Overview of how book publishers can improve discoverability of their content by assigning and linking CrossRef DOIs. Presented to the American Association of University Presses (AAUP) June 2014, New Orleans, LA, United States

1. CrossRef DOIs for Book Publishers
Carol Anne Meyer, CrossRef
@meyercarol @CrossRefNews
AAUP
CrossRef Books Interest Group
23 June 2014

2. Today’s Agenda
• What are DOIs?
• IDF, Registration Agencies, and CrossRef
• Best Practices for CrossRef book DOIs
• Linking to and from books
• Assigning CrossRef DOIs to books
• Finding book DOIs
• ISSNs and ISBNs for books & series
• What’s next?

3. What is a DOI?
Digital
Object
Identifier
Source: pasukaru76 from Flickr

4. It is alphanumeric

5. It uniquely
identifies
content
It is unique

6. It has two parts

7. 10.1632/074069503X85526
10.5664/sleep.1000
10.3183/NPPRJ-1986-01-03-p004-013
10.3103/S0005105507050032
10.4260/BJFT20094508
Allowed characters:
"a-z", "A-Z", "0-9" and "-._;()/”
Creating a DOI Suffix: Keep it
short and simple
More info: Establishing a Sufix Pattern

8. To a reader, it looks like a link

9. The DOI is also an ISO standard

10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmpi.1995.0238

11. DOI-enabled linking

13. It prevents this

14. It is a digital identifier of a
digital or physical object

15. It serves as a stable link to
content’s digital location

16. Some DOIs are not CrossRef DOIs
• Other Registration Agencies have assigned
DOIs to books for supply chain purposes, i.e.
the ISBN-A (assigned by mEDRA)
• More information is available here:
http://www.crossref.org/06members/otherdoifaq.html

17. So, what is the relationship between
an RA and the IDF?

18. 18
International DOI Foundation
(IDF)
• Oversees central DOI System
• Promotes DOI as a standard
• Provides organizational infrastructure that
ensures persistence and interoperability

19. IDF Registration Agencies (RAs)
CrossRef
ISTIC
DataCite
DOI
OPOCE
mEDRA
EIDR
Japan Link Center
(JaLC)
Bowker
Airiti
CNKI
Publications Office of the
European Union (OP)

20. CrossRef is the largest RA, but others
are growing
CrossRef, 72.26%
ISTIC, 21.39%
DataCite, 2.36%
DOI, 1.26%
OPOCE, 1.06%
mEDRA, 0.67% EIDR, 0.53%
Japan Link Center (JaLC),
0.42%
% of Total DOIs by
Registration Agency

21. Handle-DOI-CrossRef relationship
Handle
general-purpose naming service
Requires customized solution
DOI
organizational structure for persistence
CrossRef
programmatic linking and discovery service
Easy for publisher to automate

22. • DOIs for scholarly content
• Develops and maintains
the DOI standard
• Develops and maintains the
Handle system upon which
the DOI executes
CrossRef/DOI Community

23. What Does CrossRef Do?
• Provides technology infrastructure for
linking
Registers DOIs with the Handle System
Provides discoverability services for those DOIs
• Provides business infrastructure for linking
One agreement with CrossRef is a linking agreement
with all CrossRef publishers

24. 24
Cross-publisher means…
No need for
bilateral
negotiations
between
publishers, or
between a
third-party and
individual
publishers
Photo: Alexandra Lee

25. Members need to make long-term
archiving arrangements
CLOCKSS: http://clockss.org
Koninklijke Bibliotheek / National Library of the
Netherlands:
http://www.kb.nl/
Portico: http://www.portico.org

26. Why do publishers join
CrossRef?
 To get persistent identifiers for
their content
 To drive more traffic to their
content
 To turn references into
hyperlinks
 To pull in cited-by links (who
cites this?) to get more traffic
 Participate in other
collaborative services
(CrossCheck, CrossMark)

27. It’s all about discoverability

28. provides different services
than other RAs
• Reference linking
• Cited-by linking
• CrossRef Metadata
Service feeds to
Affiliates
• CrossCheck
plagiarism screening
• CrossMark update
identification service
Powered by
iThenticate

29. Where do people discover CrossRef
DOIs?
• Scholarly References
• Abstracting & Indexing services
• Reference management tools
• Search engines
• Aggregated reference products
• Online library catalogs (i.e. WorldCat)

30. Why publishers assign CrossRef DOIs to books
• Persistent linking---books interlink with journal articles and
other scholarly content
• Inbound links drive traffic;
• Outbound links add value and utility to readers
• CrossRef Book DOIs can resolve to information on
purchasing -- for both print and online books
• Access/authentication remain under publisher control

31. • Links deliver
reader to front
door
• Access
control up to
publisher or
distributor
is “business-model neutral”
Photo: Tawheed Manzoor

32. The Numbers
• 214 publishers deposit book content at CrossRef
• 414,600 book titles
• 7,031,461 total book DOIs
(Includes chapters and reference entries)

33. 33
membership
• Represents 76 countries

34. CrossRef Book DOI deposits have been
growing rapidly
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
Book DOIs

35. 7 million book DOIs
out of 63 million CrossRef DOIs
http://crossref.org/06members/53status.html
85%
9% 5%
1%
Distribution of CrossRef DOIs by Content
Type
Journals
Books
Conference Proceedings
Components

36. Largest CrossRef Book Publishers
• Springer-Verlag
• Smithsonian Institution (Biodiversity
Heritage Library)
• Cambridge University Press
• Elsevier
• Wiley Blackwell
• Nature Publishing Group
• Oxford University Press (OUP)
• CRC Press
• World Bank
• Walter de Gruyter
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• World Scientific
• Brill Academic Publishers
• IGI Global
• ASTM International
• American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing
• MBLWHOI Library
• Emerald (MCB UP )
• Woodhead Publishing
• Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Texas
• American Mathematical Society (AMS).
• American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Sage Publications
• Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics
• Netbiblo
See http://crossref.org/06members/51depositorB.html for complete list

37. Title level response page

38. Book chapter response page

39. Combined title & chapter response page

40. Title response page for print & e-books

41. Entry in reference works

42. Best Practices Book DOIs
http://www.crossref.org/06members/bes
t_practices_for_books.html

43. Best Practices
Assigning, linking and CrossRef DOI use
• Deposit DOIs at the title and chapter/entry level.
• Add outbound links from references in books.
• Deposit references from books with CrossRef to
enable CrossRef Cited-by Linking.

44. The future is now: Cited-by Linking for books

45. Best Practices
Updates and Versions
• Major version – updates affect
interpretation. Publisher notifies readers
that content has changed.
– new editions
– errata
– corrigenda
• Minor version – unlikely to affect
interpretation. No publisher notification.

46. Best Practices
Updates and Versions
• Assign new CrossRef DOIs to new major versions or
editions of books, chapters and entries.
Older versions remain available online with links to the
latest version.
• Do not assign new CrossRef DOIs to minor new versions
of books, chapters and entries.
• Use Multiple Resolution to associate one CrossRef DOI
with multiple URLs, i.e. for electronic formats or multiple
hosting platforms.

47. Notifying readers of new editions
• CrossMark Update
Identification Service
http://www.crossref.org/crossmark/

54. What kind of Publication Record
information could be available?
• License types
• Funding disclosures (FundRef)
• Conflict of interest statements
• Publication history (submission, revision and accepted
dates)
• Location of data deposits or registries
• Peer review process used
• CrossCheck plagiarism screening
• and more...

55. Multiple resolution

57. Best Practices: Citation Matching
Book Title Queries (finding the DOI)
• Minimum query:
– book title
– book author
– book year
• And as many as possible of these:
– editor (where appropriate)
– publisher

58. Displaying CrossRef DOIs in Book
Citations
• The DOI should appear at the end of the reference
• The DOI should be encoded as a hyperlink
Example:
Corrigan, John. Religion and Emotion - Approaches and Interpretations.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Oxford Scholarship Online.
Oxford University Press. 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195166248.001.0001
Note: This is a change from the previous format
doi:10.1093/0195166248.001.0001

59. Style Manuals
Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned
to the content….
Section 6.32
Providing Publication Data for Electronic Sources
Publication Manual of the APA, page 191.

63. Find Complete Best Practices Here
http://www.crossref.org/06members/best_practices_for_books.html

64. Assigning (depositing) CrossRef Book DOIs
• Deposit metadata and URL(s).
• Metadata required for book DOI registration is
described in the schema, sections 6-8
http://www.crossref.org/schema/deposit/crossref4.3.0.xsd
and in the documentation at:
http://www.crossref.org/schema/info/CrossRefSchemaDocumentation4.1.0.pdf

65. Book Title Level Metadata
• Required data includes:
– Type: edited book, reference, monograph, or other
– Title
– Publisher
– Publication date
– ISBN
• Optional data includes:
– series title, and series ISSN*
– volume and edition numbers
– Book DOI and URL
* If you include a series title it must have an ISSN

66. ISSNs & ISBNs in CrossRef Schema
• ISSNs are assignable to a series title and not book title.
• ISSN is directly bound to series title and must be present in series
• ISSN check digit will be verified upon deposit – invalid ISSNs will be
rejected
• Volume is mandatory if series_metadata is present and volume level
title is NOT present
• Titles and ISSNs/ISBNs in deposit must match titles associated with
ISSNs/ISBNs in the system
• New titles will create a title entry in the system –
updates/additions to this title must remain consistent
• Contact support@crossref.org to change titles

67. Chapter Level Metadata
• Required data includes:
– Chapter title
– DOI and URL
• Optional data:
– Contributors
– Pagination
– Component number

68. • Manual DOI
registration
for books
• System builds
XML deposit
file
Web Deposit Form
http://www.crossref.org/webDeposit/

69. XML deposit
Sample XML is available:
• Monograph:
http://www.crossref.org/schema/info/samples/4.3.0_samples/monograph430.xml
• Series:
http://www.crossref.org/schema/info/samples/4.3.0_samples/book_series430.xml

70. Simple-Text Query
• A freely available, non-XML
alternative for reference linking
• A custom version of Inera’s
eXtyles® refXpress parses
unstructured references into
granular, valid XML and returns
any matching DOIs for those
references

72. How much? CrossRef Deposit Fees for Books
• Current Material
– Titles: $1.00
– Chapters/entries < 250 per title: 25 cents
– Chapters/entries > 250 per title: 15 cents
– Chapters/entries > 10,000 items: 12 cents
• Backfiles
– All content types: 15 cents
– More than 1 million records: 12 cents
• No additional membership fee

73. Linking 5 centuries of content
1665

74. How much?
• No charge for metadata or URL updates
• No additional annual fee for CrossRef members
• Annual fees based on publishing revenue
• Annual fees range from $250-$50,000
• Theoretical conflict fee if more than one DOI assigned to same
metadata and not resolved.
• Fees have not risen for more than 5 years.
• Additional fees for optional services like CrossMark.

75. What’s Next
• Explore DOIs for mobile content
• Improve and simplify multiple resolution
• Best practices for common ebook format
metadata
• Can we accept ONIX in addition to XML?

76. Possible Multiple Resolution in the supply chain

79. Book Interest Group
• Jennifer Kemp, Springer, Chair
• 70 ish Members
• Open to all book publisher members of
CrossRef, and others
• Includes major book hosting platforms

80. Book Interest Group
• Teleconferences several times per year
• Working groups on issues of importance to
book publishers
• 1st in-person meeting in mid-November in
Cambridge, MA at CrossRef Annual Meeting

81. What’s in it for
publishers?
No publisher is an
island
Collaboration and
connection is the
key

82. Thank you!
cmeyer@crossref.org