1. • Matrix Organisation - Meaning
• Matrix Organisation is a combination of two or more organisation
structures. For example, Functional Organisation and Project
Organisation.
• The organisation is divided into different functions, e.g. Purchase,
Production, R & D, etc. Each function has a Functional (Departmental)
Manager, e.g. Purchase Manager, Production Manager, etc.
• The organisation is also divided on the basis of projects e.g. Project
A, Project B, etc. Each project has a Project Manager e.g. Project A
Manager, Project B Manager, etc.
• The employee has to work under two authorities (bosses). The
authority of the Functional Manager flows downwards while the
authority of the Project Manager flows across (side wards). So, the
authority flows downwards and across. Therefore, it is called "Matrix
Organisation".

2. • Features of Matrix Organisation
• Hybrid Structure : Matrix organisation is a hybrid structure. This is so, because it
is a combination of two or more organisation structures. It combines
functional organisation with a project organisation. Therefore, it has the
merits and demerits of both these organisation structures.
• Functional Manager : The Functional Manager has authority over the technical
(functional) aspects of the project.
The responsibilities of functional manager are:-
• He decides how to do the work.
• He distributes the project work among his subordinates.
• He looks after the operational aspects.
• Project Manager : The Project manager has authority over the administrative
aspects of the project. He has full authority over the financial and physical
resources which he can use for completing the project.
The responsibilities of project manager are:-
• He decides what to do.
• He is responsible for scheduling the project work.
• He co-ordinates the activities of the different functional members.
• He evaluates the project performance.

3. • Advantages of Matrix Organisation
• Sound Decisions : In a Matrix Organisation, all decisions are taken by
experts. Therefore, the decision are very good.
• Development of Skills : It helps the employees to widen their skills.
Marketing people can learn about finance, Finance people can learn about
marketing, etc.
• Top Management can concentrate on Strategic Planning : The Top
Managers can spend more time on strategic planning. They can delegate
all the routine, repetitive and less important work to the project managers.
• Responds to Changes in Environment : Matrix Organisation responds to
the negative changes in the environment. This is because it takes quick
decisions.
• Specialisation : In a matrix organisation, there is a specialization. The
functional managers concentrate on the technical matters while the
Project Manager concentrates on the administrative matters of the
project.

4. • Limitations of Matrix Organisation
• Increase in Work Load : In a matrix organisation, work load is very high. The
managers and employees not only have to do their regular work, but also have
to manage other additional works like attending numerous meetings, etc.
• High Operational Cost : In a matrix organisation, the operational cost is very high.
This is because it involves a lot of paperwork, reports, meetings, etc.
• Absence of Unity of Command : In a matrix organisation, there is no unity of
command. This is because, each subordinate has two bosses, viz., Functional
Manager and Project Manager.
• Difficulty of Balance : In a matrix organisation, it is not easy to balance the
administrative and technical matters. It is also difficult to balance the authority
and responsibilities of the project manager and functional manager.
• Power Struggle : In a matrix organisation, there may be a power struggle between
the project manager and the functional manager. Each one looks after his own
interest, which causes conflicts.

5. • Types of management control
Feedforward is a management and communication term that
refers to giving a control impact to a subordinate or
an organization from which you are expecting an output. It is
given before any willful change in output may occur.
Feedback is a process in which information about the past or
the present influences the same phenomenon in the present or
future.
Monitoring and controlling consists of the processes performed
to observe project execution so that potential problems can be
identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken,
when necessary, to control the execution of the project.