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Chapter 6 lecture slides
1.
BUSINESS LAW: Text
& Cases — Legal, Ethical, International, and E-Commerce Environment 11th Ed. Chapter 6 Intentional Torts Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
2.
§1: Basis of
Tort Law Doing business today involves risks, both legal and financial. A tort is a civil injury designed to provide a remedy (damages) for injury to a protected interest. Damages. – Compensatory: reimburse plaintiff for actual losses. – Special: quantifiable losses, such as medical expenses, lost wages, and benefits. – General: non-monetary, such as pain and suffering, reputation. – Punitive: punish the wrongdoer. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 2 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
3.
§2: Intentional Torts
Against Persons The person committing the tort, the Tortfeasor or Defendant, must “ intend” to commit the act. Intend means: – Tortfeasor intended the consequences of her act; or – She knew with substantial certainty that certain consequences would result. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 3 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
4.
Types of Intentional
Torts Assault and Battery. False Imprisonment. Infliction of Emotional Distress. Defamation. Invasion of Privacy. Business Torts. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 4 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
5.
Assault and Battery
ASSAULT is an intentional, unexcused act that: – Creates a reasonable apprehension or fear of, – Immediate harmful or offensive contact. – NO CONTACT NECESSARY. BATTERY is the completion of the Assault: – Intentional or Unexcused. – Harmful, Offensive or Unwelcome. – Physical Contact. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 5 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
6.
Defenses to Assault
& Battery Consent. Self-Defense (reasonable force). Defense of Others (reasonable force). Defense of Property. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 6 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
7.
False Imprisonment
False Imprisonment is the intentional: – Confinement or restraint. – Of another person’s activities. – Without justification. Merchants may reasonably detain customers if there is probable cause. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 7 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
8.
Intentional Infliction of
Emotional Distress An intentional act that is: – Extreme and outrageous, that – Results in severe emotional distress in another. Most courts require some physical symptom or illness. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 8 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
9.
Defamation
Right to free speech is constrained by duty we owe each other to refrain from making false statements. Orally breaching this duty is slander; breaching it in print or media (and internet) is libel. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 9 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
10.
Defamation
Publication Requirement: gravamen of defamation is the “publication” of a false statement that holds an individual up to hatred, contempt or ridicule in the community. Publication requires communication to a 3 rd party. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 10 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
11.
Damages for Libel
General Damages are presumed; Plaintiff does not have to show actual injury. General damages include compensation for disgrace, dishonor, humiliation, injury to reputation and emotional distress. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 11 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
12.
Damages for Slander
General Rule: Plaintiff must prove “special damages” (actual economic loss). – Exception: Slander Per Se. No proof of damages is necessary when the statement is involves: • Loathsome disease, • Business improprieties, • Serious crime, • Woman is non-chaste. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 12 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
13.
Defenses to Defamation
Truth is generally an absolute defense. Privileged (or Immune) Speech. – Absolute: judicial & legislative proceedings. – Qualified: Employee Evaluations. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 13 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
14.
Defamation-Public Figures
Public figures exercise substantial governmental power or are otherwise in the public limelight. To prevail, they must show “actual malice”: statement was made with either knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 14 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
15.
Invasion of Privacy
Every person has a fundamental right to solitude freedom from public scrutiny. – Use of Person’s Name or Likeness. – Intrusion on Individual’s Affairs or Seclusion. – Publication of Information that Places a Person in False Light. – Public Disclosure of Private Facts. CASE 6.1 Anderson v. Michigan (2007). Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 15 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
16.
Appropriation
Use of another’s name, likeness or other identifying characteristic for commercial purposes without the owner’s consent. – Issues: • Degree of Likeness. • Right of Publicity as a Property Right. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 16 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
17.
Fraudulent Misrepresentation
Fraud is intentional deceit. Elements: – Misrepresentation of material fact; – Intent to induce another to rely; – Justifiable reliance by innocent party; – Damages as a result of reliance; – Causal connection. Fact vs. Opinion (not puffery). Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 17 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
18.
Frivolous Litigation
Generally, each of us has the right to sue when we have been legally injured. Torts related to abusive or frivolous litigation include: – Malicious prosecution, and – Abuse of process. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 18 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
19.
§3: Business Torts-
Wrongful Interference Tort involving a contractual relationship. Occurs when: – Defendant knows about contract between A and B; – Intentionally induces either A or B to breach the contract; and – Defendant benefits from breach. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 19 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
20.
Business Torts-
Wrongful Interference In a business relationship occurs when: – There is an established business relationship; – The Tortfeasor, using predatory methods, causes relationship to end; and – Plaintiff suffers damages. Permissible behavior (bona fide competition) or justified behavior are defenses to this tort. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 20 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
21.
§4: Intentional Torts
Against Property Trespass to land occurs when a person, without permission: – Physically enters onto, above or below the surface of another’s land; or – Causes anything to enter onto the land; or – Remains, or permits anything to remain, on the land. – Defenses: trespass is necessary, or trespasser is a licensee. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 21 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
22.
Intentional Torts
Against Property Trespass to personal property is the Intentional interference with another’s use or enjoyment of personal property without consent or privilege. – CASE 6.2 Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc. (2003). Conversion. Disparagement of Property. Slander of Quality or Title. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 22 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
23.
§ 5: Cyber
Torts Defamation Online. – Immunity of Internet Service Providers. – Piercing the Veil of Anonymity. CASE 6.3 Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley vs. Roommate.com, LLC (2007). Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 23 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
24.
Cyber Torts
Spam (unsolicited email). – Spam as Trespass to Personal Property. Statutory Regulation of Spam. – Minnesota requires unsolicited email to state “ADV” in the subject line. – California has a stringent “opt-in” requirement. Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 24 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
25.
Cyber Torts
Federal CAN-SPAM Act (2004) applies primarily to commercial emails. Requirements: – Return email address. – Clear notice the email is an AD. – Provide “opt out” mechanism (10 days to act). – Label sexually explicit emails. Does it work--Problems??? Copyright © 2009 South-Western Legal Studies in Business, 25 a part of South-Western Cengage Learning.
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