This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965 g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid (1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe (0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670 ±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.

1. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol
Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
1Ezekiel Tagwi Williams, *2Nachana’a Timothy and 3Musa Ibrahim
1,2,3Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria
This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus)
bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was
grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and
aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures.
Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins,
alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative
phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965
g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid
(1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis
showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe
(0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670
±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not
detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive
compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant
can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.
Key words: Phytochemicals, elements, composition, Citrullus lanatus, bark, bioactive, drugs, diet
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active
ingredient used to cure disease or relief pain (Asaolu et al.,
2012). Furthermore WHO (2000) defines medicinal plant
as herbal preparations produced by subjecting plant
materials to extraction, fractionation, purification,
concentration or other physical or biological processes
which may be produced for immediate consumption or as
a bases for herbal product. Plants based drugs have been
used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of
various diseases. World plant biodiversity is the largest
source of herbal medicine and still about 60-80% world
population rely on plant-based medicine which has been
in use since the ancient ages of traditional health care
system (Devaki, 2013).
Plants are a source of a large number of drugs comprising
of different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-
cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria,
anti-oxidant etc (Ncube et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2019).
The active principle of many drugs found in plants is
phytochemicals (Sadia et al., 2011)). The medicinal value
of these phytochemicals is because of the presence of
chemical substance that produces definite physiological
action on the human body (Ali et al., 2012). Some of the
valuable ones include: alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
glycosides, flavonoids, phosphorus and calcium for cell
growth, replacement, and body building (Imafidon et al.,
2018).
Elements such as calcium play an important role in
building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, large part
of human blood and extracellular fluids (Victor and Chidi,
2009). Sodium has an important role in maintaining the
water balance within the cells and in the function of both
nerve impulse and muscles. Potassium is most commonly
*Corresponding Author: Nachana’a Timothy,
Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University,
Mubi, Nigeria. Email: allen.dusa@gmail.com
Research Article
Vol. 2(1), pp. 009-014, October, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 6632-0771
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Research

2. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Williams et al. 010
used for treating and preventing low potassium levels,
treating high blood pressure, and preventing stroke. Iron is
an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in
red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to
transport it throughout the body (Abbaspour et al., 2014;
Ware 2018). Nutritionists have considered the role of
metals such as zinc, copper and iron in human fitness (W
illiams et al., 2019), and recommended that they should be
considered for preparation of herbal drugs (Sadia et al.,
2011). Plants have been known to relieve various diseases
in India, Africa, Panama and America. Medicinal plants are
the richest bio-resources of drugs of traditional systems of
medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food
supplements, folk medicines, Pharmaceutical
intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs
(Prashant, 2011).
Progress toward better understanding of plant derived has
been depended on two factors which are interdependent.
First is the development of strict criteria of prove that a
medicine really does what it is claimed to do and the other
has been the identification by chemical analysis of the
active compounds in the plant. The medicinal value of
plant lies in some chemical substances that produce a
definite physiological action on the human body (Imafidon
et al., 2018).
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in
most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the
maintenance of good health have been widely observed
(Banerjee et al., 2012).
Watermelon belongs to the family of cucurbitaceous,
scientifically classified as C. lanatus (Donald, 2003). It is
cultivated extensively for its pleasant-tasting fruit.
Watermelon is of the twelve species of the family of
cucurbitaceous cultivated by man. It is the major vegetable
crop in the United States and other parts of the world and
account for 6.8% of the world area devoted to vegetable
crop production (Ali et al., 2012; Imafidon et al., 2018).
Watermelon requires a long, warm growing season and
grows best under temperature of 21 to39oC. The plant also
tolerates high humidity. The optimum pH range for
watermelon is 6.0 - 6.5 although the plant will tolerate soil
with as low as 5 (Imafidon et al., 2018; Braide et al., 2012).
The vine, an annual plant is coarse and hairy and bears
divided, oval leaves on short stalks and round, light yellow
with individual flowers. The rounded, oblong, berrylike fruit
grows to a very large size. The thick rinds are green and
the watery parts are usually red in colour and contain many
dark flat seeds (Prashant et al., 2011). Fruits occupy a part
of daily diet of the rich and rarely the poor and there are
many parts of a fruit that are not considered edible, and so
are usually thrown away. One such fruit is water melon
which is taken by many but the bark is thrown away and
generally not included in regular diet. The juice or pulp of
water melon is considered as the edible portion but bark is
discarded as major solid wastes (Ali et al.,2012; Braide et
al., 2012; Imafidon et al., 2018).
Effective health cannot be achieved in Africa unless
modern medicine is complemented with traditional
medicine. At least 80% of Africans depends on traditional
medicine for their health care. Fruits and vegetables have
been recognized as natural source of various bioactive
compounds which could be attributed to their phyto-
constituents such as flavonoids, fiber and phenolic
compounds. Plants derived drugs are more inexpensive
compare to synthetic drugs (Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000;
Boakge et al., 2015).
Micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health
problem in many developing countries (Adebowale et al.,
2013; Williams et al., 2018). According to WHO (2000),
one third population of the world is affected by iron
deficiency, causing varied degree of impairment in
cognitive performance, lowered work capacity, lower
immunity to infection, pregnancy and complication. The
quality and quantity of phytochemical and elemental
constituent of a given plant may vary with location due to
variation in soil and other environmental conditions. In this
area, there is no coherent documented information on the
nutrition composition of watermelon bark although the
plants are available.
The objective of the study is to investigate the
phytochemical and elemental composition of watermelon
bark in the study area. The findings will serve as a guide
when recommending it as a source of drugs and food to
the local community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Collection and Identification
The water melon (C. lanatus) bark was obtained from Mubi
market of Adamawa State of Nigeria the plant was
identified and authenticated by a taxonomist in the
Department of biological Science, Adamawa State
University Mubi.
Preparation of Sample
The water melon (C. lanatus) was washed, cut open; flesh
and seeds were removed and the bark was air dried in
Chemistry laboratory 2, Science Complex of the Faculty of
Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi. The sample
was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature
after which it was pulverized to get a coarse powder form
using sterile mortar and pestle. The powder was stored in
an air tight container and was used for successive analysis
(Kubmarawa et al., 2009).
Extraction
The 2 kg of the powered samples used for the
phytochemical and elemental analysis was extracted with
ethanol (60 – 80oC) following the procedure described by
AOAC (2000).

3. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Int. J. Pharm. Phytothe. Res. 011
Phytochemical analysis
The ethanol or aqueous extract of (C. lanatus) bark was
tested for the presence of bioactive compounds.
Test for tannins
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of 2% solution
of FeCl3. Blue-green color was observed.
Test for flavonoids (alkaline reagent test)
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of 2% solution
of NaOH. An intense yellow colour formed which turned
colorless on addition of few drops of diluted acid was
observed.
Test for saponins
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water
in a test tube and was shaken vigorously for 10 minutes
and 1 mL HCl 2M was added, stable foam was formed
which persisted for 15 minutes was observed.
Test for glycosides (Salkowski’s test)
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of chloroform.
Then 2 mL of concentrated H2SO4 was added carefully and
shaken gently. A reddish-brown color was observed.
Test for alkaloids
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 10 mL of methanol.
To 2 mL of the filtrate was added 1% HCl and then
steamed. To 1mL of the filtrate 6 drops of Wagner reagent
was added Brownish-red precipitate was observed.
Test for steroids
To 2mL of acetic anhydride 0.5g of the sample was added
followed by an addition of 2mL H2SO4. The color changed
from violet to blue green (Nwankwo and Ukaegbu-Obi,
2014).
Determination of phytochemicals
The phytochemicals of the samples were estimated using
Buck scientific (USA) BLC 10/11– model high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) following the procedure
adopted by Nwankwo and Ukaegbu-Obi, (2014). The
prepared sample (5 g) was placed into 25cm3 standard
volumetric flask and made up to mark over diluent. The
solution was refluxed, shake, centrifuged and decanted.
Then filtrate was filtered using the HPLC grade filter paper
and then inject in to HPLC buck scientific (USA) BLC
10/11 - model (AOAC, 2000).
Elemental analysis
The dried sample was weighed into a crucible and placed
in a muffle furnace at room temperature and the
temperature was raised to 5500C for three hours to
complete ash. The ash was dissolved in hot 10% HNO3,
filtered and diluted to required volume in a standard flask
with 0.01M HNO3. The elements in solution were
determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(AAS) following the procedure adopted by AOAC (2000).
The result of the elemental analysis was presented in the
form of means ±SD of triplicates of determination.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening conducted on the
ethanol extract of C. lanatus revealed the presence of
tannins, alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroids,
phytates and glycosides (Table 1):
Table 1 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol
extract of C. lanatus) bark.
Phytochemical Result
Tannins + +
Alkaloids + + +
Saponins + +
Oxalates + +
Flavonoids + + +
Steroids +
Phytates + + +
Glycosides + + +
Key + = presence of constituents
+ + = high presence of constituents
+ + + = very high presence of constituents
The result of quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed
1.360g/100g, 3.965g/100g, 1.380g/100g, 3.675g/100g,
1.145g/100g, 1.080g/100g, 3.160g/100g and 4.490g/100g
for tannins, alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids,
steroids, phytates and glycosides respectively (Table 2):
Table 2: Quantitative phytochemical composition of
ethanol extract of C. lanatus bark
Phytochemical (g/100g)
Tannins 1.360
Alkaloids 3.965
Saponins 1.380
Oxalates 3.675
Flavonoids 1.145
Steroids 1.080
Phytates 3.160
Glycosides 4.490
The result of elemental analysis revealed 0.025 ±
0.002mg/100g, 0.065 ± 0.001mg/100g, 0.189 ±
0.003mg/100g, 0.263 ± 0.005mg/100g, 1.770 ±
0.007mg/100g, 0.670 ± 0.003mg/100g, 0.033±
0.001mg/100g and 0.245 ± 0.003mg/100g for Ca, K, Fe,
Zn, Mg, Mn, Na and Cu respectively while Cr was below
detection level (Table 3):

4. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Williams et al. 012
Table 3: Elementary composition of ethanol extract of
C. lanatus bark
Element Concentration (mg/100g)
Calcium (Ca) 0.025 ± 0.002
Potassium (K) 0.065 ± 0.001
Iron (Fe) 0.189 ± 0.003
Zinc (Zn) 0.263 ± 0.005
Magnesium (Mg) 1.770 ± 0.007
Manganese (Mn) 0.670 ± 0.003
Sodium (Na) 0.033± 0.001
Copper (Cu) 0.245 ± 0.003
Chromium (Cr) BDL
BDL = below detection limit
All values represent mean ± SD (Standard Deviation).
DISCUSSION
The values of the quantitative phytochemical analysis
ranged from 1.08 - 4.490g/100g similar value (1.12 –
3.42g/100g) was observed by Wiiliams et al., 2019.
Glycoside has the highest value followed by alkaloids,
flavonoids, phytates, saponins, tannins, oxilates and
steroids (Table2). This is in agreement with the report of
Ali et al. (2012), who showed that alkaloids and terpenes
are widely distributed in the genus “citrullus.”
Phytochemicals have biological properties such as
antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effect, modulation of
detoxifying enzymes, stimulation of the immune system
and general modulation of hormonal activities (Imafidon et
al., 2018)
The presence of these metabolites indicates the great
potentials of the water melon bark as a source of useful
phytomedicines. As some flavonoids have anti-
inflammatory effects on both acute and chronic
inflammation (Kim et al., 2012; Hussain et al., 2013).
Some plants that possess alkaloids are known for
decreasing blood pressure and balancing the nervous
system in case of mental illness. The presence of tannins
could also show that it is an astringent help in wound
healing and anti-parasitic. The presence of saponins
shows the class of natural products involved and can be
used to enhance penetration of micro molecules such as
protein through cell membrane. It also indicates the water
melon bark potential activity on antimicrobial agents
(Eujoba, 2012; Williams et al., 2018). However, in high
quantity it is toxic. Oxalates may be responsible for its use
in the treatment of cough, dysentery, inflammation and
ringworm (Ouilly et al., 2017). Alkaloids are known to
possess anti –malarial property, hence the bark of water
melon may be a good source of anti – malaria for which it
is traditionally used. Also water melon bark (Citrullus
lanatus) as a genital stimulant may attribute to the
presence of alkaloids (Ouilly et al., 2017). The presence of
terpenes suggests its possible use as anti-tumor and anti-
viral agent as some terpenes are known to be cytotoxic to
tumor cells. Some of the eudesmane (sesquiterpenes) has
been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties possess
anti-malaria property; hence the bark may be a good
source of anti-malaria (Tona et al., 2001). Any plants parts
containing saponins and phenols are believed to have
antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti- inflammatory, anti-viral and
anti-diarrheal this is the reason why water melon bark can
be used as medicine (Sharma et al., 2000; Sadique et al.,
1987).
The present study showed the presence of a number of
metals in citrullus lanatus bark. The most abundant
element was Mg followed by Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, Na and Ca
(Table 3), as previously reported by Imafidon et al.( 2018)
Nutritionists have considered the role of metals such as
zinc, copper and iron in human fitness (W illiams et al.,
2019), and recommended that they should be considered
for preparation of herbal drugs (Sadia et al., 2011).
Magnesium is an important mineral element in connection
with circulatory diseases such as heart disease (Eujoba,
2012). High magnesium concentration is a component of
leaf chlorophyll in plants.
Fe is not a toxic metal because it serves as micronutrient.
Iron is an essential element for blood production. About 70
percent of human body's iron is found in the red blood cells
called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the
substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the
lungs to transport it throughout the body. If the body
doesn’t have enough iron, it can't make enough healthy
oxygen-carrying red blood cells. A lack of red blood cells
is called iron deficiency anemia (Abbaspour et al., 2014;
Ware 2018). Hence water melon bark can serve as a
source of Fe supplement for the body.
Copper is an essential trace element in human body and
exist as an integral part of copper proteins. Ceruloplasmin
which is concerned with the release of Iron from the cells
into the plasma and is involved in energy metabolism
(Ayoola et al., 2010). The presence of copper, zinc and
manganese indicates that the water melon bark is
essential for immune function (Tona et al., 2001).
Potassium is a mineral that plays many important roles in
the body. Food sources of potassium include fruits
(especially dried fruits), cereals, beans, milk, and
vegetables. Potassium is most commonly used for treating
and preventing low potassium levels, treating high blood
pressure, and preventing stroke. Potassium is necessary
for the function of all living cells. Potassium shift across
nerve cell membranes and necessary for the normal nerve
transmissions. Potassium depletion or excess can result in
numerous abnormalities, including abnormal heart rhythm
and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Fresh
fruits and vegetables are good dietary source of potassium
(Raman, 2017). Therefore water melon bark can be a good
source of K.

5. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Int. J. Pharm. Phytothe. Res. 013
Sodium has an important role in maintaining the water
balance within the cells and in the function of both nerve
impulse and muscles. It also helps in the maintenance of
normal acid-base balance. An adult need about 3g per day
of sodium but modern dietary habits take in 5 – 20 g per
day (Vashishtha et al., 2007).
Calcium plays an important role in building and
maintaining strong bones and teeth, large part of human
blood and extracellular fluids. Approximately 99% of the
body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth (Victor and
Chidi, 2009). The studied water melon bark is essential in
building up the level of calcium in the body.
Cr (though not detected in the extract) in trivalent state is
an essential trace element that potentiates insulin action
and those influences carbohydrate, lipid and protein
metabolism (Kim et al., 2012).
CONCLUSION
Results of this study indicate that the water melon bark
extract contains some major bioactive contents: tannins,
alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroids,
phytates and glycosides that inhibit the growth of micro-
organism there by proving very effective sources of
derived drugs. This may imply that the bark of water melon
can be used for the treatment of dysentery, constipation,
gastro internal disorder and diabetes. Therefore, the
metabolites identified are believed to have antioxidant,
anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, demulcent and diuretic being
used in the treatment of dropsy and renal stones.
The elemental analysis has further shown an appreciable
amount of minerals contained in the water melon bark. The
bark can be used as source of mineral in diet and also as
part of drugs in pharmaceuticals.
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Copyright: © 2019: Williams et al. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.