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Three Gradations of
Doing Good
14
Is Religion Truly the
Cause of Disorder in the
World Today?
20
Apartheid of Ahmadis
in Pakistan
52
Women’s Responsibilities:
Fulfilling the
Conditions of Bai’at
78
vol. 110 - issue twelvedecember 2015 www.reviewofreligions.org
The
Blame
GameIs religion truly
the cause of
disorder in
the world
today?
The Holy Prophet
Muhammadsa
prophesied
that the Promised Messiahas
would be raised near a
white minaret, east of
Damascus. This prophecy
was fulfilled with the advent
of the Promised Messiahas
from Qadian, India, a city
directly east of Damascus.
The Promised Messiahas
& imam mahdi
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
, the Promised Messiah
and Mahdi was born to a noble family in Qadian, India. 
From an early age he had a keen interest in religion and
developed a love for the Holy Prophet Muhammadsa
. He
was also known for his honesty, friendliness and resolve.
Over time his knowledge and understanding of religion
and its application to society deepened. Being a Muslim
it was his firm belief that all religions were true at their
source but with the passage of time had drifted away
from their original teachings; he upheld the dignity of
religion and demonstrated its relevance to everyone.
His earnest defence of religion was ultimately blessed
when he started to receive direct revelation from Allah
– a blessing that he continued for the rest of his life.
His mission was to revitalise the truth that all religions
held within them and to revive the teachings of Islam. It
was through this that he would bring mankind together
and establish everlasting peace.
In 1889, under Divine Guidance, Hazrat Ahmadas
founded the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – a
community that has since grown in its stature and
strength and has remained active in conveying the
message of Islam to the ends of the earth.
Hazrat Ahmadas
had established himself as a respected
writer and had written over 80 books. His writings
have been translated into more than 60 languages and
continue to inspire readers to this day. One of his greatest
scholarly works was The Philosophy of the Teachings of
Islam, prepared as a paper and read out at the Conference
of Great Religions in 1896.
He also wrote a fascinating treatise in 1899 entitled Jesus
in India, a book that uncovered remarkable evidence
of Jesus’sas
journey to India. In 1902, the Promised
Messiahas
initiated The Review of Religions which has
covered a vast array of topics on religion, philosophy
and contemporary issues of the day. It is the longest
running English magazine in defence of Islam and the
values it teaches.
From 1889 until the time of his demise in 1908 tens
of thousands of people accepted him. This blessing
has continued and will continue through his Khulafa
(successors).
Currently under the fifth successor, we are seeing that the
tide of acceptance is worldwide and that the message of
Prophet Ahmadas
has really reached the ends of the earth.
©makhzan-e-tasaweer
founder of
the review of religions
Those who act kindly in this
world will have kindness.
Islam, the Holy Qur’an,
Ch.39:V.10.
A man once asked the Prophetsa
what was the best thing in Islam,
and the latter replied, “It is to feed
the hungry and to give the greeting
of peace both to those one knows
and to those one does not know.”
Islam, the Holy
Prophetsa
, Hadith of
Bukhari.
The essence of love is to have
sincerity for something and to
be drawn irresistibly towards
it. Just as the real characteristics
of an object are only truly
perceived when it reaches
perfection, the same is the case
with love, in that its qualities
are openly revealed when it is
extreme and reaches perfection.
Islam, the Promised
Messiahas
, The Essence of
Islam Vol. 3, p. 36.
The world stands upon
three things: upon the
Law, upon worship, and
upon showing kindness.
Judaism, Mishnah, Abot
1.2.
Love covers a multitude of sins.
Christianity, Bible, 1
Peter 4.8.
Have benevolence towards all
living beings, joy at the sight
of the virtuous, compassion
and sympathy for the afflicted,
and tolerance towards the
indolent and ill-behaved.
Jainism,
Tattvarthasutra 7.11.
He who can find no room
for others lacks fellow feeling,
and to him who lacks fellow
feeling, all men are strangers.
Taoism, Chuang Tzu 23.
What sort of religion can it be
without compassion?
You need to show compassion to
all living beings.
Compassion is the root
of all religious faiths.
Hinduism, Basavanna,
Vachana 247.
The bhikkhu who abides in
loving-kindness, who is pleased
with the Buddha’s teaching,
attains to that state of peace
and happiness, the stilling of
conditioned things, Nibbana. Let
him be cordial in all his ways and
refined in conduct; filled thereby
with joy, he will make an end of ill.
Buddhism, Dhammapada
368, 376.
Love & Kindness
world faiths
12	 Responding to Paris
A message from Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba
14	 Three Gradations of
	 Doing Good
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
, the Promised
Messiah and Imam Mahdi
20	 The Blame Game: Is Religion 	
	 Truly the Cause of Disorder in 	
	 the World Today?
Concluding address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor
Ahmadaba
, Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya
Muslim Community at the 2015 UK Jalsa Salana
(Annual Convention)
52	 Apartheid of Ahmadis
	 in Pakistan
For years, Ahmadi Muslims have been
treated as second-class citizens in
Pakistan. Pakistani advocate Mujeeb
ur Rahman visits Harvard Law School
and discusses their legal status.
Mujeeb ur Rahman, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
76	 Forgiveness of the
	Holy Prophet Muhammadsa
78	 Women’s Responsibilities: 	
	 Fulfilling the Conditions
	of Bai’at
Concluding address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor
Ahmadaba
, Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya
Muslim Community at the 2015 Ijtema of Lajna
Imaillah UK (Women’s auxiliary organisation)
92	 The Economic System of Islam
What are the government’s
responsibilities to its citizens?
Hazrat Mirza Bashir-Ud-Din Mahmud Ahmadra
Front cover picture:
© Kyrylo Glivin | shutterstock.com
contents
december 2015 Vol.110 issue twelve
78
20
52
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF THE
TEACHINGS
OF
ISLAM
MIRZA GHULAM AHMAD
THE PROMISED MESSIAH & MAHDIAS
The Review of Religions
serialised the famous treatise
The Philosophy of the Teachings
of Islam, by the founder of
the Ahmadiyya Muslim
Community. Initially written
for the Conference of Great
Religions on December 26-
29,1896, each speaker at the
conference was asked to present
to the audience the beauties
of their own religion based
upon its scripture, proving that
it was the true religion, based
on the following topics:
• The Physical, Moral,
and Spiritual States of Man;
• What is the State of
Man after Death?
• The Object of Man’s Life and
the Means of its Attainment;
• The Operation of the Practical
Ordinances of the Law in
This Life and the Next;
• Sources of Divine Knowledge
SERIALISED IN
The Review of Religions
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Bitcoin: On Behalf of
The Future
14
Educating Our Children
24
The Difference Between
True Islam & Extremist
Groups
30
FGM’ – Not in The
Name of Religion
50
VOL. 110 - ISSUE 1JANUARY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
ERADICATING
EXTREMISM
Why The Honeybee
is Dying and What It
Means for Life on Earth
16
Wonders Experienced
Through Fasting
26
The Islamic Dilemma
Should We Fear the
Religion of Peace?
30
Atheism or Belief -
Which is evidence
Based?
42
VOL. 110 - ISSUE SEVENJULY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
The
ISLAMIC
DILEMMA
ShouldWeFearthe
ReligionofPeace?
God - His Transcedence
and Manifestation
12
Untold Stories
26
From the Archives:
My Visit to Qadian
38
Preaching Activities of
Jesusas
in the East
46
VOL. 110 - ISSUE TWOFEBRUARY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
EYES CANNOT
REACH HIM...
The Sign of the Heavens
20
The Plague
58
A Murder in British
Lahore: Closing the Case
of Lekh Ram
80
World War One:
Centenary of Fulfliment
of a Grand Prophecy
102
VOL. 110 - ISSUE EIGHTAUGUST 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
EVIDENCE FORTHE
TRUTHYoubetheJudge...
S P E C I A L 1 6 4 P A G E E D I T I O N
A Message of Peace
10
Legal Right Verses
Moral Duty
38
Is it Permissable for
Prisoners of War
to be Executed?
56
The Life of the
Prophet Muhammadsa
68
VOL. 110 - ISSUE THREEMARCH 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
REACTIONto
CHARLIE
HEBDO...?
SERM
onth
MOU
The Economic System
of Islam
10
The Institution of Hajj
20
Mahmud’s Letter From
the Land of the Dearest
One [Muhammadsa
]
24
The Life & Character of
the Seal of Prophetssa
52
VOL. 110 - ISSUE NINESEPTEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
Fromthe
LETTERSof
MAHMUDRA
A HISTORIC JOURNEY TO THE HOUSE OF GOD
To order back issues email info@reviewofreligions.org
The front covers of our 12 Editions in 2015
Firm Stance Against
Terror At Peace
Symposium
8
The Golden Principles
for World Peace
16
Three Minutes and
Counting
38
Has Science Rendered
Religion Obsolete?
66
VOL. 110 - ISSUE FOURAPRIL 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
RAY
OF
HOPE?
SERMON
onthe
MOUNT
Halloween –
Fear or Fun?
10
Shariah: A Semantic
Oxymoron?
28
Connecting to Khilafat:
A Guidance for Today’s
Muslim Youth
36
Islam’s Response to the
Destruction of Cultural
Heritage
56
VOL. 110 - ISSUE TENOCTOBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
A Guidance forToday’s MuslimYouth
Connecting to Khilafat:
Is the Shroud of Turin a
Medieval Photograph?
22
The Sudarium of Oviedo
and the Shroud of Turin
40
A Brief Review of Recent
CNN Documentary on
the Shroud
56
The Oviedo Cloth by
Mark Guscin:
Book Review
66
VOL. 110 - ISSUE FIVEMAY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
TheRESURRECTION
ShroudingTheTruth?
Mufti Muhammad
Sadiqra
– An Early Ray of
Western Sunrise
18
World Peace & Security
- The Critical Issues of
Our Time
38
Responsibilities of an
Ahmadi Muslim
50
The Economic System
of Islam
56
VOL. 110 - ISSUE ELEVENNOVEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
WORLDPEACE
&SECURITY:
THE CRITICAL
ISSUES OF
OURTIME
The Race to Conquer the
Secret of Life
14
The Spiritual Benefits of
Fasting
24
Navigating Life in the
21st Century
32
Visits to
Sacred Places
54
VOL. 110 - ISSUE SIXJUNE 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
NAVIGATING
LIFEinthe
21ST
CENTURY
Spirituality,
Morality
&Material
Progress
Three Gradations of
Doing Good
14
Is Religion Truly the
Cause of Disorder in the
World Today?
20
Apartheid of Ahmadis
in Pakistan
52
Women’s Responsibilities:
Fulfilling the
Conditions of Bai’at
78
VOL. 110 - ISSUE TWELVEDECEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
The
BLAME
GAMEIs religion truly
the cause of
disorder in
the world
today?
Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in
the World Today?
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War.The consequences of a nuclear war are beyond our imagination. In
this book, the historic addresses of Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba
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Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, to prominent dignitaries at Capitol Hill, the
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around the world have been collated.The book also includes the momentous
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catastrophe is for nations to establish justice as an absolute requirement of
their dealings with others. Even if mutual enmity exists, impartiality must
be observed at all times, because history has taught us that this alone is
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VOL. 109 - ISSUE SEVENJULY 2014 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
ISLAM
A THREAT OR A
SOURCE OF PEACE?
CASE STUDY:
GERMANY
Khalifah of Promised
Messiah Sends Letter to
Russian President
30
Syria - A Religious
Heritage
34
Medical Consequences
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The World in Need of
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VOL. 108 - ISSUE ELEVENNOVEMBER 2013 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
SYRIA
IN CRISIS
Chimes of Messiah
8
The Beginning of
Creation in Scriptures of
Different Religions
34
Khalifah of the Promised
Messiahas
at the Houses
of Parliament
46
Guests Reflect on the
Houses of Parliament
Event
62
VOL. 108 - ISSUE NINESEPTEMBER 2013 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG
ISLAM-ARELIGIONof
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The World Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the
Fifth Khalifah (Caliph), His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor
Ahmadaba
has condemned last night’s terrorist attacks in Paris.
Speaking from London, His Holiness, Hazrat
Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba
has said:
“On behalf of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community worldwide, I express my heartfelt
sympathies and condolences to the French nation, its people and government
following the heinous terrorist attacks that have taken place in Paris. This brutal
and inhumane attack can only be condemned in the strongest possible terms. 
I would also like to reiterate that all forms of terrorism and extremism are completely
against the true teachings of Islam. The Holy Qur’an has said that to kill even one
innocent person is akin to killing all of mankind. Thus under no circumstances
can murder ever be justified and those who seek to justify their hateful acts in
the name of Islam are serving only to defame it in the worst possible way.
Our sympathies and prayers are with the victims of these attacks and all those who have
been left bereaved or affected in any way. May God Almighty grant patience to them all
and I hope and pray that the perpetrators of this evil act are swiftly brought to justice.”
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Press & Media Office
22 Deer Park Road
London, SW19 3TL, UK
(44) 020 8544 7678
media@pressahmadiyya.com
www.pressahmadiyya.com
Head of Ahmadiyya Muslim
Community Condemns Paris
Attacks and Prays for Victims
Saturday, 14 November 2015
12 The Review of Religions | december 2015
The
Promised Messiahas
& imam mahdi
( g u i d e d o n e )
founder of
the review of religions
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
We present extracts from the writings of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad,
the Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdias
, on gradations of doing good
to others. These are published from ‘The Philosophy of the Teachings of
Islam’ and ‘Lecture Lahore.’Quotes of the Promised
Messiahas



[1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and
wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah
An-Nahl, Verse 91).

[2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse
265)



[4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).



[7] (Holy Qur’an
Verse 35).
This means that we are commanded to return good for good, and to
exercise benevolence when it is called for, and to do good with nat-
ural eagerness as between kindred, when that should be appropriate.
God Almighty forbids transgression or that you should exercise be-
nevolence out of place or should refrain from exercising it when it is
called for; or that you should fall short of exercising graciousness as
between kindred on its proper occasion, or should extend it beyond
its appropriate limit. This verse sets forth three gradations of doing
good.
The first is the doing of good in return for good. This is the lowest
gradation and even an average person can easily acquire this grada-
tion that he should do good to those who do good to him.
The second gradation is a little more difficult than the first, and that
is to take the initiative in doing good out of pure benevolence. This
is the middle grade. Most people act benevolently towards the poor,
but there is a hidden deficiency in benevolence, that the person ex-
ercising benevolence is conscious of it and desires gratitude or prayer
Three Gradations of
Doing Good
[1]
in return for his benevolence. If on any occasion the other person
should turn against him, he considers him ungrateful. On occasion
he reminds him of his benevolence or puts some heavy burden upon
him.The benevolent ones have been admonished by God Almighty:



[1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and
wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah
An-Nahl, Verse 91).

[2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse
265)



[4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).

*

[5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-
10).


[6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41).

[7] (Holy Qur’an, Surah
Verse 35).
That is, O those who do good to others–good that should be based
on sincerity–do not render it vain by reminding them what favours
you have done them or by inflicting injury on them.The Arabic word
for alms (Sadaqah) is derived from a root (sidq) that means sincerity.
If the heart is not inspired by sincerity in bestowing alms, the alms-
giving ceases to be alms and becomes mere display.That is why those
who exercise benevolence have been admonished by God Almighty
not to render vain their benevolence by reproaches or injury.
The third grade of doing good is graciousness as between kindred.
God Almighty directs that in this grade there should be no idea of
benevolence or any desire for gratitude, but good should be done out
of such eager sympathy as, for instance, a mother does good to her
child. This is the highest grade of doing good which cannot be ex-
ceeded. But God Almighty has conditioned all these grades of doing
good with their appropriate time and place. The verse cited above
clearly indicates that if these virtues are not exercised in their proper
places they would become vices. For instance, if equity exceeds its
limits it would take on an unwholesome aspect and would become
indecent. In the same way, misuse of benevolence would take on a
form which would be repelled by reason and conscience; and in the
same way graciousness between kindred would become transgression.
The Arabic word for transgression is baghi, which connotes excessive
rain which ruins crops. A deficiency in the discharge of an obligation
or an excess in its discharge are both baghi. In short, whichever of
these three qualities is exercised out of place becomes tainted.That is
why they are all three qualities conditioned by the due observance of
place and occasion. It should be remembered that equity or benev-
[2]
olence or graciousness between kindred are not in themselves mor-
al qualities. They are man’s natural conditions and faculties that are
exhibited even by children before they develop their reason. Reason
is a condition of the exercise of a moral quality and there is also a
condition that every moral quality should be exercised in its proper
place and on its proper occasion.[3]
Forgiveness is Better Than Retribution


[1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and
wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah
An-Nahl, Verse 91).

[2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse
265)



[4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).

*

[5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-
10).


[6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41).
[7] (Holy Qur’an, Sur
Verse 35).
That is, God commands you to abide by justice and fairness. But if
you wish to attain greater perfection, then treat people with compas-
sion and do good even to those who have done you no good. And if
you aspire to even higher perfection, then be of service to others out
of personal sympathy and natural impulse, without any desire to win
gratitude or to put anyone under obligation,and be kind to them just
as a mother is kind to her children out of a natural urge. God also
forbids you to commit excesses, to remind people of the good you
have done them, or to be ungrateful to those who have been kind to
you.This is further elaborated in the verse:
Quotes of the Promised
Messiahas



[1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and
wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah
An-Nahl, Verse 91).

[2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse
265)



[4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).

*

[5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-
10).



[7] (Holy Qur’an, Sur
Verse 35).
That is, when the truly righteous feed the poor, the orphan and the
captive, they do so selflessly, only out of love for God, and say to
[4]
[5]
them: “We only serve you for the sake of God, from you we require neither
gratitude nor reward.”
With regard to retribution or forgiveness, the Holy Qur’an teaches us:

*

[5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-
10).


[6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41).
The retribution for an injury is an injury to the same extent.Tooth
for a tooth, eye for an eye, and abuse for an abuse, but whosoever
forgives—and the forgiveness results in reformation rather than
mischief, and he who has been forgiven rectifies his behaviour and
desists from evil—his forgiveness is better than retribution, and the
forgiver shall have his reward [with God]. It does not teach us that,
having been struck on one cheek, we should in all circumstances turn
the other cheek also, for this goes against true wisdom.
Doing good to an evil-doer can be as unjust as doing evil to a good
man.The Holy Qur’an further says:



e doing
red;
vil, and
, Surah



[7] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Ha Mim Al-Sajdah,
Verse 35).
That is, if someone is kind to you, show him even greater kindness.
All rancour between you will thus turn into a friendship so close that
it borders upon kinship.[8]
[6]
[7]
endnotes
1. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving
like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful
transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91).
2. “Render not vain your alms by taunt or injury.” (Holy
Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265)
3. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
, The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam
(Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications Ltd., 2010) 64-67.
4. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving
like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful
transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91).
5. “And they feed, for love of Him, the poor, the orphan, and the prisoner,
Saying, ‘We feed you for Allah’s pleasure only. We desire no reward nor
thanks from you’” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-10).
6. “And the recompense of an injury is an injury the like thereof; but
whoso forgives and his act brings about reformation, his reward is
with Allah” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41).
7. “And good and evil are not alike. Repel evil with that which is best. And
lo, he between whom and thyself was enmity will become as though he were
a warm friend” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Ha Mim Al-Sajdah, Verse 35).
8. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
, Lecture Lahore
(Tilford, Surrey: Islam International, 2008), 12-14.
© Furyk Nazar | Shutterstock.com
T
he constant threat of extremism and
radicalisation across the Islamic
world is increasing tension among
nations. However, this extremist ideology
has navigated its way into Western countries.
The effects of terrorism are now making
themselves known to the West as well as the
East. Developing sympathy for mankind and
promoting justice is the only hope for peace
in our modern global village. But how can we
adopt the values of justice, compassion and
sympathy in a world on the brink of war and
conflict?
Is Religion Truly the
Cause of Disorder in
the World Today?
The Blame Game:
Is Religion Truly the
Cause of Disorder in the
World Today?
Concluding Address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba
,
5th
successor to the Promised Messiahas
, Worldwide Head of the
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, at Jalsa Salana UK 2015
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba
, 5th
succes-
sor to the Promised Messiahas
and
Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya
Muslim Community,at the Jalsa Salana
(AnnualConvention)oftheAhmadiyya
Community UK in August 2015
[Our readers should note that the below
address was given in August 2015—the
current state of affairs in the world prove
how the words of His Holiness have been
proved exactly true—Ed]
After reciting the customary Islamic
invocations of Tashhahud[1]
,Ta’awwuz[2]
and Surah Al-Fatihah[3]
His Holiness
proceeded to say:
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana
UK 2015




[1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.


.
[2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.






[11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.

[13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and manifest evil,
and wrongful transgression.He admonished
you that you may take heed.”[4]
The disorder and corruption widespread
in the world today have distressed every
“Verily, Allah enjoins justice,
and the doing of good to others;
and giving like kindred;
and forbids indecency, and
manifest evil, and wrongful
transgression. He admonished
you that you may take heed.”
French police gathering evidence at
the Bataclan theatre on 14 November,
2015. ISIS militants claims responsibility
for the horrific attacks that evening.
© wikicomons
English Translation by
Shahzad Ahmad & Tariq H. Malik
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 23
peace-loving person.Everyone with sym-
pathy and compassion towards humanity
is astonished and worried about the
current state of affairs in the world.
Much has been said and written about
this issue, suggesting that this unrest
has arisen much more intensely in the
Islamic world or that it is being caused
by Muslims. And therefore the conclu-
sion is drawn that religion in general,
and Islam in particular (God forbid), is
the root of this discord. Up until now,
the Western world believed that all of
this turmoil would remain limited to
the Islamic or underdeveloped nations
and that it is exclusively a problem con-
fined to them; and that they (that is, the
developed nations) would continue to
help them (the underdeveloped nations)
in the name of resolving these problems
and trying to establish justice.
It is a matter aside that on the pretext of
helping and establishing justice, one of
their goals was to secure their superiority
and to take advantage of the resources
of these (underdeveloped) countries.
Indeed, certain major powers and anti-
religious forces were seriously mistaken.
Time has now shown that this is not a
problem confined to the Muslim world
alone. The tendency towards extremism
and terrorism is not limited to the Islamic
World; rather,it has in fact spilled over to
the West and the developed parts of the
world and is about to become a source of
great fear and the cause of horrific con-
sequences for them as well.
For the past few years,I have been direct-
ing their attention towards the fact that
the world is in a state of turmoil.Today,
it is an error to believe that this situation
is confined to a small part of the world.
Whilst the majority would agree with
my words and explanations, afterwards
they would say that they did not think
that the world—especially the developed
world—would face the horrific situation
that “he” has portrayed. However, today
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
A view of the Old City of Jerusalem,
including the Dome of the Rock through
coils of razor wire, illustrating the Holy
Land’s history of division and conflict.
© Ryan Rodrick Beiler | Shutterstock
24 The Review of Religions | december 2015
their leaders and those who observe
world affairs closely have started to say
that even the developed world is not safe
from this chaos and the terrifying cir-
cumstances that stand before us. Thus,
the British Prime Minister’s statement
also expresses this perilous predicament.
The Foreign Minister of Australia has
also expressed a similar concern.The for-
mer Army Chief of the United Kingdom
has voiced similar thoughts. Various
newspapers have also started writing on
this. The reality is that the world today
is enveloped in cruelty and disorder.
The developed and well-educated class
of people believe that the root cause of
this problem is religion, which has now
reached its extremes because of a cer-
tain Muslim group or organisation. Yet
in reality, the root cause of this is their
failure to understand religion.The world
thinks that we should eschew religion in
order to end this disorder and there is
abundant propaganda promoting this
notion. The press and media also plays
its part by saying that religion either
makes a person ignorant and dull, or
turns him into an extremist.They say that
one can only progress by shunning reli-
gion and believe that advancement can
be achieved by moving away from God
Almighty. And due to the spread of this
false notion the number of people who
deny the existence of God is increasing
on a daily basis.
The reality is however, that the world
is in disorder because it has forgotten
God Almighty. This disorder is either
because of the misuse of God Almighty’s
Syrian Military soldiers during the ongoing
battle with rebels which is causing bloodshed
and tension across the Middle East.
© Volodymyr Borodin | Shutterstock
For the past few years, I have
been directing their attention
towards the fact that the
world is in a state of turmoil.
Today, it is an error to believe
that this situation is confined
to a small part of the world.
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 25
teachings and using the name of God as
a pretext for one’s own benefit, or it is
due to the denial of God’s existence alto-
gether.In fact they mock God’s existence
and cross all limits of decency.
In short the main reasons for the state
of disorder in the world are the acqui-
sition of personal gains in the name of
God, the true fear of God disappearing
from people’s hearts,or the denial of the
existence of God Almighty whilst giving
preference to worldly laws and ideolo-
gies.Despite being the creation of Allah
the Almighty, man considers Allah the
Almighty’s customs and system of jus-
tice and equity inferior to his man-made
customs and system of justice.Man asks:
why can we not subordinate religious
knowledge and Islamic teachings to our
worldly customs, worldly desires and
worldly laws according to the needs of
the time? A learned university professor
has asked this question of me as well.
But we should remember that this ques-
tion could be raised if religious teachings
had been corrupted and human values
and principles had been proven superior
to the foundational values and princi-
ples of religion. However, we believe in
the book that has been safeguarded for
1400 years and whose teachings are supe-
rior in all respects. It is a complete code
of life for human beings for all times.
It has been revealed by God Almighty,
Who is the Lord of the Universe and
the Omniscient.Why does it need to be
subservient to man-made rules and laws?
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
26 The Review of Religions | december 2015
The purpose of religion is to make people
follow it. It does not follow the world
or the desires of people. Today, Islam is
the religion and the Qur’an is the book
which is a guide for all of mankind for all
times, under the condition that man has
the ability to comprehend it. The rights
that are being usurped in the world in this
day and age is not the fault of religion.
Instead, they are caused by people who
deceive others in the name of worldly
laws or religion. The injustices that are
being carried out in wars in the world
today are not caused by religion; rather,
they are being carried out by those who
only seek materialistic gains.The immo-
rality and shocking scenes of indecency
in the name of freedom today are not part
of religious teachings; rather,they are due
to the degradation caused by man-made
laws which have destroyed the com-
mandments of Allah the Almighty. To
express one’s power, prowess and supe-
riority is not the teaching of Allah the
Almighty. Rather, it is an invention of
man,because he considers himself supe-
rior to everything.
Therefore,whatever we are witnessing in
the world today is due to man consider-
ing himself to be the wisest and his being
devoid of the light of revelation. This
exact state of affairs is mentioned in the
Holy Qur’an in the following manner:
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana
UK 2015




[1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.


.
[2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.





[8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.




[1
[1
“Corruption has spread on land and sea
because of what man’s hands have wrought,
that He may make them taste the fruit of
some of their doings so that they may turn
back from evil.”[5]
Due to this mayhem created by man,nei-
ther are the rich or poor safe nor are the
religious (that is, the so-called religious
people) or the irreligious. It is clear that
under these circumstances man will be
seized and punished by God Almighty.
The purpose of religion is
to make people follow it. It
does not follow the world or
the desires of people.Today,
Islam is the religion and the
Qur’an is the book which is
a guide for all of mankind
for all times, under the
condition that man has the
ability to comprehend it.
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 27
This is a natural consequence of moving
away from the Creator. Naturally, when
we move away from God Almighty,
Who is the Creator and Master, then
this should be and in fact is the obvious
result: receiving some form of punish-
ment from God Almighty.However,only
God Almighty knows and He is a better
judge of the punishment which will be
given in the hereafter for their actions.
But God Almighty is never pleased by
punishing His creation. When God
Almighty sees His creation treading
upon the right path and avoiding dis-
order, He is happier than a mother who
rejoices to find her child after his being
lost in dreadful circumstances.A mother
searches for her child like an insane per-
son and walks around in both hope and
despair, wondering whether the child is
alive or not.Then,suddenly she finds and
embraces him. However, God Almighty
loves His creation even more than this.
When a man moves towards Him, God
is happier than [that mother]. It is as a
result of this love that God Almighty
sends His prophets and messengers to
reform the world and show them the
right path, so that the world is saved
from destruction and becomes safe from
the punishment due to wrong deeds and
disorderliness. God Almighty desires to
save His people from falling into the pit
of fire, and not only desires to save them
from falling into the pit of fire but also
to favour them with His rewards.
Regarding these circumstances and this
era, the Promised Messiahas
states that:
28 The Review of Religions | december 2015
“At this moment in time people yearn for
spiritual water and yet the earth is com-
pletely barren and lifeless. This has become
the embodiment of an era whereby
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015
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[3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse
42.
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[1]
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[5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
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[6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Baqarah, Verse 265.
$¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù
[10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah
Muhammad, Verse 5.
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[12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
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[14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
‘Corruption has spread on land and
sea.’[6]
The jungle and sea have become cor-
rupt. The ‘jungle’ is understood to be the
disbelievers and the ‘sea’ is understood to
be the people of the book. It can also mean
ignorant people and knowledgeable people.
Hence, there is disorder in every section
of society. Whichever aspect or facet you
look at the world we see it is transformed.
Spirituality no longer exists and nor is its
impact visible any longer. Whether young
or old, all are engulfed in immorality. It
appears that the worship of God and the
knowledge of His being have been completely
extinguished. Right now it is necessary for
heavenly water and the [spiritual] radiance
of prophethood to descend and enlighten those
“God Almighty loves His
creation even more than
this. When a man moves
towards Him, God is happier
than [that mother]. It is
as a result of this love that
God Almighty sends His
prophets and messengers
to reform the world and
show them the right path.”
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 29
hearts which are willing. Express gratitude
to God Almighty! For He has sent His spir-
itual light in this day and age through His
Grace. There are few, however, who derive
benefit from this spiritual light.”[7]
Thus,in order to save humanity,God the
Exalted acts according to His Sunnah
[way]. He continues to send His mes-
sengers in order to guide mankind and to
show them ways of safeguarding them-
selves from disorders. In this era He has
sent the Promised Messiahas
[Hazrat
Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
of Qadian].
The current state of the world shows that
the state of the Muslims has deteriorated
– one of the speakers also mentioned this
with reference to a certain country – and
so too have [deteriorated] the followers
of other faiths and also those who do not
follow any religion.The world is running
towards what it thinks is water.However,
it is not water—it is a mirage. The true
water and spiritual light is that which
has been sent down by God Almighty.
The Muslim world and the rest of the
The disorder in the Muslim
world--including the
bloodshed and other extremist
acts in the name of religion,
God or the Prophet--are
apparent to all.The injustices
of the governments on
their people and also the
rebellious attitude of the
people of the country and their
injustices is a proof of this.
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
30 The Review of Religions | december 2015
world should be thankful and should
be guided by this spiritual light and
drink from this oasis. Instead, they are
immersed in darkness and drinking from
dirty ponds.Unfortunately,the Muslims
are not showing any regard for the true
servant of the Holy Prophetsa
, [the
Promised Messiahas
].Thinking the dirty
water to be clean, they follow the teach-
ings of malicious scholars.Others are also
making excuses instead of recognising
the true faith; consequently, the world
today is completely abandoning faith.
They are totally denying the existence
of God Almighty. Though the major-
ity of Muslims are firm in their faith to
the extent of claiming [themselves to be
Muslims] or in their dogma; however,the
‘Ulema [scholars] have profoundly spoilt
their education and practice by blinding
their intellect. This is not an accusation
which I am levelling against them; rather
this is the truth which is visible to all.The
disorder in the Muslim world--includ-
ing the bloodshed and other extremist
acts in the name of religion, God or the
Prophet--are apparent to all. The injus-
tices of the governments on their people
and also the rebellious attitude of the
people of the country and their injus-
tices is a proof of this.When the general
public seeks guidance from its ‘Ulema
[scholars] they find in them nothing but
their selfish desires. We can see how the
words of the Holy Prophetsa
were fulfilled
to the absolute letter when he said that
apart from disorder nothing else would
be found emanating from these schol-
ars.There would be contradiction in their
Anti-Assad protests in Baniyas, April
2011, during the Syrian Civil War.
© Anthony Correia | Shutterstock
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 31
speech and action and apart from igno-
rance and discord, nothing else will be
gained from them.[8]
Thus, the statements and behaviour of
today’s ‘Ulema [scholars]are in fact proof
of the Holy Prophet’ssa
truthfulness.
Further, Muslims have generally fallen
victim to moral degeneration and the
decline in their faith is also quite evident.
The state of the general Muslims would
be quite obvious when the ‘Ulema [schol-
ars] are themselves so ignorant and pass
edicts based on their self-interest. For
their own interests, these ‘Ulema have
distorted the teachings of Islam to such
an extent that it has even become permis-
sible according to them to usurp the
rights of others. Such kinds of edicts are
very common in Pakistan now, because
Ahmadis are considered to be outside the
pale of Islam. Despite the fact that they
read and can continue reading
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015
t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ
[3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse
42.
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[1]
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[5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
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[6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Baqarah, Verse 265.
$tΒšχ%x.@cÉ<oΨÏ9βr&tβθä3tƒÿ…ã&s!3“u)ó r&
4®Lymš∅Ï‚÷WヒÎûÇÚö‘F{$#
[9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal,
Verse 68.
[there is none worthy of worship except
Allah; Muhammadsa
is the messenger of
Allah] and since they are not a part of
Islam,it is hence permissible to loot and
seize their property.Yet,they themselves
are split into different sects and the fires
of hatred are smouldering. Allah the
Exalted states that they are
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015

[9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Fath, Verse 30.

[15] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91
“tender among themselves.”[9]
However,let
alone displaying love and brotherhood,
deep hatred for one another is thriving
among them. Thus, this is evidence that
a state of corruption exists amongst the
Muslims too. And at such a time, it was
a requisite of the mercy of Allah the
Exalted’s mercy,that He should send His
messenger. And indeed, in keeping with
His tradition and promise, he was sent
by Allah the Exalted.However,as I men-
tioned earlier, that instead of accepting
him, the ‘Ulema [scholars] mislead the
Muslims and have also increased [the
Muslims] in their opposition to him.
Rather than answering and hearkening
to the call of the one who came and ful-
filled the instruction of Allah the Exalted
As far as the teachings of
Islam are concerned, they
form the basis of peace,
security and reconciliation
which is unmatched by any
other teaching.Those who
speak against Muslims
should remember that by
saying this they are adding
further fuel to these so-called
Islamic extremist groups.
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
32 The Review of Religions | december 2015
and His Prophet, and trying to become
a unified Ummah, they have become
embroiled in disorder,discord and blood-
shed among themselves and are also
having a negative impact on the rest of
the world.That is why the opposing non-
Muslim powers are able to take advantage
of the weakened state of the Muslims.
They are levelling allegations against
Islam and attacking it.They are labelling
Islam as a religion of chaos,disorder and
extremism.They seek to prove that world
peace and harmony can only be estab-
lished by non-Muslims and those who
have moved away from religion.However,
these powers do not voice this openly,but
are carrying out their schemes and ploys
in a rather shrewd manner. On the one
hand they claim to show sympathy and
seek to forge peaceful relations with
Muslims by offering their services to
eradicate the chaos and disorder from the
Muslim world. And on the other hand
they state that neither the religion of
Islam nor Muslims are bad; Islam does
not teach terrorism and transgression and
that we should all seek to work together
to end the world’s disorder,which appears
to be more prevalent in the Muslim
world. However, on the other side, they
also suggest there is a connection between
Islam, terrorism and violence. They also
say that the extremism is due to the
teachings of Islam.They want to appease
the powers who oppose Islam as well as
the Muslims by telling one leader to say
one thing while at the same time telling
the others to say the complete opposite.
We say to such people that as far as the
teachings of Islam are concerned, they
form the basis of peace,security and rec-
onciliation which is unmatched by any
other teaching.Those who speak against
Muslims should remember that by saying
this they are adding further fuel to these
so-called Islamic extremist groups. By
making such statements,they are playing
a role in inciting [those] Muslims who
are less educated and frustrated because
of their circumstances. Peace cannot be
The Holy Qur’an, which is the sacred
text of Islam, outlines the path towards
world peace, harmony and justice.
© BEGY Production | Shutterstock
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 33
established by blaming religion; rather,
it can only be achieved by campaign-
ing against transgression and injustice
while keeping religion aside. Success is
only attainable if they play their role by
campaigning against wrongdoing and
oppression.Therefore,those who belong
to the superpowers as well as the gov-
ernment leaders need to establish their
strategies and policies upon justice.There
is no doubt that a worldly person does
not possess spiritual sight and therefore
only sees things from a worldly perspec-
tive; the apparent efforts being made for
establishing peace are in fact becom-
ing a cause for the disorder. Therefore
the superpowers should not take pride
in their power. If we seek to establish
peace then the worldly powers will have
to change their attitude or otherwise
the world will become enveloped in vio-
lence and wars,with even greater severity.
Similarly, Muslims must also listen to
the voice of God the Exalted, and need
to examine the so-called slogans raised
by their pseudo-scholars, and the lead-
ers and organisations in light of those
standards contained in God Almighty’s
teaching.They should see how beautiful
the teaching of Islam is! They should try
to understand what God expects from
them. Allah the Exalted wants them to
look to the one who He has sent.When
this happens mutual differences will come
to an end and love,friendship and justice
will be established instead.Muslims will
become a united Ummah and as a result
they will attain freedom and deliverance
from the clutches of enslavement from
non-Muslim powers.
We should always remember that the
Western or secular education and sys-
tem are not the guarantors for creating
peace and security in the world and nor
can they ever be so. The guarantor for
creating world peace and security are the
teachings of Islam which were neither
presented by any religion before Islam
nor are they found in any other philos-
ophy, -ism and system in this day and
age. Indeed it is the beautiful teachings
of Islam which guarantee creating peace
and security in the world.
Peace cannot be established
by blaming religion; rather,
it can only be achieved
by campaigning against
transgression and injustice
while keeping religion aside.
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
34 The Review of Religions | december 2015
Therefore today,instead of the non-Mus-
lim powers showing us the way to peace
and security, we need to show them the
true path of peace and justice in light
of the Islamic teachings. This teach-
ing manifests its splendour in the short
verse that I have just recited. Hence, as
opposed to adopting a defensive stance,
each and every Muslim should consider
putting this remarkable teaching before
the world as a challenge.Therefore,today
I will also state some things in light of
this teaching which was revealed to the
Holy Prophetsa
1400 years ago.The Holy
Prophetsa
along with his Rightly Guided
Khulafa [Caliphs] and some of the self-
less leaders of the state,who felt the pain
of the Ummah, adhered to this teaching
and practised it and thereby established
a beautiful society.
I also do not deny the fact that a veil
was put over this beautiful teaching
afterwards among the majority of the
governments,due to the selfish attitudes
and the personal interests of Islamic lead-
ers and scholars.However,as I said,Allah
the Exalted sends his prophets and cho-
sen people in every era of disorder and
corruption for the guidance of mankind.
He also sent the Promised Messiahas
,
who clearly expounded upon this beau-
tiful teaching and familiarised us with
its beauty. He announced that there was
a twofold purpose for my advent: firstly,
to unite man with Allah the Exalted and
to draw the attention [of man] towards
fulfilling the rights of God; secondly,the
purpose of his advent was to make one
fulfil the rights of fellow human beings.[10]
Hence, Islam draws our attention
towards fulfilling these two rights and
we must examine this in the light of
the teaching of the Holy Qur’an. As I
said, in light of this verse of the Holy
Qur’an, we can observe how the high-
est standards of [fulfilling] these rights
The guarantor for creating
world peace and security are
the teachings of Islam which
were neither presented by
any religion before Islam
nor are they found in any
other philosophy, -ism and
system in this day and age.
Indeed it is the beautiful
teachings of Islam which
guarantee creating peace
and security in the world.
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 35
can be established in the world and the
establishment of equality,justice,love and
brotherhood. We also observe how well
the Holy Prophetsa
demonstrated this to
us through his own practical example.
Even in this era, we see how, through
this verse, the person who was sent by
Allah the Exalted guided us regarding
how one should fulfil both these types
of rights.
The Promised Messiahas
states that:
There are two overarching command-
ments of the Holy Qur’an: firstly, unity,
love and obedience of the Creator, glory
be to His name; secondly,compassion for
one’s brothers and fellow human beings.
Furthermore, He has split these com-
mands into three stages. With reference
to the verse of the Holy Qur’an,
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015
t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ
[3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse
42.
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[1]
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“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ
[6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Baqarah, Verse 265.
$¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù
[10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah
Muhammad, Verse 5.
¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ
“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ
[14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others;and giving like kindred.”[11]
the Promised Messiahas
comments that
in the first instance, the meaning of this
verse is that one should display justice
in the relationship of obedience with
his Creator and should abstain from
becoming unjust.Hence,just as in reality,
besides Him no one is worthy of worship,
no one is worthy of love and no one is
worthy of trust because every single right
belongs to Him,due to His exclusivity of
being the Creator, the Sustainer and the
Lord.(It is He who created us,He grants
us life and sustenance and He it is Who
provides us the means of growth.Hence,
this is His right alone.) Similarly,you too
should not associate anyone with Him
in His worship, in His love and in His
Lordship. If you manage to do as much,
then this is ‘Adl (justice),and the demon-
stration of which is obligatory upon you.
If you wish to progress further then there
is the stage of Ihsan (doing good to oth-
ers).That [stage] is for you to become so
convinced of His Greatness,to become so
disciplined in your worship before Him
and to become so absorbed in His love,
as if you have seen His Majesty, Glory
and His infinite Beauty. After this is the
stage of Iita-e-Dhil Qurba (giving like
kindred). And that [stage] is, for your
worship, your love and your obedience
to become completely free from pretence
and superficiality and for you to remem-
ber Him with such intimate friendship
as you remember your fathers. Your love
for Him should become like the love a
child holds for his beloved mother.In the
second instance, in terms of compassion
for mankind,the meaning of this verse is
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
36 The Review of Religions | december 2015
for you to treat your brothers and fellow
humans with justice and not to exceed in
taking from them what is due to you (do
try to take your rights but do not try to
take more than you are due) and estab-
lish yourself upon justice. If you wish to
progress further from this stage,then the
next stage is Ihsan (doing good to others).
And this [stage] is when you do good in
exchange of a wrong committed by your
brother and for you to grant him com-
fort in exchange for his abuse and to help
him, out of compassion and love.
After this, is the stage of Iita-e-Dhil
Qurba (giving like kindred) and that
is, that whatever good deed you do for
your brother, or whatever good you do
for mankind should not be considered
as a favour in any way. Rather, it should
be done simply owing to one’s natural
urge and without any ulterior motive
(whatever deed you carry out should be
done without thinking that you are doing
a favour to someone. It should be done
without such a thought). It should be
done in a manner that is similar to when
a relative acts good towards another rela-
tive on account of his close relation.This
is the ultimate stage of moral develop-
ment, whereby one shows sympathy to
the creation but without any personal
interest, or motive. In fact, the passion
one has for his brother or close one
develops to such a high degree that he
naturally does the deed,without any rea-
son,or any kind of gratitude,prayer or its
end result.[12]
Thus unless one develops an understand-
ing of fulfilling both these rights, the
claims of establishing justice and equal-
ity will simply remain as mere claims.
Man-made laws do not exceed beyond
‘Adl [justice] and the world thinks that
by establishing ‘Adl [justice] they have
overcome all stages for the establish-
ment of peace and have thus acquired
all that which they set out to acquire;
however injustices still exist here as well.
The requisites of ‘Adl [justice] cannot be
fulfilled when there are personal inter-
ests involved.This is true among the rich
as well as the poor [parts of the] world.
The most they can do is to try and do
Ihsaan [doing of good to others] but not
because the Ihsan is part of their duty,
which is why afterwards they remind the
person about their favours upon them.
We also generally observe in the world,
that out of compassion when one even
thinks of offering someone more than
their right, they stipulate various con-
ditions. Nowadays this is commonly
observed in the dealings and practices
of the major governments. There are
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 37
various conditions attached when help
is offered to poorer countries. However,
Islam teaches that such help after which
approbation is sought or one is given
injury, is not a virtuous deed. Thus, it
states:
[3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse
42.
Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$#
[1]
¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ
“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ
[6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Baqarah, Verse 265.
$tΒšχ%x.@cÉ<oΨÏ9βr&tβθä3tƒÿ…ã&s!3“u)ó r&
4®Lymš∅Ï‚÷WヒÎûÇÚö‘F{$#
[9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal,
Verse 68.
¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ
“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ
[14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“…render not vain your alms by reproach
and injury…”[13]
Explaining this, the Promised Messiahas
states that:
“O ye who extend favours to others! Do not
ruin your alms which ought to be on the basis
of sincerity, by reproach and injury.”[14]
Thus, if the heart is devoid of sincerity
and devotion then such alms and aid no
longer become a charitable act.The world
cannot even entertain the thought of
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015

[9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Fath, Verse 30.

[15] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.
“giving like kindred.”[15]
As I mentioned earlier, man-made laws
cannot go beyond ’Adl [justice] and even
then they are just limited to speech
because they are ruined by all kinds of
conditions which are attached to them.
However, God Almighty enjoins you to
do justice,and the doing of good to oth-
ers and giving like kindred; and to fulfil
the requisites of justice and equality.Your
acts of benevolence should not be fol-
lowed with any kind of suffering or pain.
Also, you should not just consider ‘Adl
and Ihsaan to be the ultimate stage,
rather, “giving like kindred” should also
be kept in view, and you should afford
sympathy to others without any personal
motive.You should feel the pain of others
as if it is your own pain; such is the con-
dition that will make you a Momin [true
believer].
How great are the commandments
revealed by God Almighty and the laws
designed by Him! Whereby one cannot
be a guarantor of true peace unless one
becomes selfless in setting the standards
of justice, compassion and love.This is a
teaching that enables one to reach the
pinnacle in fulfilling the rights of oth-
ers. With regards to compassion for the
creation of God Almighty and establish-
ing peace, let alone man-made laws, no
religion can present such a teaching and
nor has any religion ever presented it in
the past. It is only the teaching of Islam
that stands above all others in relation to
fulfilling the rights of others and estab-
lishing peace. If anyone who ascribes
himself as Muslim, or any Islamic gov-
ernment or any other group formed in
the name of Islam acts contrary to this
teaching or carries out extremist acts,
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
38 The Review of Religions | december 2015
then they are acting against the teaching
of the Holy Qur’an. Islam has enjoined
its followers to adhere to this teaching
for all people and in all circumstances.
A wrongful act committed in the name
of Islam cannot stand as an argument to
suggest that Islam permits a license to
commit wrong acts.The critics of Islam,
who consider themselves to be the stand-
ard-bearers of justice and peace, should
also be just when presenting their views.
Those leaders or politicians of the West,
who give statements that they cannot
deny there to be some link between the
teaching of Islam and extremism, do
so owing to their lack of knowledge or
simply because they are unjust in their
views. They fail to recognise their own
actions whereby under the pretence of
justice,they in fact completely obliterate
it and perpetrate all kinds of injustices.
I do not need to give my personal opin-
ion on this because their own writers
have unveiled the reality of their jus-
tice and establishing peace. An article,
‘The West’s Libyan Legacy’ by John
Wight says,“Out of the many examples of
Western military campaigns in recent times,
none has been more grievous or disastrous
than NATO’s 2011 intervention in Libya,
which only helped turn the country into a
failed state.” NATO’s intervention “ush-
ered in crisis and chaos as Libyan society
promptly fragmented and broke down into
the tribal, sectarian, and brutal internecine
conflict that has turned a once-functioning
state and society into a dystopia into which
Islamic State (IS) has gained a foothold...”
he further writes that “There were no
terrorist training camps in Libya prior to
NATO’s military intervention.” The West
was not motivated by the desire to help
effect democratic change, but to ensure
that the extensive and lucrative oil explo-
ration and economic ties were forged.[16]
Thus, this is a glimpse of the injus-
tices carried out in the name of peace
It is only the teaching of Islam
that stands above all others in
relation to fulfilling the rights
of others and establishing
peace. If anyone who ascribes
himself as Muslim, or any
Islamic government or any
other group formed in the
name of Islam acts contrary
to this teaching or carries
out extremist acts, then
they are acting against the
teaching of the Holy Qur’an.
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 39
and justice. Similarly, many people have
written extensively about the war in Iraq
being wrong and on various other injus-
tices. However, the teachings of Islam,
which they criticise, in fact consider ‘Adl
[justice] as the most basic of virtuous
deeds. ‘Adl is not a great deed; rather,
Islam considers it as the most basic form
of a good deed, while they [the West]
raise slogans of justice and equality and
deem it as a great deed. If they were
to adhere to this we may still say that
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
An image illustrating Libyan oil
fields and pipelines in 2011.
© Wiki Commons
40 The Review of Religions | december 2015
considering they are worldly people,this
indeed is a great deed for them, but as I
have mentioned before, their standards
of ‘Adl [justice] change when it comes to
their personal interests. Islam sets forth
a beautiful standard for establishing ‘Adl,
as it states:




[1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.


.
[2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.





[8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.


[9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.

[10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.




[11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.

[13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“O ye who believe! Be steadfast in the cause
of Allah, bearing witness in equity; and let
not a people’s enmity incite you to act other-
wise than with justice. Be always just, that
is nearer to righteousness. And fear Allah.
Surely, Allah is Aware of what you do.”[17]
This is the beautiful teaching of Islam,
that one must not make false justifica-
tions even in enmity. Qawaam means
to carry out a task properly and con-
sistently. Therefore, a Muslim has been
commanded to always carry out jus-
tice both properly and consistently and
to remember to carry out all his works
while keeping the commandments of
God Almighty in view. A Momin [true
believer] should fulfil the requisites of
justice by dwelling deep into the intrica-
cies of God Almighty’s commandments.
A Momin [true believer] should always
be mindful of God Almighty’s com-
mandments and remain in search of them
– when this state develops only then can
one be deemed a true Muslim. Always
remember the commandment of God
Almighty regarding justice, by which a
people’s enmity should not steer you away
from justice. God Almighty not only
enjoins Muslims to deal with justice and
fairness with the enemy,but also instructs
us to increase in our virtuous deeds. As
the columnist has written, the war in
Libya or the deposition of Gaddafi was
purely due to economic factors; it was to
gain a firm grip on oil revenue.However,
the teaching of the Holy Qur’an which
they have criticised as promoting extrem-
ism, in fact states that one should not
look at the wealth of others with envy.
I mentioned this in the USA before the
politicians and one of the politicians,
who was an African-American, came to
me and said that what you have men-
tioned,i.e.,not to look at another person’s
wealth with envy and not to derive any
unlawful benefit from it, is a very true
and accurate statement, which we are in
need of here.Thus,when this is their own
state,how can these people then criticise
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 41
Islam? As I quoted earlier,even their own
journalists (I mentioned just one earlier)
have now begun to write that it is due
to their war in Iraq and unjust policies
which have led to the emergence of some
Muslim extremist groups. What justice
was demonstrated in the Second World
War when atom bombs were dropped on
two cities in Japan massacring innocent
civilians? What human sympathy was
demonstrated then and what has hap-
pened now for this issue to arise once
again? Even today they speak about
this incident. However, instead of say-
ing that it was wrong and it should not
have happened, they show no remorse
for their actions. Clifton Truman, who
is the grandson of President Truman
[former President of the United States]
in an interview said regarding the atom
bombs that they were a great thing. He
said referring to his grandfather, that he
ended the war. He said they saved hun-
dreds of thousands of lives on both sides
and that is what his grandfather said
was his reason for the decision. He also
said that he did not feel that the US ever
needed to apologise to Japan. Another
columnist wrote in the Daily Telegraph
on the 9th
of August, that it was justifi-
able to drop atom bombs on Nagasaki
and Hiroshima at the at the expense of
human lives.So this is their attitude and
their view.This is their justice.Although
the war is fought between soldiers,inno-
cent children,the elderly and women are
the ones who die! They seek to contrive
all kinds of justifications. However, if
an Islamic group is guilty of any wrong
actions they immediately attach its blame
to the teaching of Islam.The teaching of
Islam, in fact, is one that enjoins justice
and the doing of good to others; and giv-
ing like kindred in all instances.It rejects
all forms of injustices and acts of rebel-
lion.The Holy Qur’an enjoins justice and
the example of one who adhered to the
Holy Qur’an the most, is to be found in
the Holy Prophetsa
. A Jew once came to
the Holy Prophetsa
to settle a dispute and
lodged a complaint against a Muslim.
After listening to both parties, the Holy
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
What justice was
demonstrated in the Second
World War when atom
bombs were dropped on two
cities in Japan massacring
innocent civilians? What
human sympathy was
demonstrated then and what
has happened now for this
issue to arise once again?
42 The Review of Religions | december 2015
Prophetsa
passed the verdict against the
Muslim and in favour of the Jew.[18]
Today,we observe at both a personal level
as well as at a governmental one, loans
are taken yet all sorts of excuses are pre-
sented when it comes to paying it back.
However, when we observe the example
of the Holy Prophetsa
which in fact is the
true reflection of the teachings of Islam,
we find that that not only did he repay
the loan before it was due, but he would
return more than the actual sum he had
borrowed due to his benevolence.
A reference to wars was made earlier,God
Almighty states regarding prisoner of wars:
Wrecked framework of the Museum
of Science and Industry in Hiroshima,
Japan. This is how it appeared
shortly after the dropping of the first
atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.
© Everett Historical | Shutterstock
Hiroshima after the atomic bombing of
August 6, 1945. The city was located on
a flat river delta, with few obstructions
to the contain the blast of the nuclear
explosion detonated on August 6, 1945.
© Everett Historical | Shutterstock
Hiroshima about a month after the
Atomic Bombing of August 6, 1945. View
from roof of Chamber of Commerce
building. Some people walk amid
the ruins. Ca. Sept.-Oct. 1945.
© Everett Historical | Shutterstock
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 43


[1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.


.
[2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.





[8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.


[9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.

[10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.



[11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.

[13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“It does not behove a Prophet that he should
have captives until he engages in a regular
fighting in the land.”[19]
At a time when it was a common practice
to imprison the people of an enemy tribe,
it was Islam that spoke out against it.It is
asserted that to imprison someone who
has not taken up arms against Islam is in
fact against justice and fairness. Today,
if any government or so-called govern-
ment conducts this practice in the name
of Islam,it is totally contrary to its teach-
ings and is not permissible.
Regarding prisoners of wars,Islam states:
[8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.


[9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.

[10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.“Then afterwards either release them as a
favour or by taking ransom.”[20]
Furthermore,kind treatment is extended
towards prisoners of war. In the days
when such wars broke out, every soldier
was responsible for his own military
equipment and also for his own free-
dom if he were captured.And so,[in the
instance of becoming a captive] either he
would himself try or his relatives would
make efforts to make the arrangements
for his release. At times, certain relatives
would become hard-hearted and in order
to accumulate more wealth they would
simply leave their relative in captivity.
If the prisoner did not have any close
relatives then distant relatives would act
in this manner. At times an individual
would not have the means to pay the ran-
som.Thus, the Holy Qur’an states:
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana
UK 2015




[1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.


.
[2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.




[11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.

“And such as desire a deed of manumission
in writing from among those whom your
right hand possesses, write it for them if
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
Islam goes to such lengths
that even if someone from
one’s enemies takes part
in a war and draws the
sword against Muslims,
and then is imprisoned
due to defeat or any other
reason, Islam teaches that
Muslims should find means
to procure his freedom out
of a sense of compassion.
44 The Review of Religions | december 2015
you know any good in them; and give them
out of the wealth of Allah which He has
bestowed upon you.”[21]
In other words, among the prisoners of
wars there will be some whom you can
neither release as a favour, nor can they
be freed them by their own people paying
their ransom.However,if they seek their
freedom by earning it through their own
skills or talents and thus become able to
pay their ransom, then they should be
freed, providing it is felt that they will
be able to earn a livelihood if set free.
In fact, [the Holy Qur’an] goes one step
further and enjoins doing good to such
prisoners by stating that one should also
contribute towards their efforts.Muslims
should make a contribution from their
own wealth and through financial sup-
port they should try to liberate them.
Today, those who raise the slogans
for justice and fairness do not come
anywhere near demonstrating such
standards. Certain groups who work for
human rights claim to do this kind of
work but they cannot even achieve the
release of those who have been impris-
oned because of their faith or political
factors, let alone prisoners of war. As I
mentioned earlier, the Muslims have
forgotten their religious teachings. If
they closely reflect over their teachings,
they would never imprison people the
way they are doing without justification
and thereby bring the name of Islam into
disrepute.Nonetheless,we were discuss-
ing the teaching of Islam and in order to
restore the rights of one’s freedom,Islam
goes to such lengths that even if someone
from one’s enemies takes part in a war
and draws the sword against Muslims,
and then is imprisoned due to defeat
or any other reason, Islam teaches that
Muslims should find means to procure
his freedom out of a sense of compassion.
I mentioned earlier how the atom bombs
that were dropped in Japan, causing the
death of many civilians,is still being jus-
tified today. If one looks at the images
from that time, they show how a person
sitting on a set of stairs became a statue
after his skin melted and hung almost
instantly. Though there were deaths
instantaneously, fatalities continued to
occur for a long time afterwards due to
the effects of radiation and children were
born with disabilities.Now,after so many
years, why are they bringing up the sub-
ject of the war in Japan and atom bombs?
Do they want to incite those who com-
mit injustices?
The Holy Prophetsa
stated that if one
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 45
overpowered the enemy during war,even
then they were not permitted to disfig-
ure their faces.The enemy was not to be
deceived in a state of war, nor was any
kind of deception allowed in war.[22]
No children or women were to be killed
and nor were any priests or religious lead-
ers.The elderly,children and women were
not to be attacked.[23]
Peace and compassion would always be
kept in view. If because of the enemy’s
oppression, one had to go the enemy’s
country for war, then they should not
cause fear and terror among the general
public and neither treat them harshly.[24]
The movement of the army should not
cause any hindrance or disturbance to the
general population either.[25]
The enemy should not be subjected to
any disfigurement of the face and the
least possible harm should be caused to
them.[26]
If a Muslim is guilty of being unlawfully
harsh to any prisoner of war then he must
immediately free him.[27]
Consideration
was to be given to the care and comfort of
the prisoners; if any of the prisoners were
related to one another then they should
be kept together and not be separated.[28]
Whoever had any prisoners must feed
them with the same food he ate him-
self. How can all of this be described?
All of this exceeded beyond justice and
in fact was Ihsaan [doing of good to
others]. Who extends such treatment to
prisoners?
Never have any previous teachings been
able to match this teaching and nor do
today’s laws of human rights compare
to this high standard of ‘Adl and Ihsaan.
All of the points that I have mentioned
regarding prisoners is with the aim of
not prolonging wars,but rather stopping
them.
When the Holy Prophetsa
formed the
Covenant of Madinah, he afforded
the Jews the same rights that Muslims
enjoyed. They would not be treated
unjustly by any Momin [true believer]
and if any injustice was carried out
against them by any Momin or by any-
one else, they would be granted help in
countering it.[29]
Among many of the conditions [of
the covenant], this particular condi-
tion was guarantor of peace for the
Jews – whether they stayed in the city
the blame game: is religion truly the
cause of disorder in the world today?
46 The Review of Religions | december 2015
of Madinah or went outside of it. This
is the justice which was established by
the Holy Prophetsa
. If Muslims seek to
attain this standard [of justice] and fulfil
their covenants, then they would never
have to face humiliation. The history of
the Muslims shows that as long as they
fulfilled their covenants they continued
to succeed. However, the moment they
stopped fulfilling their covenants and
relinquished justice, they were humili-
ated. A great example of fulfilling one’s
covenant was when the Muslim army
had to retreat due to the Roman army’s
attack. The Muslims returned the tax
taken from the non-Muslims of that area
and said that they took this tax in order
to protect them and establish peace in
the area.However,because they could no
longer do that, therefore they were not
its rightful owners anymore.The response
and the reaction of the people from that
area is equally a golden chapter in human
history,and one that should be written in
lustrous terms.They responded that they
had become the target of oppression from
the people of their own religion; however,
Muslims went there and took over and
amazed them by fulfilling their covenants
and establishing such high standards of
justice.They said that now,we shall fight
along with you. So, the Muslims were
able to fend off the Roman army and
the [Muslim] government was re-estab-
lished.When the Muslims re-entered the
city,they were given an exuberant recep-
tion by its people.[30]
If only Muslim governments could
take a lesson from this. If they stop the
injustices upon their own people and on
others, they will become the leaders of
the world, instead of being humiliated
and disgraced.However, for this to hap-
pen they must hearken to the call from
the Imam of the age. The Holy Qur’an
contains countless injunctions regarding
the subject of justice, and the doing of
good to others and giving like kindred.
The life of the Holy Prophetsa
is also full
of such examples. In this age, there are
many references of these in the writings
of the Promised Messiahas
too,elaborat-
ing on this specific verse
Concluding Address by Hazrat
Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa
Salana UK 2015
t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ
[3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse
42.
Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$#
[1]
¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ
“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
$¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù
[10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah
Muhammad, Verse 5.
¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ
“ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$#
[12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl,
Verse 91.
y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ
[14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-
Shu’ara’, Verse 4.
“Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing
of good to others; and giving like kin-
dred…”– if one were to read them all, it
could take hours.[31]
Here,I would also like to present another
expression of the Holy Prophet’ssa
desire
of ‘giving like kindred’to men who have
december 2015 | The Review of Religions 47
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The Review of Religions December 2015

  • 1. Three Gradations of Doing Good 14 Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today? 20 Apartheid of Ahmadis in Pakistan 52 Women’s Responsibilities: Fulfilling the Conditions of Bai’at 78 vol. 110 - issue twelvedecember 2015 www.reviewofreligions.org The Blame GameIs religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today?
  • 2. The Holy Prophet Muhammadsa prophesied that the Promised Messiahas would be raised near a white minaret, east of Damascus. This prophecy was fulfilled with the advent of the Promised Messiahas from Qadian, India, a city directly east of Damascus. The Promised Messiahas & imam mahdi Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas , the Promised Messiah and Mahdi was born to a noble family in Qadian, India.  From an early age he had a keen interest in religion and developed a love for the Holy Prophet Muhammadsa . He was also known for his honesty, friendliness and resolve. Over time his knowledge and understanding of religion and its application to society deepened. Being a Muslim it was his firm belief that all religions were true at their source but with the passage of time had drifted away from their original teachings; he upheld the dignity of religion and demonstrated its relevance to everyone. His earnest defence of religion was ultimately blessed when he started to receive direct revelation from Allah – a blessing that he continued for the rest of his life. His mission was to revitalise the truth that all religions held within them and to revive the teachings of Islam. It was through this that he would bring mankind together and establish everlasting peace. In 1889, under Divine Guidance, Hazrat Ahmadas founded the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – a community that has since grown in its stature and strength and has remained active in conveying the message of Islam to the ends of the earth. Hazrat Ahmadas had established himself as a respected writer and had written over 80 books. His writings have been translated into more than 60 languages and continue to inspire readers to this day. One of his greatest scholarly works was The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam, prepared as a paper and read out at the Conference of Great Religions in 1896. He also wrote a fascinating treatise in 1899 entitled Jesus in India, a book that uncovered remarkable evidence of Jesus’sas journey to India. In 1902, the Promised Messiahas initiated The Review of Religions which has covered a vast array of topics on religion, philosophy and contemporary issues of the day. It is the longest running English magazine in defence of Islam and the values it teaches. From 1889 until the time of his demise in 1908 tens of thousands of people accepted him. This blessing has continued and will continue through his Khulafa (successors). Currently under the fifth successor, we are seeing that the tide of acceptance is worldwide and that the message of Prophet Ahmadas has really reached the ends of the earth. ©makhzan-e-tasaweer founder of the review of religions
  • 3. Those who act kindly in this world will have kindness. Islam, the Holy Qur’an, Ch.39:V.10. A man once asked the Prophetsa what was the best thing in Islam, and the latter replied, “It is to feed the hungry and to give the greeting of peace both to those one knows and to those one does not know.” Islam, the Holy Prophetsa , Hadith of Bukhari. The essence of love is to have sincerity for something and to be drawn irresistibly towards it. Just as the real characteristics of an object are only truly perceived when it reaches perfection, the same is the case with love, in that its qualities are openly revealed when it is extreme and reaches perfection. Islam, the Promised Messiahas , The Essence of Islam Vol. 3, p. 36. The world stands upon three things: upon the Law, upon worship, and upon showing kindness. Judaism, Mishnah, Abot 1.2. Love covers a multitude of sins. Christianity, Bible, 1 Peter 4.8. Have benevolence towards all living beings, joy at the sight of the virtuous, compassion and sympathy for the afflicted, and tolerance towards the indolent and ill-behaved. Jainism, Tattvarthasutra 7.11. He who can find no room for others lacks fellow feeling, and to him who lacks fellow feeling, all men are strangers. Taoism, Chuang Tzu 23. What sort of religion can it be without compassion? You need to show compassion to all living beings. Compassion is the root of all religious faiths. Hinduism, Basavanna, Vachana 247. The bhikkhu who abides in loving-kindness, who is pleased with the Buddha’s teaching, attains to that state of peace and happiness, the stilling of conditioned things, Nibbana. Let him be cordial in all his ways and refined in conduct; filled thereby with joy, he will make an end of ill. Buddhism, Dhammapada 368, 376. Love & Kindness world faiths
  • 4. 12 Responding to Paris A message from Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba 14 Three Gradations of Doing Good Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas , the Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdi 20 The Blame Game: Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today? Concluding address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba , Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community at the 2015 UK Jalsa Salana (Annual Convention) 52 Apartheid of Ahmadis in Pakistan For years, Ahmadi Muslims have been treated as second-class citizens in Pakistan. Pakistani advocate Mujeeb ur Rahman visits Harvard Law School and discusses their legal status. Mujeeb ur Rahman, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 76 Forgiveness of the Holy Prophet Muhammadsa 78 Women’s Responsibilities: Fulfilling the Conditions of Bai’at Concluding address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba , Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community at the 2015 Ijtema of Lajna Imaillah UK (Women’s auxiliary organisation) 92 The Economic System of Islam What are the government’s responsibilities to its citizens? Hazrat Mirza Bashir-Ud-Din Mahmud Ahmadra Front cover picture: © Kyrylo Glivin | shutterstock.com contents december 2015 Vol.110 issue twelve
  • 6. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM MIRZA GHULAM AHMAD THE PROMISED MESSIAH & MAHDIAS The Review of Religions serialised the famous treatise The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam, by the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Initially written for the Conference of Great Religions on December 26- 29,1896, each speaker at the conference was asked to present to the audience the beauties of their own religion based upon its scripture, proving that it was the true religion, based on the following topics: • The Physical, Moral, and Spiritual States of Man; • What is the State of Man after Death? • The Object of Man’s Life and the Means of its Attainment; • The Operation of the Practical Ordinances of the Law in This Life and the Next; • Sources of Divine Knowledge SERIALISED IN The Review of Religions Read online: www.alislam.org/books/ Or purchase here: store.alislam.org/englishbooks.html
  • 7. CHIEF EDITOR & MANAGER Syed Amer Safir ASSOCIATE EDITORS Nakasha Ahmad,Tariq H. Malik RELIGION & SCIENCE Editor: Dr. Syed Muhammad Tahir Nasser Deputy: Dr.Tauseef Khan ISLAM & CONTEMPORARY ISSUES Editor: Shahzad Ahmad LAW & HUMAN RIGHTS Editor: Qudsi Rasheed Deputy: Ayesha Mahmood Malik ANCIENT RELIGIONS & ARCHAEOLOGY Editor: Fazal Ahmad Deputy: Rizwan Safir CHRISTIANITY Editor: Navida Sayed Deputy: Arif Khan GENDER & EQUALITY Editor: Aliya Latif Deputy: Meliha Hayat BOOK REVIEWS Editor: Sarah Waseem WEB TEAM Mubashra Ahmad, Hibba Turrauf Special Collections Head: Razwan Baig EDITORIAL BOARD Mansoor Saqi, Bockarie Tommy Kallon, Professor Amtul Razzaq Carmichael, Murtaza Ahmad, Fiona O’Keefe, Hassan Wahab, Jonathan Butterworth, Munazza Khan, Waqar Ahmedi, Mahida Javed SUB-EDITORS Munawara Ghauri (Head), Maryam Malik, Nusrat Haq, Mariam Rahman PROOFREADERS Farhana Dar (Head), Hina Rehman, Amina Abbasi, Aisha Patel HOUSE STYLE GUIDE Maleeha Ahmad (Head), Sadia Shah SOCIAL MEDIA Tazeen Ahmad (Head), Mala Khan (Deputy), Nudrat Ahmad, Hajra Ahmad, Mishall Rahman, Shumaila Ahmad PRINT DESIGN AND LAYOUT Ahsan Khan INTERNATIONAL SUBSCRIPTION & DISTRIBUTION Muhammad Hanif ACCOUNTS & MARKETING Musa Sattar ART & CREATIVITY Zubair Hayat, Mussawir Din INDEXING,TAGGING & ARCHIVING Mirza Krishan Ahmad (Head). Amtus Shakoor Tayyaba Ahmed (Deputy). Humaira Omer, Humda Sohail, Shahid Malik, Ruhana Hamood, Mubahil Shakir, Adila Bari, Hassan Raza Ahmad MANAGEMENT BOARD Munir-Ud-Din Shams (Chairman), Syed Amer Safir (Secretary), Mubarak Ahmad Zaffar, Ataul Mujeeb Rashed, Naseer Qamar, Abdul Baqi Arshad, Abid Waheed Ahmad Khan, Aziz Ahmad Bilal
  • 8. Bitcoin: On Behalf of The Future 14 Educating Our Children 24 The Difference Between True Islam & Extremist Groups 30 FGM’ – Not in The Name of Religion 50 VOL. 110 - ISSUE 1JANUARY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG ERADICATING EXTREMISM Why The Honeybee is Dying and What It Means for Life on Earth 16 Wonders Experienced Through Fasting 26 The Islamic Dilemma Should We Fear the Religion of Peace? 30 Atheism or Belief - Which is evidence Based? 42 VOL. 110 - ISSUE SEVENJULY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG The ISLAMIC DILEMMA ShouldWeFearthe ReligionofPeace? God - His Transcedence and Manifestation 12 Untold Stories 26 From the Archives: My Visit to Qadian 38 Preaching Activities of Jesusas in the East 46 VOL. 110 - ISSUE TWOFEBRUARY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG EYES CANNOT REACH HIM... The Sign of the Heavens 20 The Plague 58 A Murder in British Lahore: Closing the Case of Lekh Ram 80 World War One: Centenary of Fulfliment of a Grand Prophecy 102 VOL. 110 - ISSUE EIGHTAUGUST 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG EVIDENCE FORTHE TRUTHYoubetheJudge... S P E C I A L 1 6 4 P A G E E D I T I O N A Message of Peace 10 Legal Right Verses Moral Duty 38 Is it Permissable for Prisoners of War to be Executed? 56 The Life of the Prophet Muhammadsa 68 VOL. 110 - ISSUE THREEMARCH 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG REACTIONto CHARLIE HEBDO...? SERM onth MOU The Economic System of Islam 10 The Institution of Hajj 20 Mahmud’s Letter From the Land of the Dearest One [Muhammadsa ] 24 The Life & Character of the Seal of Prophetssa 52 VOL. 110 - ISSUE NINESEPTEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG Fromthe LETTERSof MAHMUDRA A HISTORIC JOURNEY TO THE HOUSE OF GOD To order back issues email info@reviewofreligions.org The front covers of our 12 Editions in 2015
  • 9. Firm Stance Against Terror At Peace Symposium 8 The Golden Principles for World Peace 16 Three Minutes and Counting 38 Has Science Rendered Religion Obsolete? 66 VOL. 110 - ISSUE FOURAPRIL 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG RAY OF HOPE? SERMON onthe MOUNT Halloween – Fear or Fun? 10 Shariah: A Semantic Oxymoron? 28 Connecting to Khilafat: A Guidance for Today’s Muslim Youth 36 Islam’s Response to the Destruction of Cultural Heritage 56 VOL. 110 - ISSUE TENOCTOBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG A Guidance forToday’s MuslimYouth Connecting to Khilafat: Is the Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph? 22 The Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin 40 A Brief Review of Recent CNN Documentary on the Shroud 56 The Oviedo Cloth by Mark Guscin: Book Review 66 VOL. 110 - ISSUE FIVEMAY 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG TheRESURRECTION ShroudingTheTruth? Mufti Muhammad Sadiqra – An Early Ray of Western Sunrise 18 World Peace & Security - The Critical Issues of Our Time 38 Responsibilities of an Ahmadi Muslim 50 The Economic System of Islam 56 VOL. 110 - ISSUE ELEVENNOVEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG WORLDPEACE &SECURITY: THE CRITICAL ISSUES OF OURTIME The Race to Conquer the Secret of Life 14 The Spiritual Benefits of Fasting 24 Navigating Life in the 21st Century 32 Visits to Sacred Places 54 VOL. 110 - ISSUE SIXJUNE 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG NAVIGATING LIFEinthe 21ST CENTURY Spirituality, Morality &Material Progress Three Gradations of Doing Good 14 Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today? 20 Apartheid of Ahmadis in Pakistan 52 Women’s Responsibilities: Fulfilling the Conditions of Bai’at 78 VOL. 110 - ISSUE TWELVEDECEMBER 2015 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG The BLAME GAMEIs religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today? Subscribe 12 editions for just £15gbp or $30 Usd Students! 12 editions for just £5gbp or $10 Usd
  • 10. The world is passing through turbulent times.The global economic crisis continues to manifest new and grave dangers at every juncture.The similarities of the current circumstances to the build-up of the Second World War are stark. Events appear to be moving us rapidly towards aThird World War.The consequences of a nuclear war are beyond our imagination. In this book, the historic addresses of Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba , Fifth Khalifah of the Promised Messiah and Supreme Head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, to prominent dignitaries at Capitol Hill, the House of Commons, the European Parliament and other notable locations around the world have been collated.The book also includes the momentous letters sent by His Holiness to the numerous world leaders. Over and over again, His Holiness has reminded all that the only means of averting a global catastrophe is for nations to establish justice as an absolute requirement of their dealings with others. Even if mutual enmity exists, impartiality must be observed at all times, because history has taught us that this alone is the way to eliminate all traces of hatreds and to build everlasting peace. Read online at: www.alislam.org Purchase the book here: http://store.alislam.org/
  • 11. SUBSCRIBE NOW! 12 Issues for £15 LESS THAN £1.99 A MONTH For more information Visit: ReviewofReligions.org/Subscription Call (UK Head office) : +44 (020) 8544 7614 Email: Accounts@ReviewofReligions.org Youtube.com/ReviewofReligions @ReviewofReligions facebook.com/theReviewofReligions @ReviewReligions Suffer Pain to Bring Comfort to Humanity 10 The Significance of Ramadan 14 Religious Trends in Germany 24 Khalifah of the Promised Messiah in Germany 40 VOL. 109 - ISSUE SEVENJULY 2014 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG ISLAM A THREAT OR A SOURCE OF PEACE? CASE STUDY: GERMANY Khalifah of Promised Messiah Sends Letter to Russian President 30 Syria - A Religious Heritage 34 Medical Consequences of Nuclear War 46 The World in Need of a Reformer 74 VOL. 108 - ISSUE ELEVENNOVEMBER 2013 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG SYRIA IN CRISIS Chimes of Messiah 8 The Beginning of Creation in Scriptures of Different Religions 34 Khalifah of the Promised Messiahas at the Houses of Parliament 46 Guests Reflect on the Houses of Parliament Event 62 VOL. 108 - ISSUE NINESEPTEMBER 2013 WWW.REVIEWOFRELIGIONS.ORG ISLAM-ARELIGIONof PEACE&COMPASSION The magazine devoted to promoting intellectual and lively debate that is based on respect for all religions. PLUS FREE DELIVERY TO YOUR DOOR
  • 12. The World Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the Fifth Khalifah (Caliph), His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba has condemned last night’s terrorist attacks in Paris. Speaking from London, His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba has said: “On behalf of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community worldwide, I express my heartfelt sympathies and condolences to the French nation, its people and government following the heinous terrorist attacks that have taken place in Paris. This brutal and inhumane attack can only be condemned in the strongest possible terms.  I would also like to reiterate that all forms of terrorism and extremism are completely against the true teachings of Islam. The Holy Qur’an has said that to kill even one innocent person is akin to killing all of mankind. Thus under no circumstances can murder ever be justified and those who seek to justify their hateful acts in the name of Islam are serving only to defame it in the worst possible way. Our sympathies and prayers are with the victims of these attacks and all those who have been left bereaved or affected in any way. May God Almighty grant patience to them all and I hope and pray that the perpetrators of this evil act are swiftly brought to justice.” Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Press & Media Office 22 Deer Park Road London, SW19 3TL, UK (44) 020 8544 7678 media@pressahmadiyya.com www.pressahmadiyya.com Head of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Condemns Paris Attacks and Prays for Victims Saturday, 14 November 2015 12 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 13.
  • 14. The Promised Messiahas & imam mahdi ( g u i d e d o n e ) founder of the review of religions Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas
  • 15. We present extracts from the writings of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the Promised Messiah and Imam Mahdias , on gradations of doing good to others. These are published from ‘The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam’ and ‘Lecture Lahore.’Quotes of the Promised Messiahas    [1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  [2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265)    [4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).    [7] (Holy Qur’an Verse 35). This means that we are commanded to return good for good, and to exercise benevolence when it is called for, and to do good with nat- ural eagerness as between kindred, when that should be appropriate. God Almighty forbids transgression or that you should exercise be- nevolence out of place or should refrain from exercising it when it is called for; or that you should fall short of exercising graciousness as between kindred on its proper occasion, or should extend it beyond its appropriate limit. This verse sets forth three gradations of doing good. The first is the doing of good in return for good. This is the lowest gradation and even an average person can easily acquire this grada- tion that he should do good to those who do good to him. The second gradation is a little more difficult than the first, and that is to take the initiative in doing good out of pure benevolence. This is the middle grade. Most people act benevolently towards the poor, but there is a hidden deficiency in benevolence, that the person ex- ercising benevolence is conscious of it and desires gratitude or prayer Three Gradations of Doing Good [1]
  • 16. in return for his benevolence. If on any occasion the other person should turn against him, he considers him ungrateful. On occasion he reminds him of his benevolence or puts some heavy burden upon him.The benevolent ones have been admonished by God Almighty:    [1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  [2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265)    [4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  *  [5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9- 10).   [6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41).  [7] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Verse 35). That is, O those who do good to others–good that should be based on sincerity–do not render it vain by reminding them what favours you have done them or by inflicting injury on them.The Arabic word for alms (Sadaqah) is derived from a root (sidq) that means sincerity. If the heart is not inspired by sincerity in bestowing alms, the alms- giving ceases to be alms and becomes mere display.That is why those who exercise benevolence have been admonished by God Almighty not to render vain their benevolence by reproaches or injury. The third grade of doing good is graciousness as between kindred. God Almighty directs that in this grade there should be no idea of benevolence or any desire for gratitude, but good should be done out of such eager sympathy as, for instance, a mother does good to her child. This is the highest grade of doing good which cannot be ex- ceeded. But God Almighty has conditioned all these grades of doing good with their appropriate time and place. The verse cited above clearly indicates that if these virtues are not exercised in their proper places they would become vices. For instance, if equity exceeds its limits it would take on an unwholesome aspect and would become indecent. In the same way, misuse of benevolence would take on a form which would be repelled by reason and conscience; and in the same way graciousness between kindred would become transgression. The Arabic word for transgression is baghi, which connotes excessive rain which ruins crops. A deficiency in the discharge of an obligation or an excess in its discharge are both baghi. In short, whichever of these three qualities is exercised out of place becomes tainted.That is why they are all three qualities conditioned by the due observance of place and occasion. It should be remembered that equity or benev- [2]
  • 17. olence or graciousness between kindred are not in themselves mor- al qualities. They are man’s natural conditions and faculties that are exhibited even by children before they develop their reason. Reason is a condition of the exercise of a moral quality and there is also a condition that every moral quality should be exercised in its proper place and on its proper occasion.[3] Forgiveness is Better Than Retribution   [1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  [2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265)    [4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  *  [5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9- 10).   [6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41). [7] (Holy Qur’an, Sur Verse 35). That is, God commands you to abide by justice and fairness. But if you wish to attain greater perfection, then treat people with compas- sion and do good even to those who have done you no good. And if you aspire to even higher perfection, then be of service to others out of personal sympathy and natural impulse, without any desire to win gratitude or to put anyone under obligation,and be kind to them just as a mother is kind to her children out of a natural urge. God also forbids you to commit excesses, to remind people of the good you have done them, or to be ungrateful to those who have been kind to you.This is further elaborated in the verse: Quotes of the Promised Messiahas    [1] “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  [2] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265)    [4] (Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl, Verse 91).  *  [5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9- 10).    [7] (Holy Qur’an, Sur Verse 35). That is, when the truly righteous feed the poor, the orphan and the captive, they do so selflessly, only out of love for God, and say to [4] [5]
  • 18. them: “We only serve you for the sake of God, from you we require neither gratitude nor reward.” With regard to retribution or forgiveness, the Holy Qur’an teaches us:  *  [5] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9- 10).   [6] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41). The retribution for an injury is an injury to the same extent.Tooth for a tooth, eye for an eye, and abuse for an abuse, but whosoever forgives—and the forgiveness results in reformation rather than mischief, and he who has been forgiven rectifies his behaviour and desists from evil—his forgiveness is better than retribution, and the forgiver shall have his reward [with God]. It does not teach us that, having been struck on one cheek, we should in all circumstances turn the other cheek also, for this goes against true wisdom. Doing good to an evil-doer can be as unjust as doing evil to a good man.The Holy Qur’an further says:    e doing red; vil, and , Surah    [7] (Holy Qur’an, Surah Ha Mim Al-Sajdah, Verse 35). That is, if someone is kind to you, show him even greater kindness. All rancour between you will thus turn into a friendship so close that it borders upon kinship.[8] [6] [7]
  • 19. endnotes 1. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91). 2. “Render not vain your alms by taunt or injury.” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 265) 3. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas , The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam (Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications Ltd., 2010) 64-67. 4. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91). 5. “And they feed, for love of Him, the poor, the orphan, and the prisoner, Saying, ‘We feed you for Allah’s pleasure only. We desire no reward nor thanks from you’” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Dahr, Verses 9-10). 6. “And the recompense of an injury is an injury the like thereof; but whoso forgives and his act brings about reformation, his reward is with Allah” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shura, Verse 41). 7. “And good and evil are not alike. Repel evil with that which is best. And lo, he between whom and thyself was enmity will become as though he were a warm friend” (Holy Qur’an, Surah Ha Mim Al-Sajdah, Verse 35). 8. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas , Lecture Lahore (Tilford, Surrey: Islam International, 2008), 12-14.
  • 20. © Furyk Nazar | Shutterstock.com
  • 21. T he constant threat of extremism and radicalisation across the Islamic world is increasing tension among nations. However, this extremist ideology has navigated its way into Western countries. The effects of terrorism are now making themselves known to the West as well as the East. Developing sympathy for mankind and promoting justice is the only hope for peace in our modern global village. But how can we adopt the values of justice, compassion and sympathy in a world on the brink of war and conflict? Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today?
  • 22. The Blame Game: Is Religion Truly the Cause of Disorder in the World Today? Concluding Address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba , 5th successor to the Promised Messiahas , Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, at Jalsa Salana UK 2015
  • 23. Concluding Address by Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmadaba , 5th succes- sor to the Promised Messiahas and Worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community,at the Jalsa Salana (AnnualConvention)oftheAhmadiyya Community UK in August 2015 [Our readers should note that the below address was given in August 2015—the current state of affairs in the world prove how the words of His Holiness have been proved exactly true—Ed] After reciting the customary Islamic invocations of Tashhahud[1] ,Ta’awwuz[2] and Surah Al-Fatihah[3] His Holiness proceeded to say: Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015     [1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.   . [2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.       [11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.  [13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression.He admonished you that you may take heed.”[4] The disorder and corruption widespread in the world today have distressed every “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kindred; and forbids indecency, and manifest evil, and wrongful transgression. He admonished you that you may take heed.” French police gathering evidence at the Bataclan theatre on 14 November, 2015. ISIS militants claims responsibility for the horrific attacks that evening. © wikicomons English Translation by Shahzad Ahmad & Tariq H. Malik december 2015 | The Review of Religions 23
  • 24. peace-loving person.Everyone with sym- pathy and compassion towards humanity is astonished and worried about the current state of affairs in the world. Much has been said and written about this issue, suggesting that this unrest has arisen much more intensely in the Islamic world or that it is being caused by Muslims. And therefore the conclu- sion is drawn that religion in general, and Islam in particular (God forbid), is the root of this discord. Up until now, the Western world believed that all of this turmoil would remain limited to the Islamic or underdeveloped nations and that it is exclusively a problem con- fined to them; and that they (that is, the developed nations) would continue to help them (the underdeveloped nations) in the name of resolving these problems and trying to establish justice. It is a matter aside that on the pretext of helping and establishing justice, one of their goals was to secure their superiority and to take advantage of the resources of these (underdeveloped) countries. Indeed, certain major powers and anti- religious forces were seriously mistaken. Time has now shown that this is not a problem confined to the Muslim world alone. The tendency towards extremism and terrorism is not limited to the Islamic World; rather,it has in fact spilled over to the West and the developed parts of the world and is about to become a source of great fear and the cause of horrific con- sequences for them as well. For the past few years,I have been direct- ing their attention towards the fact that the world is in a state of turmoil.Today, it is an error to believe that this situation is confined to a small part of the world. Whilst the majority would agree with my words and explanations, afterwards they would say that they did not think that the world—especially the developed world—would face the horrific situation that “he” has portrayed. However, today the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? A view of the Old City of Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rock through coils of razor wire, illustrating the Holy Land’s history of division and conflict. © Ryan Rodrick Beiler | Shutterstock 24 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 25. their leaders and those who observe world affairs closely have started to say that even the developed world is not safe from this chaos and the terrifying cir- cumstances that stand before us. Thus, the British Prime Minister’s statement also expresses this perilous predicament. The Foreign Minister of Australia has also expressed a similar concern.The for- mer Army Chief of the United Kingdom has voiced similar thoughts. Various newspapers have also started writing on this. The reality is that the world today is enveloped in cruelty and disorder. The developed and well-educated class of people believe that the root cause of this problem is religion, which has now reached its extremes because of a cer- tain Muslim group or organisation. Yet in reality, the root cause of this is their failure to understand religion.The world thinks that we should eschew religion in order to end this disorder and there is abundant propaganda promoting this notion. The press and media also plays its part by saying that religion either makes a person ignorant and dull, or turns him into an extremist.They say that one can only progress by shunning reli- gion and believe that advancement can be achieved by moving away from God Almighty. And due to the spread of this false notion the number of people who deny the existence of God is increasing on a daily basis. The reality is however, that the world is in disorder because it has forgotten God Almighty. This disorder is either because of the misuse of God Almighty’s Syrian Military soldiers during the ongoing battle with rebels which is causing bloodshed and tension across the Middle East. © Volodymyr Borodin | Shutterstock For the past few years, I have been directing their attention towards the fact that the world is in a state of turmoil. Today, it is an error to believe that this situation is confined to a small part of the world. december 2015 | The Review of Religions 25
  • 26. teachings and using the name of God as a pretext for one’s own benefit, or it is due to the denial of God’s existence alto- gether.In fact they mock God’s existence and cross all limits of decency. In short the main reasons for the state of disorder in the world are the acqui- sition of personal gains in the name of God, the true fear of God disappearing from people’s hearts,or the denial of the existence of God Almighty whilst giving preference to worldly laws and ideolo- gies.Despite being the creation of Allah the Almighty, man considers Allah the Almighty’s customs and system of jus- tice and equity inferior to his man-made customs and system of justice.Man asks: why can we not subordinate religious knowledge and Islamic teachings to our worldly customs, worldly desires and worldly laws according to the needs of the time? A learned university professor has asked this question of me as well. But we should remember that this ques- tion could be raised if religious teachings had been corrupted and human values and principles had been proven superior to the foundational values and princi- ples of religion. However, we believe in the book that has been safeguarded for 1400 years and whose teachings are supe- rior in all respects. It is a complete code of life for human beings for all times. It has been revealed by God Almighty, Who is the Lord of the Universe and the Omniscient.Why does it need to be subservient to man-made rules and laws? the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 26 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 27. The purpose of religion is to make people follow it. It does not follow the world or the desires of people. Today, Islam is the religion and the Qur’an is the book which is a guide for all of mankind for all times, under the condition that man has the ability to comprehend it. The rights that are being usurped in the world in this day and age is not the fault of religion. Instead, they are caused by people who deceive others in the name of worldly laws or religion. The injustices that are being carried out in wars in the world today are not caused by religion; rather, they are being carried out by those who only seek materialistic gains.The immo- rality and shocking scenes of indecency in the name of freedom today are not part of religious teachings; rather,they are due to the degradation caused by man-made laws which have destroyed the com- mandments of Allah the Almighty. To express one’s power, prowess and supe- riority is not the teaching of Allah the Almighty. Rather, it is an invention of man,because he considers himself supe- rior to everything. Therefore,whatever we are witnessing in the world today is due to man consider- ing himself to be the wisest and his being devoid of the light of revelation. This exact state of affairs is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an in the following manner: Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015     [1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.   . [2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.      [8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.     [1 [1 “Corruption has spread on land and sea because of what man’s hands have wrought, that He may make them taste the fruit of some of their doings so that they may turn back from evil.”[5] Due to this mayhem created by man,nei- ther are the rich or poor safe nor are the religious (that is, the so-called religious people) or the irreligious. It is clear that under these circumstances man will be seized and punished by God Almighty. The purpose of religion is to make people follow it. It does not follow the world or the desires of people.Today, Islam is the religion and the Qur’an is the book which is a guide for all of mankind for all times, under the condition that man has the ability to comprehend it. december 2015 | The Review of Religions 27
  • 28. This is a natural consequence of moving away from the Creator. Naturally, when we move away from God Almighty, Who is the Creator and Master, then this should be and in fact is the obvious result: receiving some form of punish- ment from God Almighty.However,only God Almighty knows and He is a better judge of the punishment which will be given in the hereafter for their actions. But God Almighty is never pleased by punishing His creation. When God Almighty sees His creation treading upon the right path and avoiding dis- order, He is happier than a mother who rejoices to find her child after his being lost in dreadful circumstances.A mother searches for her child like an insane per- son and walks around in both hope and despair, wondering whether the child is alive or not.Then,suddenly she finds and embraces him. However, God Almighty loves His creation even more than this. When a man moves towards Him, God is happier than [that mother]. It is as a result of this love that God Almighty sends His prophets and messengers to reform the world and show them the right path, so that the world is saved from destruction and becomes safe from the punishment due to wrong deeds and disorderliness. God Almighty desires to save His people from falling into the pit of fire, and not only desires to save them from falling into the pit of fire but also to favour them with His rewards. Regarding these circumstances and this era, the Promised Messiahas states that: 28 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 29. “At this moment in time people yearn for spiritual water and yet the earth is com- pletely barren and lifeless. This has become the embodiment of an era whereby Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015 t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ [3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42. Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$# [1] ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ [6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Baqarah, Verse 265. $¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù [10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah Muhammad, Verse 5. ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ [14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Shu’ara’, Verse 4. ‘Corruption has spread on land and sea.’[6] The jungle and sea have become cor- rupt. The ‘jungle’ is understood to be the disbelievers and the ‘sea’ is understood to be the people of the book. It can also mean ignorant people and knowledgeable people. Hence, there is disorder in every section of society. Whichever aspect or facet you look at the world we see it is transformed. Spirituality no longer exists and nor is its impact visible any longer. Whether young or old, all are engulfed in immorality. It appears that the worship of God and the knowledge of His being have been completely extinguished. Right now it is necessary for heavenly water and the [spiritual] radiance of prophethood to descend and enlighten those “God Almighty loves His creation even more than this. When a man moves towards Him, God is happier than [that mother]. It is as a result of this love that God Almighty sends His prophets and messengers to reform the world and show them the right path.” december 2015 | The Review of Religions 29
  • 30. hearts which are willing. Express gratitude to God Almighty! For He has sent His spir- itual light in this day and age through His Grace. There are few, however, who derive benefit from this spiritual light.”[7] Thus,in order to save humanity,God the Exalted acts according to His Sunnah [way]. He continues to send His mes- sengers in order to guide mankind and to show them ways of safeguarding them- selves from disorders. In this era He has sent the Promised Messiahas [Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas of Qadian]. The current state of the world shows that the state of the Muslims has deteriorated – one of the speakers also mentioned this with reference to a certain country – and so too have [deteriorated] the followers of other faiths and also those who do not follow any religion.The world is running towards what it thinks is water.However, it is not water—it is a mirage. The true water and spiritual light is that which has been sent down by God Almighty. The Muslim world and the rest of the The disorder in the Muslim world--including the bloodshed and other extremist acts in the name of religion, God or the Prophet--are apparent to all.The injustices of the governments on their people and also the rebellious attitude of the people of the country and their injustices is a proof of this. the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 30 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 31. world should be thankful and should be guided by this spiritual light and drink from this oasis. Instead, they are immersed in darkness and drinking from dirty ponds.Unfortunately,the Muslims are not showing any regard for the true servant of the Holy Prophetsa , [the Promised Messiahas ].Thinking the dirty water to be clean, they follow the teach- ings of malicious scholars.Others are also making excuses instead of recognising the true faith; consequently, the world today is completely abandoning faith. They are totally denying the existence of God Almighty. Though the major- ity of Muslims are firm in their faith to the extent of claiming [themselves to be Muslims] or in their dogma; however,the ‘Ulema [scholars] have profoundly spoilt their education and practice by blinding their intellect. This is not an accusation which I am levelling against them; rather this is the truth which is visible to all.The disorder in the Muslim world--includ- ing the bloodshed and other extremist acts in the name of religion, God or the Prophet--are apparent to all. The injus- tices of the governments on their people and also the rebellious attitude of the people of the country and their injus- tices is a proof of this.When the general public seeks guidance from its ‘Ulema [scholars] they find in them nothing but their selfish desires. We can see how the words of the Holy Prophetsa were fulfilled to the absolute letter when he said that apart from disorder nothing else would be found emanating from these schol- ars.There would be contradiction in their Anti-Assad protests in Baniyas, April 2011, during the Syrian Civil War. © Anthony Correia | Shutterstock december 2015 | The Review of Religions 31
  • 32. speech and action and apart from igno- rance and discord, nothing else will be gained from them.[8] Thus, the statements and behaviour of today’s ‘Ulema [scholars]are in fact proof of the Holy Prophet’ssa truthfulness. Further, Muslims have generally fallen victim to moral degeneration and the decline in their faith is also quite evident. The state of the general Muslims would be quite obvious when the ‘Ulema [schol- ars] are themselves so ignorant and pass edicts based on their self-interest. For their own interests, these ‘Ulema have distorted the teachings of Islam to such an extent that it has even become permis- sible according to them to usurp the rights of others. Such kinds of edicts are very common in Pakistan now, because Ahmadis are considered to be outside the pale of Islam. Despite the fact that they read and can continue reading Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015 t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ [3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42. Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$# [1] ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ [6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Baqarah, Verse 265. $tΒšχ%x.@cÉ<oΨÏ9βr&tβθä3tƒÿ…ã&s!3“u)ó r& 4®Lymš∅Ï‚÷WヒÎûÇÚö‘F{$# [9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68. [there is none worthy of worship except Allah; Muhammadsa is the messenger of Allah] and since they are not a part of Islam,it is hence permissible to loot and seize their property.Yet,they themselves are split into different sects and the fires of hatred are smouldering. Allah the Exalted states that they are Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015  [9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Fath, Verse 30.  [15] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91 “tender among themselves.”[9] However,let alone displaying love and brotherhood, deep hatred for one another is thriving among them. Thus, this is evidence that a state of corruption exists amongst the Muslims too. And at such a time, it was a requisite of the mercy of Allah the Exalted’s mercy,that He should send His messenger. And indeed, in keeping with His tradition and promise, he was sent by Allah the Exalted.However,as I men- tioned earlier, that instead of accepting him, the ‘Ulema [scholars] mislead the Muslims and have also increased [the Muslims] in their opposition to him. Rather than answering and hearkening to the call of the one who came and ful- filled the instruction of Allah the Exalted As far as the teachings of Islam are concerned, they form the basis of peace, security and reconciliation which is unmatched by any other teaching.Those who speak against Muslims should remember that by saying this they are adding further fuel to these so-called Islamic extremist groups. the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 32 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 33. and His Prophet, and trying to become a unified Ummah, they have become embroiled in disorder,discord and blood- shed among themselves and are also having a negative impact on the rest of the world.That is why the opposing non- Muslim powers are able to take advantage of the weakened state of the Muslims. They are levelling allegations against Islam and attacking it.They are labelling Islam as a religion of chaos,disorder and extremism.They seek to prove that world peace and harmony can only be estab- lished by non-Muslims and those who have moved away from religion.However, these powers do not voice this openly,but are carrying out their schemes and ploys in a rather shrewd manner. On the one hand they claim to show sympathy and seek to forge peaceful relations with Muslims by offering their services to eradicate the chaos and disorder from the Muslim world. And on the other hand they state that neither the religion of Islam nor Muslims are bad; Islam does not teach terrorism and transgression and that we should all seek to work together to end the world’s disorder,which appears to be more prevalent in the Muslim world. However, on the other side, they also suggest there is a connection between Islam, terrorism and violence. They also say that the extremism is due to the teachings of Islam.They want to appease the powers who oppose Islam as well as the Muslims by telling one leader to say one thing while at the same time telling the others to say the complete opposite. We say to such people that as far as the teachings of Islam are concerned, they form the basis of peace,security and rec- onciliation which is unmatched by any other teaching.Those who speak against Muslims should remember that by saying this they are adding further fuel to these so-called Islamic extremist groups. By making such statements,they are playing a role in inciting [those] Muslims who are less educated and frustrated because of their circumstances. Peace cannot be The Holy Qur’an, which is the sacred text of Islam, outlines the path towards world peace, harmony and justice. © BEGY Production | Shutterstock december 2015 | The Review of Religions 33
  • 34. established by blaming religion; rather, it can only be achieved by campaign- ing against transgression and injustice while keeping religion aside. Success is only attainable if they play their role by campaigning against wrongdoing and oppression.Therefore,those who belong to the superpowers as well as the gov- ernment leaders need to establish their strategies and policies upon justice.There is no doubt that a worldly person does not possess spiritual sight and therefore only sees things from a worldly perspec- tive; the apparent efforts being made for establishing peace are in fact becom- ing a cause for the disorder. Therefore the superpowers should not take pride in their power. If we seek to establish peace then the worldly powers will have to change their attitude or otherwise the world will become enveloped in vio- lence and wars,with even greater severity. Similarly, Muslims must also listen to the voice of God the Exalted, and need to examine the so-called slogans raised by their pseudo-scholars, and the lead- ers and organisations in light of those standards contained in God Almighty’s teaching.They should see how beautiful the teaching of Islam is! They should try to understand what God expects from them. Allah the Exalted wants them to look to the one who He has sent.When this happens mutual differences will come to an end and love,friendship and justice will be established instead.Muslims will become a united Ummah and as a result they will attain freedom and deliverance from the clutches of enslavement from non-Muslim powers. We should always remember that the Western or secular education and sys- tem are not the guarantors for creating peace and security in the world and nor can they ever be so. The guarantor for creating world peace and security are the teachings of Islam which were neither presented by any religion before Islam nor are they found in any other philos- ophy, -ism and system in this day and age. Indeed it is the beautiful teachings of Islam which guarantee creating peace and security in the world. Peace cannot be established by blaming religion; rather, it can only be achieved by campaigning against transgression and injustice while keeping religion aside. the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 34 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 35. Therefore today,instead of the non-Mus- lim powers showing us the way to peace and security, we need to show them the true path of peace and justice in light of the Islamic teachings. This teach- ing manifests its splendour in the short verse that I have just recited. Hence, as opposed to adopting a defensive stance, each and every Muslim should consider putting this remarkable teaching before the world as a challenge.Therefore,today I will also state some things in light of this teaching which was revealed to the Holy Prophetsa 1400 years ago.The Holy Prophetsa along with his Rightly Guided Khulafa [Caliphs] and some of the self- less leaders of the state,who felt the pain of the Ummah, adhered to this teaching and practised it and thereby established a beautiful society. I also do not deny the fact that a veil was put over this beautiful teaching afterwards among the majority of the governments,due to the selfish attitudes and the personal interests of Islamic lead- ers and scholars.However,as I said,Allah the Exalted sends his prophets and cho- sen people in every era of disorder and corruption for the guidance of mankind. He also sent the Promised Messiahas , who clearly expounded upon this beau- tiful teaching and familiarised us with its beauty. He announced that there was a twofold purpose for my advent: firstly, to unite man with Allah the Exalted and to draw the attention [of man] towards fulfilling the rights of God; secondly,the purpose of his advent was to make one fulfil the rights of fellow human beings.[10] Hence, Islam draws our attention towards fulfilling these two rights and we must examine this in the light of the teaching of the Holy Qur’an. As I said, in light of this verse of the Holy Qur’an, we can observe how the high- est standards of [fulfilling] these rights The guarantor for creating world peace and security are the teachings of Islam which were neither presented by any religion before Islam nor are they found in any other philosophy, -ism and system in this day and age. Indeed it is the beautiful teachings of Islam which guarantee creating peace and security in the world. december 2015 | The Review of Religions 35
  • 36. can be established in the world and the establishment of equality,justice,love and brotherhood. We also observe how well the Holy Prophetsa demonstrated this to us through his own practical example. Even in this era, we see how, through this verse, the person who was sent by Allah the Exalted guided us regarding how one should fulfil both these types of rights. The Promised Messiahas states that: There are two overarching command- ments of the Holy Qur’an: firstly, unity, love and obedience of the Creator, glory be to His name; secondly,compassion for one’s brothers and fellow human beings. Furthermore, He has split these com- mands into three stages. With reference to the verse of the Holy Qur’an, Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015 t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ [3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42. Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$# [1] ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ [6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Baqarah, Verse 265. $¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù [10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah Muhammad, Verse 5. ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ [14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others;and giving like kindred.”[11] the Promised Messiahas comments that in the first instance, the meaning of this verse is that one should display justice in the relationship of obedience with his Creator and should abstain from becoming unjust.Hence,just as in reality, besides Him no one is worthy of worship, no one is worthy of love and no one is worthy of trust because every single right belongs to Him,due to His exclusivity of being the Creator, the Sustainer and the Lord.(It is He who created us,He grants us life and sustenance and He it is Who provides us the means of growth.Hence, this is His right alone.) Similarly,you too should not associate anyone with Him in His worship, in His love and in His Lordship. If you manage to do as much, then this is ‘Adl (justice),and the demon- stration of which is obligatory upon you. If you wish to progress further then there is the stage of Ihsan (doing good to oth- ers).That [stage] is for you to become so convinced of His Greatness,to become so disciplined in your worship before Him and to become so absorbed in His love, as if you have seen His Majesty, Glory and His infinite Beauty. After this is the stage of Iita-e-Dhil Qurba (giving like kindred). And that [stage] is, for your worship, your love and your obedience to become completely free from pretence and superficiality and for you to remem- ber Him with such intimate friendship as you remember your fathers. Your love for Him should become like the love a child holds for his beloved mother.In the second instance, in terms of compassion for mankind,the meaning of this verse is the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 36 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 37. for you to treat your brothers and fellow humans with justice and not to exceed in taking from them what is due to you (do try to take your rights but do not try to take more than you are due) and estab- lish yourself upon justice. If you wish to progress further from this stage,then the next stage is Ihsan (doing good to others). And this [stage] is when you do good in exchange of a wrong committed by your brother and for you to grant him com- fort in exchange for his abuse and to help him, out of compassion and love. After this, is the stage of Iita-e-Dhil Qurba (giving like kindred) and that is, that whatever good deed you do for your brother, or whatever good you do for mankind should not be considered as a favour in any way. Rather, it should be done simply owing to one’s natural urge and without any ulterior motive (whatever deed you carry out should be done without thinking that you are doing a favour to someone. It should be done without such a thought). It should be done in a manner that is similar to when a relative acts good towards another rela- tive on account of his close relation.This is the ultimate stage of moral develop- ment, whereby one shows sympathy to the creation but without any personal interest, or motive. In fact, the passion one has for his brother or close one develops to such a high degree that he naturally does the deed,without any rea- son,or any kind of gratitude,prayer or its end result.[12] Thus unless one develops an understand- ing of fulfilling both these rights, the claims of establishing justice and equal- ity will simply remain as mere claims. Man-made laws do not exceed beyond ‘Adl [justice] and the world thinks that by establishing ‘Adl [justice] they have overcome all stages for the establish- ment of peace and have thus acquired all that which they set out to acquire; however injustices still exist here as well. The requisites of ‘Adl [justice] cannot be fulfilled when there are personal inter- ests involved.This is true among the rich as well as the poor [parts of the] world. The most they can do is to try and do Ihsaan [doing of good to others] but not because the Ihsan is part of their duty, which is why afterwards they remind the person about their favours upon them. We also generally observe in the world, that out of compassion when one even thinks of offering someone more than their right, they stipulate various con- ditions. Nowadays this is commonly observed in the dealings and practices of the major governments. There are december 2015 | The Review of Religions 37
  • 38. various conditions attached when help is offered to poorer countries. However, Islam teaches that such help after which approbation is sought or one is given injury, is not a virtuous deed. Thus, it states: [3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42. Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$# [1] ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. Ÿω(#θè=ÏÜö7è?Νä3ÏG≈s%y‰|¹Çdyϑø9$$Î/3“sŒF{$#uρ [6] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Baqarah, Verse 265. $tΒšχ%x.@cÉ<oΨÏ9βr&tβθä3tƒÿ…ã&s!3“u)ó r& 4®Lymš∅Ï‚÷WヒÎûÇÚö‘F{$# [9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68. ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ [14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “…render not vain your alms by reproach and injury…”[13] Explaining this, the Promised Messiahas states that: “O ye who extend favours to others! Do not ruin your alms which ought to be on the basis of sincerity, by reproach and injury.”[14] Thus, if the heart is devoid of sincerity and devotion then such alms and aid no longer become a charitable act.The world cannot even entertain the thought of Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015  [9] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Fath, Verse 30.  [15] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. “giving like kindred.”[15] As I mentioned earlier, man-made laws cannot go beyond ’Adl [justice] and even then they are just limited to speech because they are ruined by all kinds of conditions which are attached to them. However, God Almighty enjoins you to do justice,and the doing of good to oth- ers and giving like kindred; and to fulfil the requisites of justice and equality.Your acts of benevolence should not be fol- lowed with any kind of suffering or pain. Also, you should not just consider ‘Adl and Ihsaan to be the ultimate stage, rather, “giving like kindred” should also be kept in view, and you should afford sympathy to others without any personal motive.You should feel the pain of others as if it is your own pain; such is the con- dition that will make you a Momin [true believer]. How great are the commandments revealed by God Almighty and the laws designed by Him! Whereby one cannot be a guarantor of true peace unless one becomes selfless in setting the standards of justice, compassion and love.This is a teaching that enables one to reach the pinnacle in fulfilling the rights of oth- ers. With regards to compassion for the creation of God Almighty and establish- ing peace, let alone man-made laws, no religion can present such a teaching and nor has any religion ever presented it in the past. It is only the teaching of Islam that stands above all others in relation to fulfilling the rights of others and estab- lishing peace. If anyone who ascribes himself as Muslim, or any Islamic gov- ernment or any other group formed in the name of Islam acts contrary to this teaching or carries out extremist acts, the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 38 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 39. then they are acting against the teaching of the Holy Qur’an. Islam has enjoined its followers to adhere to this teaching for all people and in all circumstances. A wrongful act committed in the name of Islam cannot stand as an argument to suggest that Islam permits a license to commit wrong acts.The critics of Islam, who consider themselves to be the stand- ard-bearers of justice and peace, should also be just when presenting their views. Those leaders or politicians of the West, who give statements that they cannot deny there to be some link between the teaching of Islam and extremism, do so owing to their lack of knowledge or simply because they are unjust in their views. They fail to recognise their own actions whereby under the pretence of justice,they in fact completely obliterate it and perpetrate all kinds of injustices. I do not need to give my personal opin- ion on this because their own writers have unveiled the reality of their jus- tice and establishing peace. An article, ‘The West’s Libyan Legacy’ by John Wight says,“Out of the many examples of Western military campaigns in recent times, none has been more grievous or disastrous than NATO’s 2011 intervention in Libya, which only helped turn the country into a failed state.” NATO’s intervention “ush- ered in crisis and chaos as Libyan society promptly fragmented and broke down into the tribal, sectarian, and brutal internecine conflict that has turned a once-functioning state and society into a dystopia into which Islamic State (IS) has gained a foothold...” he further writes that “There were no terrorist training camps in Libya prior to NATO’s military intervention.” The West was not motivated by the desire to help effect democratic change, but to ensure that the extensive and lucrative oil explo- ration and economic ties were forged.[16] Thus, this is a glimpse of the injus- tices carried out in the name of peace It is only the teaching of Islam that stands above all others in relation to fulfilling the rights of others and establishing peace. If anyone who ascribes himself as Muslim, or any Islamic government or any other group formed in the name of Islam acts contrary to this teaching or carries out extremist acts, then they are acting against the teaching of the Holy Qur’an. december 2015 | The Review of Religions 39
  • 40. and justice. Similarly, many people have written extensively about the war in Iraq being wrong and on various other injus- tices. However, the teachings of Islam, which they criticise, in fact consider ‘Adl [justice] as the most basic of virtuous deeds. ‘Adl is not a great deed; rather, Islam considers it as the most basic form of a good deed, while they [the West] raise slogans of justice and equality and deem it as a great deed. If they were to adhere to this we may still say that the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? An image illustrating Libyan oil fields and pipelines in 2011. © Wiki Commons 40 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 41. considering they are worldly people,this indeed is a great deed for them, but as I have mentioned before, their standards of ‘Adl [justice] change when it comes to their personal interests. Islam sets forth a beautiful standard for establishing ‘Adl, as it states:     [1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.   . [2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.      [8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.   [9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.  [10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.     [11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.  [13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “O ye who believe! Be steadfast in the cause of Allah, bearing witness in equity; and let not a people’s enmity incite you to act other- wise than with justice. Be always just, that is nearer to righteousness. And fear Allah. Surely, Allah is Aware of what you do.”[17] This is the beautiful teaching of Islam, that one must not make false justifica- tions even in enmity. Qawaam means to carry out a task properly and con- sistently. Therefore, a Muslim has been commanded to always carry out jus- tice both properly and consistently and to remember to carry out all his works while keeping the commandments of God Almighty in view. A Momin [true believer] should fulfil the requisites of justice by dwelling deep into the intrica- cies of God Almighty’s commandments. A Momin [true believer] should always be mindful of God Almighty’s com- mandments and remain in search of them – when this state develops only then can one be deemed a true Muslim. Always remember the commandment of God Almighty regarding justice, by which a people’s enmity should not steer you away from justice. God Almighty not only enjoins Muslims to deal with justice and fairness with the enemy,but also instructs us to increase in our virtuous deeds. As the columnist has written, the war in Libya or the deposition of Gaddafi was purely due to economic factors; it was to gain a firm grip on oil revenue.However, the teaching of the Holy Qur’an which they have criticised as promoting extrem- ism, in fact states that one should not look at the wealth of others with envy. I mentioned this in the USA before the politicians and one of the politicians, who was an African-American, came to me and said that what you have men- tioned,i.e.,not to look at another person’s wealth with envy and not to derive any unlawful benefit from it, is a very true and accurate statement, which we are in need of here.Thus,when this is their own state,how can these people then criticise december 2015 | The Review of Religions 41
  • 42. Islam? As I quoted earlier,even their own journalists (I mentioned just one earlier) have now begun to write that it is due to their war in Iraq and unjust policies which have led to the emergence of some Muslim extremist groups. What justice was demonstrated in the Second World War when atom bombs were dropped on two cities in Japan massacring innocent civilians? What human sympathy was demonstrated then and what has hap- pened now for this issue to arise once again? Even today they speak about this incident. However, instead of say- ing that it was wrong and it should not have happened, they show no remorse for their actions. Clifton Truman, who is the grandson of President Truman [former President of the United States] in an interview said regarding the atom bombs that they were a great thing. He said referring to his grandfather, that he ended the war. He said they saved hun- dreds of thousands of lives on both sides and that is what his grandfather said was his reason for the decision. He also said that he did not feel that the US ever needed to apologise to Japan. Another columnist wrote in the Daily Telegraph on the 9th of August, that it was justifi- able to drop atom bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the at the expense of human lives.So this is their attitude and their view.This is their justice.Although the war is fought between soldiers,inno- cent children,the elderly and women are the ones who die! They seek to contrive all kinds of justifications. However, if an Islamic group is guilty of any wrong actions they immediately attach its blame to the teaching of Islam.The teaching of Islam, in fact, is one that enjoins justice and the doing of good to others; and giv- ing like kindred in all instances.It rejects all forms of injustices and acts of rebel- lion.The Holy Qur’an enjoins justice and the example of one who adhered to the Holy Qur’an the most, is to be found in the Holy Prophetsa . A Jew once came to the Holy Prophetsa to settle a dispute and lodged a complaint against a Muslim. After listening to both parties, the Holy the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? What justice was demonstrated in the Second World War when atom bombs were dropped on two cities in Japan massacring innocent civilians? What human sympathy was demonstrated then and what has happened now for this issue to arise once again? 42 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 43. Prophetsa passed the verdict against the Muslim and in favour of the Jew.[18] Today,we observe at both a personal level as well as at a governmental one, loans are taken yet all sorts of excuses are pre- sented when it comes to paying it back. However, when we observe the example of the Holy Prophetsa which in fact is the true reflection of the teachings of Islam, we find that that not only did he repay the loan before it was due, but he would return more than the actual sum he had borrowed due to his benevolence. A reference to wars was made earlier,God Almighty states regarding prisoner of wars: Wrecked framework of the Museum of Science and Industry in Hiroshima, Japan. This is how it appeared shortly after the dropping of the first atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. © Everett Historical | Shutterstock Hiroshima after the atomic bombing of August 6, 1945. The city was located on a flat river delta, with few obstructions to the contain the blast of the nuclear explosion detonated on August 6, 1945. © Everett Historical | Shutterstock Hiroshima about a month after the Atomic Bombing of August 6, 1945. View from roof of Chamber of Commerce building. Some people walk amid the ruins. Ca. Sept.-Oct. 1945. © Everett Historical | Shutterstock december 2015 | The Review of Religions 43
  • 44.   [1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.   . [2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.      [8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.   [9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.  [10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.    [11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.  [13] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “It does not behove a Prophet that he should have captives until he engages in a regular fighting in the land.”[19] At a time when it was a common practice to imprison the people of an enemy tribe, it was Islam that spoke out against it.It is asserted that to imprison someone who has not taken up arms against Islam is in fact against justice and fairness. Today, if any government or so-called govern- ment conducts this practice in the name of Islam,it is totally contrary to its teach- ings and is not permissible. Regarding prisoners of wars,Islam states: [8] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Ma’idah, Verse 9.   [9]Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Anfal, Verse 68.  [10] Holy Qur’an, Surah Mohammad, Verse 5.“Then afterwards either release them as a favour or by taking ransom.”[20] Furthermore,kind treatment is extended towards prisoners of war. In the days when such wars broke out, every soldier was responsible for his own military equipment and also for his own free- dom if he were captured.And so,[in the instance of becoming a captive] either he would himself try or his relatives would make efforts to make the arrangements for his release. At times, certain relatives would become hard-hearted and in order to accumulate more wealth they would simply leave their relative in captivity. If the prisoner did not have any close relatives then distant relatives would act in this manner. At times an individual would not have the means to pay the ran- som.Thus, the Holy Qur’an states: Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015     [1] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91.   . [2] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42.     [11] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nur, Verse 34.  “And such as desire a deed of manumission in writing from among those whom your right hand possesses, write it for them if the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? Islam goes to such lengths that even if someone from one’s enemies takes part in a war and draws the sword against Muslims, and then is imprisoned due to defeat or any other reason, Islam teaches that Muslims should find means to procure his freedom out of a sense of compassion. 44 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 45. you know any good in them; and give them out of the wealth of Allah which He has bestowed upon you.”[21] In other words, among the prisoners of wars there will be some whom you can neither release as a favour, nor can they be freed them by their own people paying their ransom.However,if they seek their freedom by earning it through their own skills or talents and thus become able to pay their ransom, then they should be freed, providing it is felt that they will be able to earn a livelihood if set free. In fact, [the Holy Qur’an] goes one step further and enjoins doing good to such prisoners by stating that one should also contribute towards their efforts.Muslims should make a contribution from their own wealth and through financial sup- port they should try to liberate them. Today, those who raise the slogans for justice and fairness do not come anywhere near demonstrating such standards. Certain groups who work for human rights claim to do this kind of work but they cannot even achieve the release of those who have been impris- oned because of their faith or political factors, let alone prisoners of war. As I mentioned earlier, the Muslims have forgotten their religious teachings. If they closely reflect over their teachings, they would never imprison people the way they are doing without justification and thereby bring the name of Islam into disrepute.Nonetheless,we were discuss- ing the teaching of Islam and in order to restore the rights of one’s freedom,Islam goes to such lengths that even if someone from one’s enemies takes part in a war and draws the sword against Muslims, and then is imprisoned due to defeat or any other reason, Islam teaches that Muslims should find means to procure his freedom out of a sense of compassion. I mentioned earlier how the atom bombs that were dropped in Japan, causing the death of many civilians,is still being jus- tified today. If one looks at the images from that time, they show how a person sitting on a set of stairs became a statue after his skin melted and hung almost instantly. Though there were deaths instantaneously, fatalities continued to occur for a long time afterwards due to the effects of radiation and children were born with disabilities.Now,after so many years, why are they bringing up the sub- ject of the war in Japan and atom bombs? Do they want to incite those who com- mit injustices? The Holy Prophetsa stated that if one december 2015 | The Review of Religions 45
  • 46. overpowered the enemy during war,even then they were not permitted to disfig- ure their faces.The enemy was not to be deceived in a state of war, nor was any kind of deception allowed in war.[22] No children or women were to be killed and nor were any priests or religious lead- ers.The elderly,children and women were not to be attacked.[23] Peace and compassion would always be kept in view. If because of the enemy’s oppression, one had to go the enemy’s country for war, then they should not cause fear and terror among the general public and neither treat them harshly.[24] The movement of the army should not cause any hindrance or disturbance to the general population either.[25] The enemy should not be subjected to any disfigurement of the face and the least possible harm should be caused to them.[26] If a Muslim is guilty of being unlawfully harsh to any prisoner of war then he must immediately free him.[27] Consideration was to be given to the care and comfort of the prisoners; if any of the prisoners were related to one another then they should be kept together and not be separated.[28] Whoever had any prisoners must feed them with the same food he ate him- self. How can all of this be described? All of this exceeded beyond justice and in fact was Ihsaan [doing of good to others]. Who extends such treatment to prisoners? Never have any previous teachings been able to match this teaching and nor do today’s laws of human rights compare to this high standard of ‘Adl and Ihsaan. All of the points that I have mentioned regarding prisoners is with the aim of not prolonging wars,but rather stopping them. When the Holy Prophetsa formed the Covenant of Madinah, he afforded the Jews the same rights that Muslims enjoyed. They would not be treated unjustly by any Momin [true believer] and if any injustice was carried out against them by any Momin or by any- one else, they would be granted help in countering it.[29] Among many of the conditions [of the covenant], this particular condi- tion was guarantor of peace for the Jews – whether they stayed in the city the blame game: is religion truly the cause of disorder in the world today? 46 The Review of Religions | december 2015
  • 47. of Madinah or went outside of it. This is the justice which was established by the Holy Prophetsa . If Muslims seek to attain this standard [of justice] and fulfil their covenants, then they would never have to face humiliation. The history of the Muslims shows that as long as they fulfilled their covenants they continued to succeed. However, the moment they stopped fulfilling their covenants and relinquished justice, they were humili- ated. A great example of fulfilling one’s covenant was when the Muslim army had to retreat due to the Roman army’s attack. The Muslims returned the tax taken from the non-Muslims of that area and said that they took this tax in order to protect them and establish peace in the area.However,because they could no longer do that, therefore they were not its rightful owners anymore.The response and the reaction of the people from that area is equally a golden chapter in human history,and one that should be written in lustrous terms.They responded that they had become the target of oppression from the people of their own religion; however, Muslims went there and took over and amazed them by fulfilling their covenants and establishing such high standards of justice.They said that now,we shall fight along with you. So, the Muslims were able to fend off the Roman army and the [Muslim] government was re-estab- lished.When the Muslims re-entered the city,they were given an exuberant recep- tion by its people.[30] If only Muslim governments could take a lesson from this. If they stop the injustices upon their own people and on others, they will become the leaders of the world, instead of being humiliated and disgraced.However, for this to hap- pen they must hearken to the call from the Imam of the age. The Holy Qur’an contains countless injunctions regarding the subject of justice, and the doing of good to others and giving like kindred. The life of the Holy Prophetsa is also full of such examples. In this age, there are many references of these in the writings of the Promised Messiahas too,elaborat- ing on this specific verse Concluding Address by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih Vaba at Jalsa Salana UK 2015 t!yγsßߊ$|¡x&ø9$#’ÎûÎh)y9ø9$#Ì!óst7ø9$#uρ [3] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Rum, Verse 42. Iωtµ≈s9Î))ωÎ)ª!$#Ó‰£ϑpt’ΧãΑθß™§‘«!$# [1] ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [5] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. $¨ΒÎ*sù$CΖtΒ߉÷èt/$¨ΒÎ)uρ¹!#y‰Ïù [10] Holy 0 Qur’an, Surah Muhammad, Verse 5. ¨βÎ)©!$#ã!ãΒù'tƒÉΑô‰yèø9$$Î/Ç≈|¡ômM}$#uρÇ›!$tGƒÎ)uρ “ÏŒ4†n1ö!à)ø9$# [12] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al-Nahl, Verse 91. y7¯=yès9ÓìÏ‚≈t/y7|¡ø&¯Ρ)ωr&(#θçΡθä3tƒtÏΖÏΒ÷σãΒ [14] Holy Qur’an, Surah Al- Shu’ara’, Verse 4. “Verily, Allah enjoins justice, and the doing of good to others; and giving like kin- dred…”– if one were to read them all, it could take hours.[31] Here,I would also like to present another expression of the Holy Prophet’ssa desire of ‘giving like kindred’to men who have december 2015 | The Review of Religions 47