1. University institute of technology
(rajiv Gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya)
session 2015-16
environment science presentation
first year
second semester
cse “b”
Guided by: submitted by:
rishabh soni
nidhi kushwaha
megha sahu
2. content
INTRODUCTION
WHY WE NEED ECO FRIENDLY FUELS
EXAMPLES OF ECO FRIENDLY FUELS
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
BIO-DIESEL
SOLAR ENERGY
ELECTRICITY
Policy on eco-friendly transport fuels
Types of biofuel
Availability of Biofuels
Biodiesel in India
Advantages AND Disadvantages
The future for bio-fuels in India
conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
An Eco-Friendly Fuel is an ecologically friendly fuel. Its
production and use has a minimum impact on the
environment. Eco-friendly Fuels are produced from
naturally occurring material
The lower energy content of biofuels means vehicles travel
shorter distances on the same amount of fuel. This has to
be taken into account
A biofuel is defined as any fuel whose energy is obtained
through a process of biological carbon fixation. when
considering emissions.
4. WHY WE NEED ECO FRIENDLY FUELS
To reduce global warming.
To maintain ecological balance
To avoid deforestation.
To reduce exploitation of resources
5. Examples of eco friendly fuels
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Bio-diesel
Solar Energy
Hydrogen
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Electricity
6. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
The main component of CNG fuel is Methane(CH4).
Compressed natural gas compressed to less than 1% of normal volume .
CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases then diesel or petrol.
It has very low in cost ( Rs 35.20 per kg).
It has low density(175 Kg/m3) .
CNG fuel does not pollute environment.
It is more efficient.
7. BIO-DIESEL
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat , biodiesel is made by
lipids with alcohol producing fatty acid ester.
The energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of petroleum diesel.
It reduces serious air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) ,hydrogen
and air toxics
Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with
petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel
engines.
On November 7, 2011 United Airlines flew the world's first
commercial aviation flight on a microability derived biofuel
using Solar jet.
Bus run by biodiesel.
8. SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed
using a range of ever-evolving technologist is renewable energy
As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water
systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth)
China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth
installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020
The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace
de Saussure in 1767
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either
directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using
concentrated solar distillation can be used to make saline or
brackish water potable.
9. electricity
Electricity can be used to power all-electric vehicles and plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles.
Fuelling plug-in vehicles with electricity is currently cost effective
compared to gasoline,
The 2012 Honda Civic Hybrid has an EPA combined city-and-highway fuel
economy estimate of 44 miles per gallon, while the estimate for the
conventional 2012 Civic (four cylinder, automatic) is 32 miles per gallon.
A fuel that is easily produced but not easily transported (like electricity
from solar panels in the Sahara desert) is still limited and its availability.
10. Types of biofuel
Biofuel is made from biomass. There are different types of biofuel, like
biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas and bio butanol.
Biofuels are made from plant material or organic waste:
Biofuels from plant material
Most biofuels are made from plant material, like palm oil, rapeseed,
sugar cane, maize and other grains. These raw materials often come from
tropical countries, and their production may come at the cost of food
crops.
Biofuels from organic waste
Biofuels can also be made from waste, such as agricultural waste, used
frying fat, woodchips or algae. This does not take up any extra
agricultural land.
11. Availability of Biofuels
Because biofuels are derived from a plant matter (and occasionally
animal matter) that can be harvested annually, or the case of algae
monthly, biofuels are theoretically unlimited.
Availability is one of the major driving forces in the adoption of
alternative energies, making biofuels the next logical choice as
other alternatives are still under development and are perhaps
decades away.
12. Biodiesel in India
Indian Biofuel Policy was announced on 23rd Dec 2009. It gives a rough guideline,
which was actually proposed many years back. Main stumbling blocks are still not
resolved. There are no Figures or Financial commitments. Some of the points are
The Minimum Purchase Price (MPP) for bio-diesel by the Oil Marketing
Companies (OMCs) will be linked to the prevailing retail diesel price.
Financial incentives, including subsidies and grants, may be considered upon
merit for new and second generation feed stocks, advanced technologies and
conversion processes, and production units based on new and second generation
feed stocks.
New Diesel Cars are
Hitting the Road
Everyday.
India's biodiesel processing capacity is estimated at 600,000
tons per year. The government owned Oil Marketing
companies have now floated a tender again to buy 840
million liter of Biodiesel. However there are few interested
suppliers. They prefer to export, rather than selling in
India.
13. Government's Policies
Government of India started Biofuel mission in 2003, but it announced Biofuel
Policy on 2009. The Union Cabinet in its meeting gave its approval for the National
Policy on Biofuel prepared by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, and also
approved for setting up of an empowered National Biofuel Coordination Committee,
headed by then Prime Minister of India and a Biofuel Steering Committee headed by
Cabinet Secretary.
An indicative target of 20% by 2017 for the blending of biofuels (bioethanol and
bio-diesel) was proposed. (Even 1% is not possible)
Bio-diesel production will be taken up from non-edible oil seeds grown in waste /
degraded / marginal lands. (This has Failed)
Oil companies had declared their own Biodiesel Purchase Policy. These companies
offered a price of Rupees 34.00 per liter of Biodiesel, which was less than the
manufacturing cost of Biodiesel.
14. Biofuel research in india
1. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
(ICGEB), New Delhi Synthetic biology and biofuel group
Focus area: Discovery and design of novel enzymes and enzyme systems
for biofuels Engineering bacteria to produce biofuel.
2. DBT-ICT-Centre of Energy Biosciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Focus area Development of biotechnologies for deriving energy from
renewable resources
3. DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Faridabad,
Haryana
Focus Area Lignocellulosic based bio-fuels Development of new and
economical pre-treatment process
15. .
4. Centre for Alternate Energy Research, University of Petroleum &
Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Focus Area Includes bio-fuels, bio-energy, solar, wind energy, hydrogen
& fuel cell and new technology.
5. DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Faridabad,
Haryana
Focus Area Lignocellulosic based bio-fuels Development of new and
economical pre-treatment process Feedstock selection/development
and characterization Process optimization for saccharification /
Fermentation and scale up Bio-assisted / Chemical lignin de-
polymerization and Lignin value addition
16. advantages
Cost: Biofuels have the potential to be significantly less expensive than gasoline
and other fossil fuels.
Source material: biofuels can be manufactured from a wide range of materials
including crop waste, manure, and other byproduct .
Security: Biofuels can be produced locally, which decreases the nation's
dependence upon foreign energy
Lower carbon emissions: When biofuels are burned, they produce
significantly less carbon output and fewer toxins, making them a safer alternative
to preserve atmospheric quality and lower air pollution. biofuels help to reduce
carbon emissions by 50-60%.
Renewability: biofuels are much more easily renewable as new crops are grown
and waste material is collected.
Reduce Greenhouse Gases: biofuels reduces greenhouse gases up to 65
percent.
17. Disadvantages
Energy output: Biofuels have a lower energy output than traditional fuels
Food prices: As demand for food crops such as corn grows for biofuel
production, it could also raise prices for necessary staple food crops.
Water use: Massive quantities of water are required for proper irrigation of
biofuel crops as well as to manufacture the fuel, which could strain local and
regional water resources.
High Cost of Production: To refine biofuels to more efficient energy
outputs, and to build the necessary manufacturing plants to increase biofuel
quantities, a high initial investment is often required.
Fuel Use : Producing enough biodiesel or ethanol to replace one gallon of
petroleum fuel, they argue, requires the energy equivalent to several gallons'
worth of petroleum fuel
18. The future for bio-fuels in India
Biofuel has huge potential to stimulate rural development
and to generate employment. Benefits to the
environment as well as energy security are key factors
working in favour of biofuels.
An indicative target proposed to be implemented by 2017
is to have of 20 percent blending of biofuels, both for bio-
diesel and bio-ethanol.
Seeds from the Jatropha curcas plant are used for the
production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of India's plan to attain
energy sustainability.
19. conclusion
Poor people’s food security in urban and rural areas is under immediate
threat from higher food prices partly induced by increased biofuel
production. Well designed and targeted safety nets are needed to support
their access to food.
In the longer run, higher food prices could stimulate agricultural
development, but measures will be needed to ensure that benefits reach
small farmers and marginalized people including women.
Some biofuels may reduce greenhouse gas emissions when replacing fossil
fuels, but the net effects on climate change depend on where and from
what raw materials they are produced.
