The document discusses several key aspects of evolution including:
1) Organisms evolve through random mutations that are influenced by environmental factors, with beneficial mutations increasing an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.
2) Genetic drift, the random changes in allele frequencies within a population from one generation to the next, can cause populations to diverge over time leading to speciation.
3) Reproductive isolation through mechanisms like habitat, behavioral, and temporal isolation can further drive speciation when populations become separated and diverge genetically.
37. Neandertal Genome Study Reveals That We Have a Little Caveman in Us Svante Paabo Europeans and Asians share 1% to 4% of their nuclear DNA with Neandertals. But Africans do not
53. SNP For each individual they analysed half a million SNPs, and then amalgamated the results mathematically to produce two numbers representing that person. This allowed each individual's genome to be shown as a point on a two-dimensional plot: the bigger the differences in the genomes, the greater the distance between them on the plot.
65. Fig. 24-14-1 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow
66. Fig. 24-14-2 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges
67. Fig. 24-14-3 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Hybrid
68. Fig. 24-14-4 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Hybrid Possible outcomes: Reinforcement OR OR Fusion Stability
71. Fig. 23-5 Porcupine herd Porcupine herd range Beaufort Sea NORTHWEST TERRITORIES MAP AREA ALASKA CANADA Fortymile herd range Fortymile herd ALASKA YUKON
72. Fig. 23-6 Frequencies of alleles Alleles in the population Gametes produced Each egg: Each sperm: 80% chance 80% chance 20% chance 20% chance q = frequency of p = frequency of C R allele = 0.8 C W allele = 0.2