2. human strength and virtues:- cultivating inner
strength : hope and optimism, gainful employment
and me/we balance.
3. Within positive psychology, three
research traditional have thrown
considerable light on how and why
people take a positive view of the world.
Three traditional focus on positive
illusions and self deception, optimism
and hope.
4. Prof. shell Taylor(1989); state that
Most people especially healthy people are
biased towards viewing them selves in an
optimistic way.
Human thought is distinguished by a robust
positive bias.
Our mind are designed to think in positive
rather than realistic or negative way.
5. Mainly there are three ways in which people
see themselves in a more positive light than
by situation other people view situation.
First:- they see their past behavior,
personal activities and self as a
person in an enhanced light (i.e.
they experience the illusion of
self enhanement).
6. Second:- they have an unrealistic sense of
personal control and an exaggerated
and unfounded belief that they
can make things turn out better
then worse. But are never
responsible for bed things that
happens to their.
Third:- they have an unfounded sense of
optimism that the future will be rosier
than the fact suggest it will. That is,
they believe that it will hold move
opportunities for good things to
happen rather than adversity,
stress and chaos.
7. To maintain a positive view of the self we use a variety
of defenses and self deceptive strategies to mange
negative information.
The negative information includes the fact that:-
1. Our talent and attributes are broadly speaking
normal not exceptional.
2. We have limits central over an unpredictable and
chaotic warble and over our own impulses, emotion
through and actions.
3. Our future is bleak insofar as it entails many losses
including the loss of youth and vitality loss of
health, loss of friendship, loss of work role.
8. 1. Denial and repression:-
Denial involve not acknowledging the existence or
meaning of threatening or stressful event in the
external world. Repression involves, not
acknowledging unacceptable aggressive or serval
impulses in a person’s inner world.
Denial and repression are maladaptive because they
distort reality.
Self deceptive, positive illusion allow people to
know negative information about the self and
mange this a way that preserves a positive view of
the self.
9. 1. Selective attention: noticing +ve and
screening out –ve
2. Fengeting (benign): –ve information is not
easily recalled.
3. Maintain pocbets of incompetence: knowing
week areas
4. Maintain negative self schemas: (is a set of
behalf that allow us to activate
situation in which negative
information is likely to be
reduced about the self and to
develop strategies.)
10. Development of positive illusion is fostered
by a parenting style and encouraged to make
choices within the content of warm
relationship.
Permissive or Authoritarian parenting or
parenting that is ……. Does not facilitate the
development of positive illusions.
11. Positive illusion are stranger in children than
in adults.
Modifying positive illusions involves giving
negative information in a way that is
conretive but not ……...
12. Optimism is conceptualized in two distinct way:-
At one end- optimism has been
conceptualized as a broader personality trait
characterized by general optimistic
expectations(dispositional optimism)
Other end- it has been constructed as an
explanatory style (Seligman 1998)(optimistic
explanation style)
13. Dispositional optimism is a global expectation
that move good things then bad will happen in
the future.
Optimism people in the face of difficulties,
continue to pursue than valued gals and
regulated them sleeves effective coping
strategies so that they are likely to achieve
their goals.
To evaluate disposition optimism, (Schemer
and Carver and Bridges 2000). Developed a
brief Life Orientation Test(LOT)
14. Seligman(1998) conceptualised optimism as an
explanatory style rather than a broad personality
their.
Optimistic people acc. To this perspective
explain negative event on experience by
attributing the case of these to external
transient, specific factor such as the prevailing
circumstances.
Pessimist explain negative events or
experiences by attributing their cause to
internal, style global factors such as being a
personal failure.
15. The development of optimism is determined by:-
1. Parental mental health.
2. The types of role modelling by parents.
3. Degree to which parent rewanol and exchange
optimism
Parents of optimistic are good rule models for
using an optimistic explanatory style, attributing
success to interval, global style factors and
factors to external specific and transitory
factors.
16. Optimism is also related to the ability to
delay gratification and to forgo short
term gains in order to achieve long
goals, pratabtly because optimistic
people can have faith that long term
goals are achievable.
In adulthood optimism is associated with
better academic achievement, sports
performance, occupational adjusting and
family life.
17. Seligman(1998) developed programme to
help adults and children change then
explanatory style for pessimism to optimism
prof. based on cognitive therapy model
developed by Dr. Aaron T Back and Dr.
Albert Ellis
Participnats learn to monitor and analyse
mood-altering situation and them to modify
their pessimistic beliefs. So that their
explanatory style become more optimistic.
18. A- specifying the adversity
B- belief and thought that occuved when the
adversity was encouraged.
C- consequent mood change.
e.g.:
Adversity: I am ill
Belief: I am suffering from very chronic disease.
Consequent modal change: I changed fierm feeling OK
to feeling fairly depressed (fian 3 to 8 an a 10 point
scale)
WHERE 1 = VERY HAPPY-10 VERY DEPRESSION
19. You analyses number of situations and
notice. What beliefs proceed mood
changes involving depression or other
negative mood states.
Differentiate firm beliefs those that
precede positive mood changes.
21. 1. Distraction:- doing something to stop the
internals pessimistic explanation e.g.
saying stop, hitting hand on the-----.
2. Distancing:- involves strategies for down
their impect on mood by recognizing that
beliefs are not facts, they are just one spin.
3. Disputation:- carrying on an internal
dialogue the goal of which is to show that
there is an equally valued or more valued
optimistic explanation for the adversity.
22. 1. What is the evidence for that explanation or belief and is
there evidence that it is not true.
2. Are three alternatives optimistic explanation for the
adversity where I can attribute this adversity to specific,
transient factors.
3. If I can not justify an optimistic explanation for the
adversity are the implications of the pessimistic
explanation catastrophic. With huge long term negative
consequence or just a bit of a temporary nuisance.
4. If I can not decide whether there is more evidence for an
optimistic or pessimistic explanation for adversity. Which
explanation or belief is mist useful for me in terms of
having a positive mood and achieving my goals.
23. Armed with ABC analysis skills and distraction,
distancing anddisputation skills the next step
is to put them together is ABCDE practice.
A= adversity
B= belief
C= consequent mood change
D= disputation
E= evergisation
24. Hope, a construct closely. Relsted to optimum
conceptualized by prf. Rick snyder(2000)
involving two components
1. The ability to plan pathways to desired goals
despite obstacles, and
2. Agency or motivations to use. There
pathways.
Hope is sum of there two components.
25. Agency Thoughts
Developmental
lessons of Self as
Author of causal
chains of events
Outcom
e value
Pathways
Thoughts
Outcome
Expectancy
Agency
Thought
s
Goal
Behavior
Learning History Pre Event Period Event Sequence
26. Where a valued goal is pursued the hopeful goal
directed behavior will be determined by the
interaction of:-
1. The degree to which the outcome on goal is
valued.
2. Thoughts about possible pathways to the
goals and related expectation about how
effective the outcome or goal.
3. The thought about personal agency and how
effective one will be in following paths to
goal.
27. All three of the above factors will be dependent
upon thoughts brought to the situation based on
past experience and development in two areas:-
1. Thoughts about pathways to goals based on
development lesson can coming conversation
and causality and
2. Thoughts about agency based on development
lessons about the self as author or casual
chains of events.
28. Strength of wisdom and knowledge:-
Include positive traits related to the acquisition and
use of information in the service of the good life.
1. Creativity
2. Curiosity
3. Love of learning
4. Open minded ness
5. Perspective- being able to provide wise consult to
other.
Virtues: Quality of Doing what is right &
avoiding what is wrong
29. Some temptation that needs to be reasoned or
some motivation that needs to be hacked or
rechanneled.
6. authenticity: speaking the truth
7. bravery: not shrinking fom threat, challenge,
effectually.
8. persistence: finishing what are starts.
9. Zest: approaching life with exaternenl and
energy.
30. Includes positive traits manifest in coming
relationship with others.
10. kindness
11. love
12. social intelligence: being aware of he
motives and feelings of others.
Strength of justice
Are broadly social, relevant to the optimal
interaction between the individual and the
group.
13. fairness
14. leadership
31. Are positive traits that protect us ……. excess of
special concern? Hatred- against which
forgiveness and mercy project us.
……Arrogance:- against which humility and
modesty protect us.
16. forgiveness / mercy:
17. Modesty / humility
18. prudence- being careful about one’s choices
not saying or doing things that might later
be regretted
19. Self regulation:
32. The reaching goes beyond other people perse
to embrace part or all of the large universe.
20. Appreciation of beauty and excellence
21. Gratitude
22. Hope
23. Humor
24.Religiousness spirituality.
