.)
• Buffering is a flow control technique in which received data
is stored in a temporary high speed memory location, called
a buffer, until the main system components are ready to
work with the data.
Network
cache
High-speed data
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 45 of 51
46. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Flow Control (Contd.)
• Data windows provides a flow control technique where
multiple packets are sent as a unit called a block or window
and the recipient acknowledges each window rather than
each packet, resulting in higher throughput.
• Types of data windows are:
Fixed length windows
Sliding windows
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 46 of 51
47. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Flow Control (Contd.)
Fixed and Sliding Windows
Fixed window = Always same size
Fixed window
Buffer
Wasted buffer
Sliding windows = Optimized for
buffer
First window
Optimized buffer
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 47 of 51
48. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Summary
In this session, you learned that:
• The primary transmission mechanisms that are implemented
on the networks are:
• Unicast transmission
• Broadcast transmission
• Multicast transmission
• The common media access methods are:
Media Access Methods
Multiplexed Media Access
Polling
Token-Based Media Access
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
Contention Domains
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 48 of 51
49. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Summary (Contd.)
• The electronic signals that are put onto the communication
media of the networks are categorized as:
Analog Signals
Digital signals
The signaling techniques used in network communication are:
Digital Data Transmission
Serial Data Transmission
Parallel Data Transmission
Baseband Transmission
Broadband Transmission
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 49 of 51
50. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Summary (Contd.)
• The data addressing and delivery mechanisms are:
MAC Address
Network Address
Network Names
Packets
The network connection mechanisms are:
• Simplex Mode
• Half Duplex Mode
• Full Duplex Mode
• Point-to-Point Connections
• Multipoint Connections
• Radiated Connections
• Connection Services
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 50 of 51
51. CompTIA N+ Certification: Network Communications Installation
Installing Windows XP Professional Using Attended Methods
Summary (Contd.)
• The reliable delivery techniques are:
Error Detection
Parity
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Flow Control
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 51 of 51
Hinweis der Redaktion
To be given
To be given
You need to explain about contention-based and controlled media access methods as given in Page no 43 of CG. You need to compare the different media access methods as given in page no 44 of CG.
You have to tell about the advantages and disadvantages of token-based media access as given in Page no. 46 of CG
You need to tell the method in which data is transmitted between nodes using CSMA/CD method as given in page no. 47 of CG
You need to tell the method in which data is transmitted between nodes using CSMA/CA method as given in page no. 48 of CG
You need to tell the method in which data is transmitted between nodes using CSMA/CA method as given in page no. 48 of CG
To discuss about modulation and demodulation techniques. More slides have to be added here
To discuss about modulation and demodulation techniques. More slides have to be added here
To discuss about modulation and demodulation techniques. More slides have to be added here
To discuss about modulation and demodulation techniques. More slides have to be added here
To discuss about modulation and demodulation techniques. More slides have to be added here
You need to tell: How the six bytes long address is divided? About OUI, Universal LAN MAC address How to determine the MAC address of the computer? As given in pages 61 and 62 of CG
You need to explain network address with an example as given in page no 65 of CG.
You need to tell about DNS, NetBIOS and WINS as given the page no 66 of CG
1.You need to tell about how the packet is transmitted ad given in th page no 68 of CG. 2. You need to tell about the Ethernet Header and Ethernet footer contents of the packet as given in the page nos 69- 70 of CG
You need to tell that radio and television broadcasts and public address systems operate in simplex node. This node is not used in networking
You need to give examples such as walkie-talkies and citizen band (CB ) radios.
You need to give examples such as telephone systems.
You need to give example of dial-up modem connections.
You need to give of physical bus and star networks as an example of multipoint connections.
You need to tell the method in which data is transmitted between nodes using CSMA/CA method as given in page no. 48 of CG
You need to tell about connection service types compared to everyday communication methods ad given in page no 74 and 75 of CG
You need to explain Even and Odd Parity and Internal Computer Parity Checking as explained in page no 78 of CG
You need to tell the CRC considerations as given in page no 78 in CG
You need to explain the example of buffering emphasizing flooding as given in page no 79 of CG.
You need to explain fixed and sliding length windows as given in page 80 of CG.
You need to explain fixed and sliding length windows as given in page 80 of CG.