1. 地理資訊系統於高中職社區化之應用 How to empower community by using GIS Lecturer: Yao-hui Wang

7. Elements of Cartography In the beginning . . . there were maps Source:http://gate.henry-davis.com/MAPS/EMwebpages/226A.html; and http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/mapsandviews/mattparismaplge.html

8. Elements of Cartography Then ……the evolution began Source: http://wikipedia.org ( 維基百科 )

9. Source: http://www.opens.com.tw/toy/T08-10.htm ( 微型企業專業網 )

10. Source: http://ro.17173.com/map/map.htm

11. Source: Google Earth

12. Although the evolution never stops…… Something has survived……………………….

14. Projection In order to transfer the 3 dimensional form of the earth into a 2 dimensional plane (to project), a projection is needed. Source: http://www.gdf-hannover.de

15. Choosing the projection type Examples of azimuthal map projections In case of satellite impages Circular regions Application only true-to-scale in the projection center, neither orthomorphic nor equal-area orthomorphic, true-to-scale, where meridians and parallels cross true-to-scale, where meridians and parallels cross, neither orthomorphic nor equal-area Properties Vanishing point so far away that radiation dips in parallel Vanishing point opposite to the projection center Vanishing point at the geocenter Light source Orthographic Stereographic Genomic Type

16. Examples of conic map projections The parallels stand in pole proximity closer together than at the equator; is still often used in the USA today. For large-scale and middle-scale maps of the middle latitudes Application Equal-area Orthomorphic Properties Albers Equal-Area Conic Lambert Conformal Conic Type

17. Examples of cylindric map projections Source: http://www.gdf-hannover.de Recommended for regions with N-S extent (G-K, UTM basic) For navigation and illustrations near to the equator Pplication Orthomorphic Orthomorphic, parallel distances increase proportionally from the equator to the scale Properties Mercator projection rotated 90^ Normal axial projection Figure Transverse Mercator Projection Mercator Type

18. Two-dimensional coordinate systems are defined with respect to a single plane Basic Coordinate Systems Coordinate System

19. A Line defined by Two Points in a Plane

20. Three-dimensional coordinate systems can be defined with respect to two orthogonal planes

24. The World Geographic Reference System is used for aircraft navigation

26. European Grid Square Map Source: http:// www.telesupport.nl/wave/locator.htm Check this to know more

27. National Grid Systems

30. 2. 正解變換法 3. 綜合變換法 4. 數值變換法

31. 5. 數值 -- 解析變換法 Source: http://geocom.go1.wy8.net/geocomput/kj/gisydtty/gisydtty.htm ( 華東師大徐建華教授授課模組 ) Hot click 2 http://www.epsg.org/guides/docs/G7-2.pdf

32. Types of Scale You get so many choices…..It just depends on you! Or

34. Orientation WOW So Many Choices If you are using ArcMap, do you know how to set up those features?

38. Data Sources Application Technical Foundations Source: Citied from Paul Aplin’s 2004 lecture slides

44. How to choose suitable GIS software ?