History of Astronomy Class PPT

1. History of Astronomy Ancient Cultures to Isaac Newton

2. Early Civilizations A practical approach Predicting seasons Navigation

3. Aristotle and the Greek View: Geocentric Model Geo- Earth Centric- Centered The earth is a motionless sphere at the center of the Universe. Explained the apparent motion of the sun, moon and stars.

5. Planets Greek astronomers observed that certain celestial objects do not follow a predictable path like the moon, sun, and stars. Called these objects Planets (Greek word planetes means wanderer) The observable motion of Planets is that they change speed and even loop back and forth relative to the stars.

6. Retrograde Motion Motion of planets in “backwards” or westward loops is known as Retrograde Motion.

7. Ptolemy (140 A.D.) A more complex model of the Universe/Solar System was needed to explain Retrograde Motion. Ptolemy suggests that planets orbit the Earth in a large circular orbits but also follow a small circular orbit around an imaginary point. These small orbits were known as Epicycles

8. The Copernican Revolution: Heliocentric Model Ptolemaic Model survived for 13 centuries Copernicus suggested that the Earth is a planet and spins on its axis and orbits the Sun. Heliocentric- Sun Centered This accounts for the apparent motion of the sun and stars. The realization that Earth is not at the center of the universe is now know as the Copernican Revolution. What about Retrograde motion of the planets?

9. Just like when you pass another car on the highway.

10. Galileo Galilei Used the telescope to view objects in the sky (1609). Observations of celestial objects supported the Heliocentric Model of the solar system.

11. Galileo’s Observations The terrain of the Moon, Sunspots, the moons of Jupiter Phases of Venus

12. Johannes Kepler A student of Tycho Brahe, Kepler used the precise data of his mentor to develop three simple laws that describe the motion of planets.

13. History of Astronomy1923 – February 9, 1971 By The Big Bangers (Sean Frazier, Danny Duvall, Andrew D., and Zach Tarr)

14. Yuri Gagarin Entered Air Force Group 1 in 1960, on March 7. April 12, 1961, Became first man to enter space aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Flight Time: 0.0750 days Made Commander of Cosmonaut group in 1963 In 1968 he completed the Zhukovskiy Military Academy, but died during a MiG-15 training mission.

16. Alan Shepard Alan Shepard was from East Derry, New Hampshire. After he got out of school in 1950, he got into a naval academy. In 1959 NASA invited Shepard to join six others for project mercury. On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted Freedom 7 to become the 2nd person and the 1st American in space. Shepard was scheduled to command the first Gemini but couldn’t due to an inner ear condition that would go on to keep him out of space for six years. In 1971 47 year old Alan Shepard, the oldest astronaut in the program, lead the Apollo XIV mission to the moon . He returned and went on to retire from the navy and from NASA.

17. “I must admit maybe I am a piece of history after all” – Alan Shepard

18. Sputnik Launched on October 4th, 1957 About the size of a beach ball (22.8 inches in diameter) Weighed 183.9 lbs The launch started “The Space Age” and the race between U.S. and U.S.S.R. Fear arose due to the Soviet Union now having the ability to launch ballistic missiles long distances. We were also in somewhat of a quarrel with Cuba, who had nuclear warheads, and were allies with the Soviet Union at the time. As soon as Sputnik was launched, U.S. Defense department immediately started funding a U.S. satellite project. The Explorer was thus created and launched on January 31st, 1958. Because of the launching of Sputnik, the U.S. Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (N.A.S.A.) on October 1st, 1958

19. Apollo 11 Launched on July 16, 1969 at 1:32 p.m., from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The crew consisted of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Landed on the moon on July 20th, 1969 at 8:17 p.m. 30 lunar orbits Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon. This is when he said his famous words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Millions of people watched the astronauts walk on the moon from Earth on their TV’s. Lunar Sample Mass: 47.5 lbs

21. Hubble Funding for a space telescope was first proposed in 1923. Although the Hubble was launched in 1990, it was a land telescope at first, and was able to view galaxies outside of ours for the first time. At first, the Hubble had a major flaw, and was not able to take very accurate pictures, which was soon realized and fixed by the replacing of one of its many lenses. All of the pictures that were on the backgrounds of the previous slides were taken by the Hubble…

23. Nine succesfull flights

24. Launch delayed six days

25. Mission

26. Cargo Flight

27. TISP

28. Crew

30. Christa McAuliffe Bio Grew up in space age, always fascinated by it School teacher – Concord High School First mission in space Reason for flying Chosen for TISP Memorial Buried in Concord Christa McAuliffe Center – Workshops and planetarium Library

31. Works Cited Greene, Nick. “Challenger Disaster - A NASA Tragedy.” about.com. The New York Times Company, 2010. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://space.about.com/‌cs/‌challenger/‌a/‌challenger.htm>. - - -. “Christa McAuliffe - Space Shuttle Challenger Astronaut - Teacher.” About.com. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2010. <http://space.about.com/‌cs/‌deceasedastronaut/‌a/‌mcauliffe.htm>. Naden, Corinne J., and Rose Blue. Christa McAuliffe. N.p.: n.p., 1991. Print.

32. The U.S. Mariner 10

33. Mercury The Mariner 10 took the first to visit (as of 2003) and take pictures of Mercury

34. The Mariner has come up with little but, the most information we have on Mercury Took 3 flybys in 1974-75 Was the 7th successful launch of the Mariner spacecrafts Was the first spacecraft to use gravitational pull to get from one planet to another

35. http://ser.sese.asu.edu/merc.html http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Space/Missions/Mariner_10.asp

36. Voyager

37. Voyagers 1/2 Launched 1977 Voyager mission to Jupiter/Saturn Into Deep Space and beyond Nuclear Powered Battery Farthest man-made object from earth 1,592 lbs

38. Currently in Heliosheath 2x farther than pluto from sun

39. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif

40. US Viking Probes 1975

42. The soil was discovered to be mostly silicon and iron, and the atmosphere was shown to be mostly carbon dioxide

43. Mars was shown to be much colder than Earth; its temperature rises only to 70 degrees F at the equator and can drop to -166 degrees F at nightCarl Sagan with a Viking Lander

45. Each Lander had instruments on board and scooped soil samples, but no evidence of life was found

46. The Viking Probes took many photographs of the surface of Mars (shown below) and discovered that the sky was pink, and not dark blue like scientists had predicted (a result of the red dust particles in the atmosphere)

47. Viking 2 worked until 1980, and Viking 1 sentimages until 1982

48. Works Cited http://library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/viking_probes.htm http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/viking.htm http://www.flickr.com/photos/ethanhein/2800095502/ http://nineplanets.org/spacecraft.html http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsExploration/MarsVikings.html

49. Pioneer 10 1972

50. Pioneer 10… was launched on March 2nd, 1972 was the first object designed to leave our solar system, and passed through the Asteroid Belt in 4 months reached Jupiter on December 3rd, 1973, where it took the first close-up photos of the planet and collected other data has continued to travel across the galaxy, and sent data for over 30 years before it was too distant to transmit a signal

51. The Pioneer Plaque Eric Burgess and Richard Hoagland approached Dr. Carl Sagan (pictured above) and gave him the idea to attach a gold plaque to the Pioneer 10. It was designed so that, if found by extraterrestrial life, it could convey that there was intelligent life on our planet. It depicts a man and a woman, as well as our solar system, with a satellite pointing to Earth.

52. Works Cited http://www.solarviews.com/eng/pn10-11.htm http://www.super70s.com/Super70s/Tech/Space/Missions/images/Pioneer10-Jupiter%5B320%5D.jpg http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/pioneer/other/plaque.html http://teacherknowledge.wikispaces.com/file/view/PioneerPlaqueholding.jpg/30290049/PioneerPlaqueholding.jpg

53. Astronomy1986- Now By KC, Alex, and Kristen

55. Explored Jupiter and its moons from December 1995 to September 21, 2003

58. 1st to discover a moon of an asteroid (Dactyl orbiting Ida)

59. 1st to measure Jupiter’s atmosphere with a probe

60. 1st to conduct long-term observations of the Jovian System from orbit

61. Found evidence of subsurface saltwater on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto

64. Became an astronaut in 1991

65. Originally assigned to Orbiter engineering support

66. Served as pilot on STS-63 (February 3-11, 1995) and STS-84 (May 15-24, 1997), and was the commander on STS-93 (July 22-27, 1999) and STS-114 (July 26 to August 9, 2005)

67. Collins has logged over 872 hours in space.

70. The program is being ended by Obama

73. Lasted until September of 1997

75. Hubble Space Telescope

77. NASA named it after American Astronomer Edwin P. Hubble

78. Dr. Hubble confirmed an expanding universe

81. Born January 4th, 1970 in Salem Mass.

82. Considers York Maine to be his home town

83. Served 10 Years as a U.S. Navy Seal.

85. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins.html

86. http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/astronomy.jpg

87. http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/3750/ClassNotes/Class23/ida_dactyl.jpg

88. http://freepages.misc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nielsp/233/photos/astronomy/htm/galileo-spacecraft.jpg

89. http://www.raumfahrer.net/raumfahrt/spaceshuttle/images/sts-114_crew.jpg

90. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Eileen_Collins,_early_NASA_portrait.jpg