- Norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine are neurotransmitters and hormones that affect sleep and wakefulness. Their levels change during different sleep stages like REM sleep. - Not getting enough sleep can increase health risks like heart disease by impacting hormone levels and blood pressure. It can also weaken the immune system and impact brain function. - Lack of sleep is linked to issues like depression, impaired thinking, and increased negative emotional reactions due to changes in the brain's limbic system and amygdala. Proper sleep allows the brain and body to recharge and manage stress responses.

1. By: Corinne, Lizzie, and Meital

2. • Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and hormone,
which, when secreted, raises the body’s stress levels.
During REM sleep is inactive.

3. • Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which regulates the
sleep-wake cycle. Serotonin is inactive during REM
sleep. Higher levels of serotonin tend to correspond to
more wakefulness, while lower levels relate to
sleepiness.

4. • Histamine is a hormone in the body which helps to wake
a person from sleep. It is inactive during REM sleep

5. • People who don’t get enough sleep have twice the risk of
getting heart conditions. Not getting enough sleep can
increase levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which causes
inflammation that clumps the plaque in the arteries and blocks
the blood flow in the heart or brain. Blood pressure also drops
during sleep, so when people get less sleep they have shorter
periods of low blood pressure, which increases the risk of
plaque clogging the arteries.

6. • Another explanation, blood pressure drops during sleep,
so when people get less sleep they have shorter periods
of low blood pressure, which increases the risk of plaque
clogging the arteries.

7. • The immune system doesn’t work as effectively when
people don’t get enough sleep because norepinephrine,
which is not secreted during REM sleep, becomes active
and doesn’t allow the body to rest.

8. • Lack of sleep is closely linked to depression.
• Not getting enough sleep slows down your thought
process and impairs judgment.
• Driving without enough sleep can affect driving as much
as driving while under the influence of alcohol.

9. • When you do not get enough sleep, then you can get
very, VERY cranky.

11. • When the body doesn’t get enough sleep, it causes the
amygdala, which is part of the limbic system, overreact.
The amygdala is related to feelings such as anger and
rage

12. • When we sleep, our brain “recharges” itself.
• You can control your emotions properly.
• You can react more positively to stress.

14. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine#Sleep_regulation
• http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/15/health/teasing-apart-chemicals-
scientists-unlock-one-more-of-sleep-s-secrets.html
• http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Fulltext/2011/07000/Sleep_an
d_Anesthesia__The_Histamine_Connection.9.aspx
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/136959-how-does-serotonin-affect-
sleep/
• http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-10-22-sleep-
deprivation-brain_N.htm
• http://www.livescience.com/4658-emotions-run-amok-sleep-
deprived-brains.html
• http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/news/20071022/sleep-
deprivation-stirs-up-emotion
• http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1868406,00.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine

15. • http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/norepinephrine.aspx
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