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2.
Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest consists
mostly of carbon-based compounds.
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids are all
composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and
to atoms of other elements.
These other elements commonly include hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and
phosphorus (P).
Introduction
3.
The study of carbon compounds,
organic chemistry, focuses on any
compound with carbon (organic
compounds).
Organic compounds can range
from the simple (CH4) to complex
molecules, like proteins, that may
weigh over 100,000 daltons.
Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds
5.
With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom
has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second
shell.
Carbon has little tendency to form ionic
bonds by losing or gaining 4 electrons.
Instead, carbon usually completes its
valence shell by sharing electrons with
other atoms in four covalent bonds.
Carbon atoms are the most versatile
building blocks of molecules
7.
Carbon chains form the skeletons of most
organic molecules.
The skeletons may vary in length
and may be straight, branched, or
arranged in closed rings.
The carbon skeletons may also
include single, double and triple
bonds..
Variation in carbon skeletons
contributes to the diversity of organic
molecules
9. Fats are biological
molecules that have
long hydrocarbon
tails attached to a
non-hydrocarbon
component.
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules
that consist of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
10.
Isomers are compounds that have the same
molecular formula but different structures
and therefore different chemical properties.
For example, butane and isobutane have
the same molecular formula C4
H10
, but
butane has a straight skeleton and
isobutane has a branched skeleton.
11.
The components of organic molecules
that are most commonly involved in
chemical reactions are known as
functional groups.
The number and arrangement of
functional groups help give each
molecule its unique properties.
Functional groups contribute to
the molecular diversity of life
12. Saturated Hydrocarbons
A Hydrocarbon is an organic
compound that contains
only the elements hydrogen
and carbon.
In a saturated hydrocarbon,
all the bonds are single
bonds.
Alkane is another name for a
saturated hydrocarbon.
14. Characteristics of
Hydrocarbons
Factors that determine the
properties of a hydrocarbon
are:
The number of carbon
atoms
How the atoms are
arranged:
Straight chain
Branched chain
Ring
15. Straight Chains
A hydrocarbon can
contain one carbon atom,
as in methane or
thousands of carbon
atoms, as in cellulose.
One carbon Methane
Two carbon ethane
Three carbon propane
Four carbon butane
Five carbons pentane
Six carbon hexane
17. Branched Chains
The structural
formula for certain
alkanes can differ.
Compounds with
the same molecular
formula but
different structural
formulas are
isomers.
19. Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon that
contains one or more
double or triple bonds
is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
There are three types
of unsaturated
hydrocarbons alkenes,
alkynes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
21. Alkynes
Alkynes are the
most reactive
hydrocarbon
compounds.
They produce
extremely high
temperatures
while burning.
22. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
These alternating
single and
double bond
hydrocarbons
form a ring.
Many of these
compounds have
strong aromas or
odors.
23. Fossil Fuels
Three types of fossil
fuels are coal,
petroleum, and natural
gas.
The primary products
of the complete
combustion of fossil
fuels are carbon
dioxide and water.
24. Substituted
Hydrocarbons
The functional group
in an alcohol is a
hydroxyl group, -OH.
The functional group
in an organic acid is a
carboxyl group,-
COOH.
The functional group
in an amine is an
amino group, -NH2
26. Polymers
Polymers can be
classified as
natural polymers
or synthetic
polymers.
Rubber, nylon, and
polyethylene are
three examples of
compounds than
can be synthesized.
27. Types
Four types of
polymers
produced in
plant and animal
cells are:
Starches
Cellulose
Nucleic acids
Proteins
28.
Name :- Nabaneet Mondal
Class :- X “B”
Roll no. :- 20
Subject :- Science (Chemistry)
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