1. ‫ك‬‫النصرة‬ ‫كب‬‫مو‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يقودان‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫هلل‬ َ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫شك‬‫حني‬ ‫ل‬
1

2. 1

3. 1

4. 2

5. THESIS OUTLINES
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Experimental program
 Results and analysis
 Conclusions
5

6. 
INTRODUCTION
6

7. INTRODUCTION
 Opening uses and shapes
 Shear study
 Opening in shear zone
 Behavior of beam with opening
 Strengthening of opening
 FRP uses and advantages
7

8. Opening uses
Openings are usually found in floors due
to staircase, ducts and pipes. Openings are
provided through beam web to facilitate
the passage of utility pipes and service
ducts. These service ducts accommodate
essential services such as conduits, power
supply, water and drainage pipes,
ventilation system, air-conditioning and
network system access or even for
inspection purposes in beam structures.
8

9. Different shapes of opening
9

10. Shear study
10
1.At load transfer
2.At service load stage

11. Opening in beam in shear zone
11

12. Opening in beam in shear zone
12

13. Opening in beam in shear zone with
different locations
13

14. However, the presence of opening in the
web of a reinforced concrete beam resulted
to many problems in the beam behavior
including reduction in beam stiffness,
excessive cracking and deflection and
reduction in beam capacity. Furthermore,
inclusion of openings leads to high stress
concentration around the openings
especially at the opening corners.
14

15. Opening Effect
15

16. Strengthening of opening
16
In general, shear failure of concrete structures is
catastrophic due to the brittle nature and the fact of no
advance warning prior to failure. Thus, in an existing
beam, strengthening externally around the opening is
crucial with the use of external reinforcing material,
such as steel plates or by Fiber Reinforced Polymer
materials.

17. Different uses of FRP
17

18. Advantages of using FRP in opening
strength
18

19. Research Objectives
19

20. Research Objectives
 The time of creating opening before cast OR
after cast
 The behavior of beam with opening
 Size effect
 Strengthening materials used in opening
strength
20

21. Experimental
program
21

22. Experimental program
 Test Parameters
 The test setup
 A detailed description of specimens
 The test procedure.
22

23. The main test parameters are:-
 Types of opening
Small opening or Large opening
 Types of strengthening material
GFRP or CFRP or Steel plates
 Time of creating of opening
Existed opening or Opening created after cast
Test Parameters
23

24. The test setup
No. Description
1 Specimen
2 Lever
3 Concrete beam load
(Load 1)
4 Nuts for addition load
(Load 2)
5 Load cell 1
6 Load cell 2
7 Supporting frame
8 Cross beam
9 Bracing
10 Anchors
24

25. 25

26. A detailed description specimens
 11 beams specimens were divided into 5 groups. All
specimens was casted at the same time to predict the
behavior beams with variables conditions.
 11 beams specimens were divided into 1 solid beam, 5
beams with small opening and 5 beams with large
opening.
26

27.  All 11 RC simple beams were tested to failure under two
points loading to investigate the structural behavior
including crack patterns, failure mode, failure load and
load-deflection relation.
 1 solid control beam.
 2 beams with existed opening.
 2 beams with opening created after casting.
 6 beams with opening was strengthened by FRP laminates
and steel plates.
27

28. Group
No.
Specimen
No.
Strengthen
material
Opening
dimensions
(mm)
Opening
location
(mm)
Opening
cases
I
B1 ------ ------ ------ ------
B2 ------ 120X360 250 Existed
opening
B3 ------ 120X120 250
II
B4 ------ 120X360 250
Created after
casting
under load
B5 ------ 120X120 250
28

29. Group
No.
Specimen
No.
Strengthen
material
Opening
dimensions
(mm)
Opening
location
(mm)
Opening
cases
III
B6 GFRP 120X360 250 Created after
casting
under loadB7 GFRP 120X120 250
VI
B8 CFRP 120X360 250
Created after
casting
under load
B9 CFRP 120X120 250
29

30. Group
No.
Specimen
No.
Strengthen
material
Opening
dimensions
(mm)
Opening
location
(mm)
Opening
cases
V
B10
Steel plates 120X360 250
Created after
casting
under load
B11
Steel plates 120X120 250
30

31. Specimen
No.
Images
B1
31

32. Specimen
No.
Images
B2
32

33. Specimen
No.
Images
B3
33

34. Specimen
No.
Images
B4
34

35. Specimen
No.
Images
B5
35

36. Specimen
No.
Images
B6
36

37. Specimen
No.
Images
B7
37

38. Specimen
No.
Images
B8
38

39. Specimen
No.
Images
B9
39

40. Specimen
No.
Images
B10
40

41. Specimen
No.
Images
B11
41

42. The test procedure.
 There were two procedures in this test
1-Existed opening :-
a) Make box out before casting
b) Put strain gauge in steel stirrups
c) Make formwork of beam
d) Ready for cast
e) Curing till age 28 days
f) Put dial gauges
g) Start of loading test
42

43. The test procedure.
2- Opening created after casting:-
a) Put strain gauge in steel stirrups
b) Make formwork of beam
c) Ready for cast
d) Curing till age 28 days
e) Put dial gauges
f) Start of loading test till 18% failure load of B1
g) Create an opening by using drilling machine
h) Strength opening by using FRP or Steel plates
k) Resume the loading test
43

44. Results and Analysis
Test results including :-
1. Failure loads.
2. Crack to failure load ratio
3. Crack pattern and Mode of failure.
4. Theoretical results
5. Load deflection relationship.
6. Deflection profile of beam with opening
44

45. Failure loads of beams with large
opening.
45
B1
215.5
B2
75
B4
63
B6
64.20
B8
73.50
B10
89.60
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
Load(KN)
Specimen Number
B1
B2
B4
B6
B8
B10

46. Failure loads of beams with small
opening.
B1
215.5
B3
85
B5
72.30
B7
119.30
B9
128.2
B11
132
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
220.00
Load(KN)
Beams with small opening
B1
B3
B5
B7
B9
B11
46

47. Failure loads of beams with
opening width.
47
85
75
215.5
72.3
63
215.5
119.3
64.2
128.2
73.5
132
89.6
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Load(KN)
Opening width (mm) X10
Variation of ultimate failure load with opening width
existed opening
opening after casting
opening strengthened
by GFRP
opening strengthened
by CFRP
opening strengthened
by steel plates

48. Crack load to failure load ratio for
.beam with large opening
48
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
B1 B2 B4 B6 B8 B10
P crack / P failure Ratio
B1
B2
B4
B6
B8
B10

49. Crack load to failure load ratio for
beam with small opening
49
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
B1 B3 B5 B7 B9 B11
P crack / P failure Ratio
B1
B3
B5
B7
B9
B11

50. Failure modes and Crack patterns.
The failure modes of tested beams can be classified as
follow:-
 Shear compression failure
 shear mode at large opening region
 Frame-type failure of small opening
 Brittle rupture failure of FRP
 Little Brittle failure
50

51. Theoretical results
problems will be classified into three collections
according to the beam type :-
 a. Beam without opening.
 B. Beams with existed opening.
 C. Beams with opening created after casting.
51

52. Theoretical results: Shear design
 a. Beam without opening.
Shear design for beam will be solved according to ACI
and ECP codes
By ACI code:
Vu ≤ φVn
and Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc = 0.17 λ √ƒ'
c bwd
Vs = Av fy.d/ S
52

53. Theoretical results: Shear design
 By ECP code
Vt = Qt.b.d
Qt = Vc / 2 + Vs
Vc = 0.75 * (Fcu/ Ɣ c) ^ 0.5
Vs = Av fy / (S.b. Ɣ s)
53

54. Theoretical results
 B. Beams with existed opening.
shear design for beam according to the ACI Code and
ECP code for beam with opening.
then plastic hinge method – simplified method 1 to
make check if the section at mid opening is safe or not
safe.
54

55. Theoretical results
 B. Beams with existed opening.
then plastic hinge method – simplified method
F'c = 0.85 * fcu Eq. (5.15)
d= t- 2*c.c Eq. (5.16)
Vc = bw (d – do) Eq. (5.17)
Vu max = 5* ϕ* Vc Eq. (5.18)
If (Vu max ≥ Vu) the section is safe,
If (Vu max < Vu) the section is not safe.
55

56. Theoretical results
 C. Beams with opening created after casting.
It will be solved by plastic hinge method-simplified
method 1
then strengthening will be solved by FRP shear
strengthening ''U-wrap''.
56

57. Theoretical results
 C. Beams with opening created after casting.
strengthening will be solved by FRP shear strengthening ''U-wrap''.
(D.1) Compute the design material properties.
f fu = CE* f*
fu Eq. (5.23)
ξ fu = CE* ξ*
fu Eq. (5.24)
 (D.2) Calculate the effective strain level strain in the FRP shear
reinforcement.
Le = 23300 / (n * tf * E f) (0.58) Eq. (5.25)
K1 = (f 'c / 27) (2/3) Eq. (5.26)
K2 = (dfv - Le) / dfv Eq. (5.27)
Kv = (K1* K2 * Le) / (11910 * ξ fu) ≤ 0.75 Eq. (5.28)
ξfe = Kv * ξfu ≤ 0.004 Eq. (5.29)
57

58. Theoretical results
 C. Beams with opening created after casting.
strengthening will be solved by FRP shear strengthening ''U-wrap''.
 (D.3) Calculate the contribution of the FRP reinforcement to the
shear strength.
A fv = 2 * n * tf * wf Eq. (5.30)
Ffe = ξfe * Ef Eq. (5.31)
Vf = A fv * Ffe (Sin α + Cos α) * d fv / Sf Eq. (5.32)
 (D.4) Calculate the shear strength of the section.
ɸ Vn = ɸ (Vc + Vs + ΨfVf) Eq. (5.33)
In case ɸ Vn >Vu Eq. (5.34)
The strengthened section is capable of sustaining the required
shear strength.
58

59. Theoretical results
59

60. Theoretical results for small
opening
60

61. Theoretical results for large
opening
61

62. Load-Deflection relationship of
beams with large opening.
62
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Load(KN)
Deflection (mm)
B1 Deflection At mid Span B2 Deflection At mid Span
B10 Deflection At mid Span

63. Load-Deflection relationship of
beams with large opening.
63
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Load(KN)
Deflection (mm)
B1 Deflection At mid Span B2 Deflection At mid Span B8 Deflection At mid Span

64. Load-Deflection relationship of
beams with small opening.
64
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Load(KN)
Deflection (mm)
B1 Deflection At mid Span B3 Deflection At mid Span
B11 Deflection At mid Span

65. Load-Deflection relationship of
beams with small opening.
65
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Load(KN)
Deflection (mm)
B1 Deflection At mid Span B3 Deflection At mid Span
B9 Deflection At mid Span

66. Deflection profile of beams with
.large opening
66
+ B6, B8 and B10 at 80%
failure load

67. Deflection profile of beams with
.small opening
67
-7
-6.5
-6
-5.5
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.41.5
Deflection (mm)
Length (m)
Deflection Profile of B7, B9 and B11 at
80% max load
80% max
load of B7
80% max
load of
B9
80% max
load of
B11

68. 
CONCLUSIONS
68

69. CONCLUSIONS
 Deflection profile of beam with opening had a change
of line of slope, not the normal curvature deflection in
comparison of normal beam without opening.
 Create an opening under load causing reduction in the
stiffness of RC opening than making an opening
before casting.
 Create an opening can transfer the maximum
deflection from mid span to mid opening
approximately according to opening size and locations.
69

70. CONCLUSIONS
 Strength an opening may compensate failure load of beam
with opening according to opening size and type of
strengthening.
 Using strengthening material make a cracks control around
the opening (confined zone).
 Using steel plates in strengthening make beam less brittle
than using GFRP or CFRP.
 Using steel plates achieve the best results in opening
strengthening than using GFRP or CFRP.
70

71. CONCLUSIONS
 Considering of small opening OR large opening
mainly depends on behavior of beam with opening.
 Deflection under opening should be considered when
making deflection design for beam with opening.
 The main failure mode of beam with opening was
shear failure at opening region.
71

72. CONCLUSIONS
 ACI has the best prediction in terms of beams with
small opening created after casting then strengthened.
 Beams with large opening created after casting then
strengthened can be designed by ECP code or
Simplified method one from (CBO) book.
 We can take safety factor equal 1.25 to equivalent
actual results with theatrical results in case of beam
with opening under load.
72

73. Future Researches
 Create an opening in beam under load and its
strengthening for RC beam with T-section.
 Determination of the classifications of opening according
to opening location, shape and size.
 The effect of creating an opening on the behavior of beam
with high strength reinforced concrete and light weight
concrete under load.
 Using different types of strengthening around opening.
73

74. Finally I would like to say thanks to my supervisors:
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Mustafa Osman Abd Elmigeed
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Al-Mataria
Helwan University
Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Ata El Kareim Shoeib
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Al-Mataria
Helwan University
Dr. Magdy Mahmoud Genidi
Lecturer of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Al-Mataria
Helwan University
74

75. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Alsaied Essa
Professor of Concrete Structures –
Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nasr Zenhom Hassan
Associate Professor of Concrete Structures
Faculty of Engineering - Helwan University
Finally I would like to say thank to my professors:
75

76. With All my Respect
to my lovely Family and Friends
76

77. 77