we are study

1. •Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of
living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to decontaminate
affected areas.
•It is used in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from
soil, water, and other environments.
•Biofertilizer: use of soil microbes to increase the availability and
uptake of mineral nutrients for plants
•It’s a substance which contains living microbes which colonizes the
rhizosphere of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the
supply of nutrient and/or growth stimulus to the target crop.
••These microbes do not only act on fertilizers but also work on
unavailable form of elements found in the soil to render them
useable for plants.
•Xenobiotics - substances foreign to an entire biological system, i.e.
artificial substances, which did not exist in nature before their
synthesis by humans

2. • Xenobiotics - substances foreign to an entire biological system, i.e. artificial substances, which did
not exist in nature before their synthesis by humans.
• The term Xenobiotic means a chemical substance that is not a natural component of a living
organism exposed to it, i.e. a strange, exogenous substance or anthropogenic material.
• Cometabolism
• Bacterium uses some other carbon and energy source to partially degrade contaminant (organic
aromatic ring compound)
• Cometabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the
degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the
first compound (the primary substrate). This is in contrast to simultaneous catabolism, where each
substrate is catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes
• Natural attenuation refers to processes that naturally transform contaminants to less harmful forms
or immobilize contaminants so that they are less of a threat to the environment;
• Biostimulation (meaning the addition of limiting nutrients to support microbial growth) and
Bioaugmentation meaning the addition of living cells capable of degradation.
• Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing microorganisms
capable of bioremediation
• Bioaugmentation is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically
engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water.