VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

1. CONCEPT OF
CONTROL
DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR.
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. “Disease control”
describes operations
aimed at reducing :

3. 1. The incidence of the
disease.
2. The duration of the
disease, &
consequently the risk of
transmission.

4. 3. The effects of infection,
including both the physical
& psychosocial
complications.
4. The financial burden to the
community.

5. 5. Control activities may focus on
primary prevention or secondary
prevention.
6. In disease control the disease
agent is permitted to persist in the
community at a level where it
ceases to be a public health
problem according to the tolerance
of the local population.

6. 7. A state of equilibrium becomes
established between the disease
agent, host, & environment
components of the disease
process.
E.g., The National Malaria
Control Programme.

7. DISEASE ELIMINATION
The term “elimination” is
used to describe
interruption of
transmission of disease.

8. • E.g., Elimination of measles,
polio & diphtheria from large
geographic regions or areas.(
REGIONAL ELIMINATION”).
• Regional elimination is now seen
as an important precursor of
eradication.

9. DISEASE ERADICATION
• Eradication means to “tear out by
roots”.
• Eradication of disease implies
termination of all transmission of
infection by extermination of the
infectious agent.

10. • Eradication is an absolute
process & not a relative goal.
• It is all or none phenomenon.
• The word eradication is reserved
to cessation of infection &
disease from the whole world.

11. MONITORING & SURVEILLANCE
• Surveillance implies “monitoring”,
“surveillance” of the disease.
• Monitoring is the performance &
analysis of routine measurements
aimed at detecting changes in the
environment or health status of
population.

12. • It also refers to on going
measurement of performance of
a health service or a heath
professional, or of the extent to
which patients comply with or
adhere to advice from health
professional.

13. • The main objective of
surveillance is to :
• 1. Provide information about
new & changing trends in the
health status of the population.
(mortality, morbidity, nutritional
status etc).

14. • 2. To provide feedback which
may be expected to modify the
policy & the system itself & lead
to redefinition of objectives.
• 3. Provide timely warning of
public health disasters so that
interventions can be mobilized.

15. SURVEILLANCE

16. SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE
• No routine notification can
identify all cases of infection or
disease.
• Therefore a method for
identifying the missing cases &
thereby supplementing the
notified cases is required.

17. • This is known as sentinel
surveillance.
• The sentinel data is extrapolated
to the entire population to
estimate the disease prevalence
in the total population.

18. • The advantage of such a
system are that the reporting
biases are minimized & feed
back of information to the
providers is simplified.

19. • A sentinel surveillance
agencies could be interested
& competent physicians or
institutions in selected areas
to report the cases of disease
in their areas.

20. THANK YOU