The document discusses chronic disease diagnosis through biosensors, focusing on diabetes mellitus. It describes how nanotechnology can enable improved glucose monitoring techniques like nano biosensors, fluorescent polymeric sensors, quantum dots, and nanorobots. These emerging techniques allow for less invasive or more continuous glucose monitoring compared to traditional fingerstick testing. The document also outlines current commercially available glucose biosensors using techniques like subdermal implants and smart contact lenses. Overall, the document examines how nanotechnology may help advance diagnosis and management of diabetes through novel glucose sensing applications.
Diagnosis of chronic disease through biosensors copy
1. DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE
THROUGH BIOSENSOR
Presented By:-
Mohammad Shahrukh
B.Tech 3rd year
Department of Biotechnology,
Bundelkhand University,
Jhansi
(DIABETES MELLITUS)
4. BIOSENSORS
A biosensor is analytical device which is used to
determine the presence of concentration of substance in
a biological analyte by converting a biological response
into an electrical signal.
BIORECEPTOR TRANSDUCER
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
DISPLAY
BIOSAMPLE
6. COMPONENTS OF BIOSENSORS
Bioreceptor Transducer
Antibody
Enzyme
Nucleic Acid (DNA)
Cell
MIP
Optical
Electrochemical
Mass based
Temperature based
potentiometric
amperometric
conductimetric
Electric &
Magnetic
Dielectric properties
Permeability properties
Voltage or Current
Fluorescence
Interference
Absorption
7. Chronic Diseases
Chronic disease are the type of disease that has long lasting
effect and could be persistent for years.
It accounts for the major cause of mortality and about 63%
death all over the world and 60% death in India.
Some the major chronic disease are cancer, asthma, arthritis,
diabetes, COPD, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS etc.
Nanotechnology is the field that has potential for early
diagnostic & advancement in treatment of Diabetes mellitus.
It is one of the worlds leading health care crisis.
9. Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetes mellitus is a group of disease that is
characterized by change in level of blood sugar(glucose)
resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action
or both.
• Around 150 millions are affected from this multifactorial
polygenic disease and no. is going to increase in coming
future.
10. Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes:-
• Pancreas does not produce insulin
• Usually diagnosed in children, teens, young adult.
• Approximately 10% of all cases of diabetes
• Onset rapid
Type 2 Diabetes:-
• Defects in insulin action, or not enough insulin production.
• Onset is gradual
• Controlled with low carbohydrate diet or oral antibiotic medication(stimulate
pancreas to secrete insulin)
Gestational diabetes:-
• Diabetes develop during pregnancy
• Typically goes away after pregnancy
• High risk for type II in life
11. Signs & Symptoms
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Excessive urination (polyuria)
• Increased frequency in eating (polyphagia)
• Recent loss of weight (without trying or dieting)
• Delayed healing in wounds
• Dry, itching skin
• Losing feeling or tingling in the feet
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
12. Critical values
• Hypoglycemia:- less than 30 mg/dl
(Intervention is needed when less than 80 in adults)
• Hyperglycemia:- Greater than 400 mg/dl
BG over 600 reads HI on most meters
• Normal ranges:-
New born 40-50 mg/dl
Infant ( upto 2 yr) 50-80 mg/dl
Child 60- 100 mg/dl
Adult 75 – 110 mg/dl
Older than (90 yr) 75 -120 mg/dl
(Davis comprehensive book of laboratotry and diagonostic- schnell,z.leeuwen. AM &
kranpitz,TR (2003) )
13. Is there a cure for Diabetes?
• There is no cure for diabetes.
• Goal of diabetes treatment is to control blood glucose
level and prevent diabetes complications.
• Type 1 diabetic must take insulin (oral insulin) to control
diabetes
• Type 2 diabetic may be able to control blood glucose by
diet adjustment and more exercises
In long term need medication(insulin) to control BGL
• Require constant monitoring of glucose level to maintain
appropriate glucose level
• Blood glucose level in the body are dynamic.
14. Prevalence of Diabetes
• Diabetes has evolved into the worlds leading healthcare
crisis
• China ranks 1st with 92.3 millions diabetics, 2nd India 62
million ,3rd Bangladesh 5.5 million & others are:-
• Srilanka 1.1 million
Nepal 5.06 lakh
Mauritius 1.4 lakh
Bhutan 22,362
Maldives 15908
15. Prevalence of diabetes in India
• India is presently home to 62 millions diabetics
• Nearly 34 millions people are affected in rural India and 28
millions in urban India
• 52% of Indians are unaware that they are suffering from HBS
• By 2030 India is expected to cross 100 million
17. Glucose monitoring techniques
Nanotechnology had contributed a lot in the field of
glucose monitoring and diabetes management
Some of the techniques are:-
1) Nano scale biosensors or nano biosensors
2) Fluorescent polymeric biosensors or “Smart tattoo”
3) Quantum dots
4) Nanorobots
18. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology has been incorporated into biosensors
using two primary approaches:-
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1st sensors are
designed using macro-
micro scale
components
2nd Nanofabrication
technique generate
glucose sensors that are
nanoscale in dimension
20. Nano biosensor
• Works on the principle of “electro chemical biosensors”
Entrapment of glucose oxidase enzyme
In polymers or membranes on a metal or carbon working electrode to be used
as a transducer
Transducer is linked with electron transporter
Liberation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the enzymatic reaction and
measured at working electrode surface
Biosensors incorporated with nano particles (gold, platinum, palladium
etc) improve the specificity and stability of detecting system
21. Advantages
• Small size
• High surface/volume ratio
• Enhanced optical properties
• Faster response & improved catalytic activity
• More efficient electron transfer from enzyme to electrode
For eg:-
Nano biosensors based on the property of fluoresence
signals such as FRET-(Forster resonance energy transfer).
23. Fluorescent polymeric nanosensor or “Smart tattoo”
• It involves biosensing through skin rather than having
electrode system implanted.
• In this glucose binding protein (boronic acid derivative) are
incorporated on micro surface layer through layer by layer
assembly of nano film to encapsulate the component.
for eg:- Polyethylene glycol
• The fluorescence property change in response to BGL &
this change can be noted based on optical interrogation
through skin.
24. Flowchart
Incorporated on
Bio sensing
Through
skin
Micro surface layer
Encapsulation
Component
eg:- Poly ethylene glycol
Fluorescence changes
Respect to BGLs
Optical interrogation
through skin
Glucose binding protein
(Boronic acid derivative)
25. • Smart tattoo are implanted into the skin like regular
tattoo but need to be replaced on time scale from weeks
to months
• Offer ability for continuous monitoring through skin with
a less invasive approach
Advantages
• Reduce the need to take blood sample
• Data collected in a more continuous manner
• Avoid complication of implanted devices
26. MIT news on “smart tattoo”
Tattoo may help diabetes track their blood sugar
Anne Trafton, MIT news office
May 28, 2010
Paul barone, a post doctrol researcher in MITs
Department of chemical engineering ,Barone &
Professor and Michael are working on carbon
Nanotubes that could be injected into the skin
to reveal blood glucose by injecting ink of nanoparticle
Into skin like tattoo.
For glucose reading the patient would wear a monitor
That shines near infrared light on the tattoo
& detecting the resulting fluorescence.
Graphic: Christine Daniloff
28. Quantum dots
• Quantum dots are the colloidal semiconductor nano
crystals of a few nanometers in diameter their size&
shape controlled during synthesis
• Synthesized from atom of group II-VI or III-V of periodic
table
• Such as calcium telluride or cadmium selinium forming
nano particles with florescent characteristics
29. Flow diagram
Quantum dot is incorporated with recognition for succesful implementation
Such as cadmium telluride (cdTe) with GOx to fabricate sensing system
Tethering the enzyme or forming nanofilm of cdTe or covered by nanofilm of GOx
The luminescence of these QDs is quenched byH2O2 generated by the enzyme
Allow rapid detection of glucose
30. Advantages
• Allows rapid optical detection of BGL
• Have ideal long term implantation (i.e. they will not
photobleach over time)
Disadvantages
• Fluorescent sensor based on quantum dots will be more
expensive than current electro-chemical sensor.
• Implantation into body requires stringent toxicity testing.
32. Nanorobots
• Nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to perform specific
task with a precision at nanoscale dimensions of few
nanometers (nm) or less.
• It work at atomic, molecular or cellular level to perform
task in medical & industrial field
33. Nanorobots hSGLT3 protein
Flow with
RBCs
RBCs
Nanorobots
maintain the
glucose level at
130 mg /dl
Small variation 30 mg/dl
change on medical prescription
Data transferred
automatically
through
RF Signal
Alarm
indicated
by
Ringing
cell phoneMedicines
Time for
taking
Flowchart
34. Advantages
• Has no side effects
• Operate freely inside body along blood stream
• It operates at specific site only
Disadvantages
• Initial design cost is very high
• Nanorobot design is very complicated
36. Finger stick Testing
• Most common method to monitor blood glucose
Procedure:-
Drop of blood is obtained with lancet
Blood sample placed on test strip
Test strip inserted in glucose meter to display BGL
• Some diabetics may have to perform
testing four or more times daily
37. Sub dermal implants
• Measures glucose in skin fluids
by implanting on skin.
• Sensors life span 72 hours
• Contact lens surface is
embedded with sensor
& microchip.
• Measure glucose in tear
fluid eye
Smart contact lens
Source-Google contact lens
Source RTS, Medtronic Inc
38. • Based on ultrasonic, electromagnetic
& heat capacity
• Spot measurement on ear clip
• Sensor life span (6 months
GlucoTrack (Integrity application)
Symphony (echo therapeutics)
• Advanced micro abrasion system
• Enhances the flow of interstitial fluid
& molecules across skin to transdermal
surface
• Sensor life span 24-48 hours
39. Conclusion
A Biosensor is a analytical device convert biological
response to electrical signal
Diabetes mellitus is disease occur due to insufficient
insulin production or action or both
Nanotechnology provides potential for early diagnosis of
diabetes
Main glucose monitoring techniques are Nano biosensor,
“Smart tattoo”, Quantum dots & Nano robots.
Commercially used sensors are Accu check , Smart contact
lens, gluco track etc.
Progress in this field is rapid but ultimate goal for accurate,
continuous glucose monitoring in patient is yet to be
achieved
40. References
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. National DiabetesFact Sheet
2007. 2008.
2. Huang ES, et al. Projecting the Future Diabetes Population
Size and Related Costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care.2009
[PubMed]
3. Wang J. Chem Rev. Vol. 108. Washington, DC, U. S.: 2008.
Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors [PubMed]
4.A source of the e-book “The Future with Nanotechnology”,
page no 14
5.Micro- and Nano-Scale Robotics, Metin Sitti, Member, IEEE,
