1. The Unification of China Chapter 9 Overview

2. SimaQian Disgraced Chinese historian Wrote accounts of early imperial China

3. In Search of Political and Social Order Zhou Dynasty brings political confusion Period of Warring States Legalists, Daoists, Confucians

4. Confucius Chinese thinker who addressed problem of political and social order Aristocratic family Educator and political advisor Analects

5. Confucian Ideas Moral, ethical, political and practical Focused on proper ordering of human relationships Educated and conscientious rulers – junzi Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts

6. Confucian Values Strong moral integrity Ren– kindness and humanity Li – propriety, appropriate behavior Xiao – filial piety, respect in the family Traits lead to development of junzi – ideal leaders Self control Junzicould bring order to China

7. Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.) Confucian scholar Human nature basically good Encouraged support of education, avoid wars, light taxes, harmony and cooperation Not influential at the time Authority since 10th century C.E.

8. Xunzi (298 – 238 B.C.E.) Career as government administrator Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity Compare with Mencius Emphasis on li, rigid propriety Discipline, standards of conduct

9. Daosim Critics of Confucian activism Pointless to waste time and energy on problems Focus on understanding fundamental nature of the world Believed this approach would bring harmony

10. Laozi and the Daodejing Founder in 6th century B.C.E. The Daodejing(Classic of Way and of Virtue) Zhuangzi (named for author, 369-236 BCE)

11. The Dao The way (of nature, cosmos) It is nothing, yet accomplishes everything Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock Cavity of pots, wheels: nonexistent, but essential

12. The Doctrine of Wuwei Attempt to control universe results in chaos Restore order by disengagement No advanced education No ambition Simple living in harmony with nature Cultivate self-knowledge

13. Political Implications of Daosim Less government Tiny communities instead of expansive empires Neither Confucianism nor Daoism exclusive faiths Confucianism as public doctrine Daoism as private pursuit Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both

14. Legalism Problems persisted during Warring States Period 3rd school of thought Emphasis on development of the state Ruthless approach to state building Unconcerned with ethics and morals, natural laws

15. Shang Yang (390-338 B.C.E.) Chief minister to the duke of the Qin state Feared for his power and ruthlessness Enemies executed him, mutilated body, annihilated family

16. Han Feizi (280-233 B.C.E.) Student of Xunzi Collection of essays on legalist ideas Forced to commit suicide by legalist opponents.

17. Legalist Doctrine State strengths: agriculture and military Channeled people into military or cultivation Adhere to clear, strict laws Severe punishment for minor infractions– deterrence

18. Impact of Legalism Practical Put an end to the Period of the Warring States Ends justifies the means Influenced Qin state Brought about unification of China

19. Unification of China

20. The Kingdom of Qin

21. Kingdom of Qin Qin dynasty develops, 4th-3rd centuries BCE Generous land grants under Shang Yang Private farmers decrease power of large landholders Increasing centralization of power Improved military technology Qin state attacked one state after another Eventually brought China under control of one single state for the first time.

22. The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi proclaims himself emperor in 221 B.C.E. Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy Long term influence

23. First Emperor China divided into administrative provinces and districts Disarmed regional militaries Built roads – communication and control Build defensive walls with drafted labor Massive public works Brought political stability

25. Resistance to Qin Policies Criticized by Confucians and Daosists Critics were executed Burned books on philosophy, ethics, literature and some history

26. Burning of Books 460 scholars who criticized Qin were buried alive Other critics sentenced to the army to fight in dangerous regions Some scholars hid texts Many works disappeared

27. Qin Centralization Standardized: Laws Currencies Weights and measures Building of roads, bridges Leads to tight knit society

28. Standardized Script Script Previously: single language written in distinct scripts Maintained different spoken languages

29. Tomb of the First Emperor Qin died in 210 B.C.E. Tom built by 700,000 draft laborers 15,000 Terra cota soldiers Slaves, concubines and craftsmen sacrificed

31. The Early Han Dynasty Qin dynasty quickly dissolved after his death Revolts began in 207 B.C.E. Ill will of laborers

32. Liu Bang Commander – restores order in 206 B.C.E Founder of new dynasty – Han Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) Interruption 9-23 CE Later Han (25-220 CE) Consolidated the tradition of centralized rule Ruled from Chang’an

33. Early Han Policies Liu Bang mixed Zhou and Qin policies Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy Created large landholdings; maintained control over administrative regions After failed rebellion, took more central control

34. The Martial Emperor, Han Wudi Greatest, most energetic Han ruler 141-87 B.C.E. Centralization and imperial expansion Increase authority and prestige of central government

35. Han Centralization Built enormous bureaucracy to administer empire Legalist ideals Imperial officers sent to administer provinces Build roads, canals Taxed agriculture, trade and crafts Monopolized iron and salt Enormous bureaucracy required educated individuals

36. The Confucian Education System 124 B.C.E. – Han Wudi establishes imperial university Prepare men for gov’t Confucian curriculum Ensured survival of Confucianism Enrolled over 3,000 30,000 by Later Han

37. Han Imperial Expansion Invaded northern Vietnam and Korea Ruled with Chinese-style government, Confucian values Confucianism influences education in Korea and Vietnam

38. The Xiongnu Nomadic people Central Asian steppes Raided villages and trade posts Maodun- greatest Xiongnu leader Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu

40. Han Expansion into Central Asia Han Wudi invades Central Asia with vast army 100,000 troops Xiongnu empire brought under military control Pacified area all the way to Bactria Xiongnu empire falls as a result of Han policies

42. From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

43. Productivity and Prosperity High agricultural production Craft industries Iron Silk

44. Patriarchal Social Order Filial piety – family first Han moralist enhance male authority – believed it was fundamental to stable society Classic of Filial Piety – subordination of women Admonitions of Women – Ban Zhao Emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, devotion to husbands

45. Iron Metallurgy Iron industry grows under Han Cultivators used iron shovels, picks, hoes, sickles and spades Craftsmen – iron utensils, pots, stoves, knives, needles, axes, hammer, saws Iron armor, sharper swords, spears and arrowheads

46. Silk Textiles Sericulture expands beyond Yellow River Chinese silk becomes prized commodity – leads to network of trade known as Silk Roads Cultivation of silkworms Breeding Diet control Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms

48. Population Growth Agricultural prosperity = demographic growth Taxes claimed small portion of production Surplus grain in state granaries often spoiled

49. Economic Social Difficulties Han Wudi’s expansion into Central Asia caused economic strain Xiongnu expeditions Agricultural colonies Han Wudi raises taxes, confiscates land from wealthy Actions discouraged investment

50. Social Tensions Gap between rich and poor grows Lived very different lifestyles Differences led to tensions Peasant organize rebellions

51. Land Distribution Poor harvest, taxes led to land loss for some Increase in slavery and tenant farmers Land holdings of wealthy grow Banditry rebellion Government on side of wealthy

52. The reign of Wang Mang (9-23 C.E.) Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE Takes power himself 9 CE Introduces massive reforms The “socialist emperor” Land redistribution, but poorly handled Social chaos ends in his assassination 23 CE

53. The Later Han Dynasty Han Dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control Centralized power regained Reorganized bureaucracy Controlled Xiongnu and Silk Roads

54. The Yellow Turban Uprising Social tensions not addressed in Later Han Dynasty Serious revolt throughout China in late second century C.E. Rebellions weakened the Han state

55. The Collapse of the Han Dynasty Imperial court developed factions Rivalries to protect self interests, influence Internal conflicts weakened central government Early 3rd century B.C.E. – central government disintegrates For 4 centuries, China divided into several large regional empires

56. Summary Qin – 14 years, opened new era in Chinese History Unification of rule Created a Chinese society Han Dynasty – over 400 years Centralized bureaucracy Technological innovation Spread Chinese culture