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Agroforestry agroecosystem analysis
1. What is an agroecosystem?
• Biophysical and socioeconomic
components
• Boundaries and hierarchies
• Structure and function
• History and legacy
2. Agroecosystem checklist (1)
(Brookfield et al., 2002)
• Management: field types and edges;
site and field surface preparation; soil
and water conservation; soil fertility
maintenance; planting materials;
cropping patterns and rotations; weeds
and weeding, pests and diseases; crop
harvesting, processing, and storage;
livestock; woodlots; fallow areas; wild
areas
3. Agroecosystem checklist (2)
(Brookfield et al., 2002)
• Biophysical structure and processes:
physical features at landscape and field
levels; soil characteristics; soil erosion,
degradation, and enhancement;
microclimates
4. Agroecosystem checklist (3)
(Brookfield et al., 2002)
• Organization: land tenure; farmer
gender; land ownership history; crop
and tree ownership; land-use history;
land-use intentions; types of livestock;
off-farm employment; food security;
water supplies; fuel supplies; labor
supplies; transportation networks;
marketing; decision-making processes
5. How do trees and other
perennials fit into
agroecosystems?
7. The Evolution of Farming
Systems Research (Hart, 2000)
• Scale of target systems: from crop
populations to whole farms to communities
and watersheds
• System performance criteria: from production
to stability to sustainability
• Targeted beneficiaries: from ‘small farmers’ to
men and women to future generations
• Relationships: recognition of hierarchies
8. Sustainability in the Context of
Farming Systems Research
(Hart, 2000)
• A group of production technologies (e.g.
cover crops)
• Maintenance of the natural resource base
upon which production depends
• A measure of intergenerational equity
9. Participatory Rural Appraisal
• ‘Empowering rather than extractive’
• Outsiders as facilitators rather than
investigators
• Information owned, analyzed, and used by
local people rather than outsiders
• Often conducted by NGOs rather than
universities and government agencies
10. Prototyping Integrated and Ecological
Arable Farming Systems
(Vereijken, 1997)
• Establish a hierarchy of objectives
• Transform objectives into quantifiable
performance parameters
• Design and test prototypes that link
socioeconomic and biophysical objectives
with multi-faceted farming methods
• Place prototypes on pilot farms
• Refine and adapt prototypes
• Disseminate prototypes to other farms
11. Components of a farm’s ‘identity card’
(Vereijken, 1997)
• Abiotic environmental characteristics (soil,
water, and air quality)
• Non-agricultural species diversity (ecological
infrastructure)
• Food supply (quality and quantity)
• Health and safety (including pesticide
impacts)
• Income and profit (farm and regional levels)
12. Farming methods for I/EAFS
• Multifunctional crop rotation
• Nutrient balance
• Ecological infrastructure: restoration
and maintenance of landscape
elements
• Farm structural optimization (land,
labor, capital goods, technologies)
13. Principles of Agroeocosystem
Analysis (Conway, 1986)
• It isn’t necessary to know everything about an agroecosystem in
order to produce a realistic and useful analysis (‘optimal
ignorance’).
• Understanding the behavior and important properties of an
agroecosystem requires knowledge of only a few key functional
relationships.
• Producing significant improvements in the performance of an
agroecosystem requires changes in only a few key management
decisions.
• Identification and understanding of these key relationships and
decisions requires a limited number of key questions are defined
and answered.
14. Tractors and water buffaloes
in Sri Lanka
(Senanayake, 1984; Conway, 1986)
• Land area for rice vs. land for wallows and
non-crop vegetation
• Protein sources: buffalo milk, fish
• Refugia for fish, snakes, lizards
• Bund-boring crabs
• Rats
• Mosquitoes and malaria
15. Agroecosystem Analysis: Tools
(Conway, 1986)
• Diagrammatic history of the site, including major events
• Maps and transects showing important features, including topography,
soils, land use, problems, opportunities
• Seasonal calendars for climate, crop sequences, livestock, non-farm
activities, labor requirements, capital requirements, income, monthly
prices
• Long-term graphs showing prices, yields, acreages, population trends
(births, deaths, emigration, immigration)
• Bar diagrams showing sources of farm income, expenses on different
types of production inputs, etc.
• Flow diagrams showing production and marketing chains, flows of
income
• Decision trees depicting choice points, key factors
• Venn diagrams depicting overlapping institutions affecting decision-
making
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22. A tentative plan (I)
1. Develop awareness of ecological,
agronomic, and socio-economic
components
2. Identify information needs and form
information gathering groups
3. Identify tools for organizing and presenting
information
4. Meet with farmers at ISU and/or on farm
5. Assemble information, by groups
23. A tentative plan (II)
6. Present information to classmates at debriefing
following farm visits
7. ‘Triangulate’ to determine accuracy of information
8. Assemble conceptual models of farms as natural
resource/human activity systems: system
boundaries, components, interactions, feedbacks,
control points
9. Identify key questions, hypotheses, and possible
changes
10. Assess impacts of proposed changes: ecological,
agronomic, socioeconomic
24. Some focal areas
• Natural resources: soils, water sources and drainage, water
quality, non-cultivated species, agricultural and non-agricultural
land use
• Crop and livestock systems: species, synergies and conflicts,
economics, nutrient dynamics, pest management systems,
calendars, buildings and machinery, product identity, target
markets
• Family: structure, gender issues, needs, goals, constraints,
decision processes, values, off-farm jobs, land tenure, credit
and debt, assets
• Local community: neighbors, medical and educational services,
social network, labor sources
• Private and producer organizations: inputs, marketing channels,
consultants, financing, information
• Government: subsidies, quality assurance, regulations,
information
• Local and regional history and future trajectories
25. Tasks
• Identify information gathering groups
• Specify preferences for groups
• Develop questions and framework for
interviews and on-farm surveys