The meeting date of C.T.E. is 19/12/2013. Dr. S.P. Shah will chair the meeting. Issues related to syllabus, examinations and new courses will be discussed. The meeting in Gandhinagar chaired by Dr. Shah discussed various academic matters. On 17/12/2013, a meeting was held in Moti Bagh to discuss the formation of new committees of L.N.K.C.E. Dr. A.P. Shah could not attend due to illness. Issues related to syllabus and examinations were discussed. It was decided that regular meetings will be held and status reports presented. L.N.K.C.E.

1. Volume 4 Issue 5
Dec 2013
Winter Solstice – The Shortest day of the Year

Special points of
interest:

Winter Solstice – The
Shortest day
of the Year

What do we
mean by the
shortest day?

Merry
Christmas

S. Ramanujan

Depending on how
the calendar falls,
the December solstice occurs annually
on a day between
December 20 and
23. This year, the
December solstice
will occur at 05:30
UTC (12:30 a.m.
EST) on December
22, 2011. While the
southern hemisphere
is experiencing the
long days of summer, the northern
hemisphere will
have the “winter solstice” – often called
the shortest day of
the year.
So, why do we call it
the shortest day of
the year for the winby old men in charge
ter solstice and longof calendars and
est day for the sol- times around the world?
stice in the summer?  I always find the solDo we lose some
stices to be magical
time off the clock in
times of year and
winter, and in sumlook forward to eimer do we miracuther the longest or
lously gain time on
shortest days as they
the clock in a bizarre
are the bringers of
cycle that is imposed
seasons, darkness
a nd
l ig ht .
What do we mean by the shortest day?

The shortest day, winter
solstice and midwinter
are the colloquial terms
used to describe the 24
hours around an annual
astronomical event
which occurs around the
22nd December. The
shortest day marks the
point when the days start
to get longer and the
nights shorter, and has
profound cultural meaning around the world and
throughout history. The
cultural significance varies, but generally refers
to a time of rebirth and
renewal and is celebrated
with festivals and rituals.

ter solstice is the summer
solstice and occurs
around the 22nd June,
and marks the point
when the days are longest and nights shortest.
The opposite of the win-
Article by :
Kanti Joshi & Sweta Patel

2. Page 2
Volume 4 Issue 5
Christmas (Old English: Crīstesmæsse,
meaning "Christ's Mass") is an annual commemoration
of the birth of Jesus Christ and a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of peoplearound the world. A feast central to
the Christian liturgical year, it closes the Advent season
and initiates thetwelve days of Christmastide, which ends
after the twelfth night. Christmas is a civil holiday in many
of the world's nations, is celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians, and is an integral part of
theChristmas and holiday season.
While the birth year of Jesus is estimated
among modern historians to have been between 7 and 2
BC, the exact month and day of his birth are unknown. His
birth is mentioned in two of the four canonical gospels. By
the early-to-mid 4th century, the Western Christian
Church had placed Christmas on December 25, a date
later adopted in the East, although some churches celebrate on the December 25 of the older Julian calendar,
which corresponds to January in the modernday Gregorian calendar. The date of Christmas may have
initially been chosen to correspond with the day exactly
nine months after early Christians believed Jesus to have
been conceived, or with one or more ancient polytheistic festivals that occurred near southern solstice (i.e.,
the Roman winter solstice); a further solar connection has
been suggested because of a biblical verse identifying Jesus as the "Sun of righteousness".
The celebratory customs associated in
various countries with Christmas have a mix of preChristian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift
giving, Christmas music andcaroling, an exchange
of Christmas cards, church celebrations, a special meal,
and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity
scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint
Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts
to children during the Christmas season and have their
own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and
many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve
heightened economic activity among both Christians and
non-Christians, the holiday has become a significant event
and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The
economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown
steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the
world.
Submitted by : Sweta Patel & Mona Gothi
Submitted by :
Vinod Suthar

3. Page 3
Volume 4 Issue 5
S.RAMANUJAN
Born
Died
Residence
Nationality
Fields
Alma mater
Srinivasa Ramanujan
FRS (pronunciation (help·info)) (22
December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an
Indian mathematician andautodidact who,
with almost no formal training in pure
mathematics, made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis,number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions.
Living in India with no access to the larger
mathematical community, which was centred in Europe at the time, Ramanujan developed his own mathematical research in
isolation. As a result, he rediscovered
known theorems in addition to producing
new work. Ramanujan was said to be a
natural genius by the English mathematician G. H. Hardy, in the same league as
mathematicians such
as Euler and Gauss. He died at the age of
32.
Submitted by : Radhika Teraiya & Urvashi Chaudhri
22 December 1887
Erode, Madras Presidency (nowTamil Nadu)
26 April 1920 (aged 32)
Chetput, Madras, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu)
Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
Indian
Mathematics
Government Arts College
Pachaiyappa's College
Academic advi- G. H. Hardy
sors
J. E. Littlewood
Known for
Landau–Ramanujan constant
Mock theta functions
Ramanujan conjecture
Ramanujan prime
Ramanujan–Soldner constant
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan's sum
Rogers–Ramanujan identities
Ramanujan's master theorem
Influences
G. H. Hardy
Signature
Ramanujan was born at Erode, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu) in a Tamil Brahmin family
of Thenkalai Iyengar sect.His introduction to formal mathematics began at age 10. He demonstrated a natural
ability, and was given books on advancedtrigonometry written by S. L. Loney that he mastered
by the age of 12; he even discovered theorems of his own, and
re-discovered Euler's identity independently. He demonstrated
unusual mathematical skills at school, winning accolades and
awards. By 17, Ramanujan had conducted his own mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler–
Mascheroni constant.

4. Page 4
Volume 4 Issue 5
Ramanujan received a
scholarship to study at Government College
in Kumbakonam, which was later rescinded
when he failed his non-mathematical coursework. He joined another college to pursue independent mathematical research, working as a
clerk in the Accountant-General's office at
the Madras Port Trust Office to support himself. In 1912–1913, he sent samples of his theorems to three academics at the University of
Cambridge. G. H. Hardy, recognizing the brilliance of his work, invited Ramanujan to visit
and work with him at Cambridge. He became
a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow
of Trinity College, Cambridge. Ramanujan died
of illness, malnutrition, and possibly liver infection in 1920 at the age of 32.
Ramujan’s Home
During his short lifetime,
Ramanujan independently compiled nearly
3900 results
(mostly identities and equations). Nearly all his
claims have now been proven correct, although
a small number of these results were actually
false and some were already known. He stated
results that were both original and highly unconventional, such as the Ramanujan prime and
the Ramanujan theta function, and these have
inspired a vast amount of further research. However, the mathematical mainstream
has been rather slow in absorbing some of his
major discoveries. The Ramanujan Journal, an
international publication, was launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced
by his work.
In December 2011, in
recognition of his contribution to mathematics,
the Government of India declared that Ramanujan's birthday (22 December) should be celebrated every year as National Mathematics
Day, and also declared 2012 the National
Mathematics Year.
Post Ticket
Dr. Hardy

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L.N.K.C.E.
Welcomes
Hon. NAAC
Team Members