This document discusses the use of bagasse as an adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. It provides background on dyes, their usage, and the issues they cause when discharged in wastewater. The document examines using raw and chemically activated bagasse to adsorb the dye methylene blue. It explores the adsorption process and how parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and dye concentration affect adsorption. The results found chemically activated bagasse was more effective at lower pH levels, and equilibrium was reached within 45 minutes with optimal removal achieved using 12g/L of the chemically activated bagasse.

2. Project By:
1. Ms Madhura Chincholi
2. Ms. Charmi Nagaria
3. Ms Priyanka Sagwekar

3. DYES
 Dyes are organic compounds that can provide
bright and lasting color to other substances.
 Complex aromatic molecular structures which
make them more stable and difficult to
biodegrade.
 They are designed to resist fading upon exposure
to sweat, light, water, and oxidizing agents
 Types of dyes: Natural and synthetic.
 Used in the textile, leather, paper , rubber, plastic,
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food industries.

4.  Textile industries ranks first in dye usage.
 High Effluent Discharge.
 The wastewaters discharged from dyeing
processes exhibit
1. High BOD
2. High COD
3. Visible Pollutant
4. Hot, alkaline and contain high amounts of
dissolved solids.

5. Harmful Effects
Toxic
Carcinogenic
Mutagenic
Teratogenic
Retards photosynthetic activity
Inhibits growth of aquatic biota

6. PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
 The maximum permissible COD limit is 250 mg/L
 The maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 to 300
mg/L.

7. TREATMENT METHODS
By Aerobic Biodegradation
Coagulation using alum, lime
Chemical oxidation methods using
chlorine and ozone
Membrane separation
Degradation (Chemical, Photo,
Bio)
 Adsorption

8. ADSORPTION
 Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions,
or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved
solid to a surface. This process creates a film
of the adsorbate on the surface of the
adsorbent.
 Adsorption is a consequence of surface
energy.

9. TYPES of ADSORPTION
 Physisorption (characteristic of weak van der Waals
forces)
 Chemisorption (characteristic of covalent bonding). It
may also occur due to electrostatic attraction.

10. Properties of Adsorbent
 Granular form.
 Should not offer a pressure drop.
 Large surface area per unit volume.
 Solid density.
 Porosity.
 Ability to develop force of attraction.

11. BAGASSE AS AN ADSORBENT
 Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains
after sugarcane are crushed to extract their juice.
 Available abundantly.
 It can also be used in raw form for adsorption.
 It is also used for some dyes in chemically activated
form.
 It is an effective and cost efficient adsorbent.
 It can be converted into granular form.
 In fact, in some dyes, bagasse is found more efficient
than AC or some adsorbents and can be regenerated.

12. Bagasse and Methylene Blue Dye

13. Fig. SEM images of SB at two different magnifications

14. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DYES REMOVED BY
BAGASSE
DYE NAME PARAMETERS ISOTHERMS
FOLLOWED
Orange- g pH, contact time,
adsorption dose, initial
dose of adsorbent.
Freundlich Isotherm
Methyl Violet pH, contact time,
adsorption dose, initial
dose of adsorbent.
Langmuir Isotherm
Rhodamine - B pH, dye concentration,
adsorption dose, presence
of surfactants.
Langmuir and Freundlich
Isotherm
Reactive Orange pH, contact time,
adsorption dose, initial
dose of adsorbent.
Langmuir and Freundlich
Isotherm

15. METHYLENE BLUE DYE
 Discovered by Caro in 1876.
 A basic cationic dye, heterocyclic aromatic
chemical compound.
 Methylene Blue(MB) is a member of thi-azine
class of dyes and has ox-red properties.

16. Molecular formula : C16H18N3SCl
IUPAC name : 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)- phenothiazin-5-ium
chloride
Synonyms : 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)5-phenothiazinium
chloride, Aizen methylene blue BH, Basic blue 9,
Tetramethylthionine chloride, etc.
Molecular weight : 319.85 g
Solubility in water : Soluble (3.5%)
Absorption maxima : 655.8 nm
Colour index : 52,015
Appearance : Dark green powder
Uses : Optical oxygen sensor in food industry.
In Biology field as an antiseptic and stain for fixed
and living tissues.
In chemistry as a photosensitizer for singlet oxygen
generation.
As an organic dye in Textile Industry.

17. Fig.(a) Methylene blue solution Fig(b)Methylene Blue Powder

18. DIFFERENT ADSORBENTS STUDIED FOR
METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION
ADSORBENT PARAMETERS STUDIED ISOTHERMSFOLLOW
ED
Orange peels Dye concentration and pH Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm
Banana peels Dye concentration and pH Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm
Aquacultural shell
powder
pH, dye and solid
concentration and contact
time
Langmuir isotherm
Rice husk ash pH, contact time,
initial concentration and
adsorbent dose
Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherm
Activated carbon pH, temperature, contact
time, adsorbent dosage
Langmuir isotherm
Treated Activated
carbon
contact time, solution pH
and adsorbent dosage
Langmuir isotherm

19. Chemically Activated Bagasse
Raw Bagasse
Stock Solution

20. Methodology for chemically
activated bagasse
Bagasse from sugarcane
mill
Sun dry,grind and wash
with distilled water
Soaked in 1/3rd by
weight concentrated
sulfuric acid for 48 h
for chemical activation
Washed with distilled
water and soaked in 1%
sodium bicarbonate
solution overnight to
remove residue acid
Oven dried at 150- 160.C
for 24 hours and Sieved
Chemically activated
bagasse adsorbent

21. Methodology for Raw Bagasse
Bagasse
from
sugarcane
mill
Sundried,
grind and then
soaked in
distilled water
for 48 h.
Treated with
Alkali NaHCO3
for 12 hours.
Washed
with DW
and treated
with
formaldehy
de
Dried in
oven at
50-60°C
for 24
hours.
Raw
Bagasse.

22. Pictures of the Raw and Chemically
Activated Bagasse

23. Dye solution
 For the present study, MB have been supplied by
Aldrich Sigma Ltd.
 The dye stock solution of 1,000 ppm is prepared.
 The experimental solutions of desired
concentrations are prepared by diluting the stock
solution with distilled water.

24. Different known concentration solutions used for calibration.

25. Absorbance
Concentration(ppm)
Standard calibration curve for methylene blue at 655.8 nm
DPlot
Trial
Version
http://www.dplot.com
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
y=-1.458+8.626x

26. PARAMETERS STUDIED
 pH
 Contact time
 Adsorbent dose
 Dye concentration

28. IDC.grf
Contact time (min)
%Adsorbed
Effect of initial dye concentration
DPlot
Trial
Version
http://www.dplot.com
15 30 45 60 75 90
0
20
40
60
80
100
76.75
82.03
90.53
91.66
93.51
54.15
61.32
67.83 68.49
83.79
50 ppm
100 ppm

29. AD.grf
Contact time (min)
%Adsorbed
Effect of adsorbent dosage
DPlot
Trial
Version
http://www.dplot.com
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0.4 g
0.6 g0.8 g1.0 g
0.2 g
0.4 g
0.6 g
0.8 g
1.0 g
0.2 g

30. Conclusion
 Increase in pH increased the adsorption rate. For pH
values < 7 chemically activated bagasse was more
effective , for pH ≥ 7 both adsorbents were found to be
equally efficient.
 For initial dye conc., the amount of dye adsorbed
initially increased with time but attained equilibrium
within 45 min.
 For adsorbent dosage, in the first 15 min the
adsorption rate rapidly increased and then it
proceeded gradually till equilibrium. An optimum
equilibrium %removal of 95.61 was achieved with 12
g/L by chemically activated bagasse of adsorbate conc.
of 100 ppm.

31. Reference
 www.indiaonestop.com/economy-macro-agro.htm
 Rajeshwari Sivaraj, Sivakumar, S., Senthilkumar, P.,
Subburam, V., (2001): Carbon from cassava peel, an
agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes
and metal ions from the aqueous solution. – Bioresource
Technol 80 (3), pp.233-235
 Mckay, G., Elgundi, M., Nassar, M. M.,. (1988): External
mass transport process during the adsorption of dyes on to
the Baggasse pith. – Water Res 22(12), 1527-33
 APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
2(2): 35–43.http://www.ecology.kee.hu • ISSN 1589 1623©
2004, Penkala Bt., Budapest, Hungary

32. THANK YOU