Definitions of slums according to various documents, slums in Bhopal

1. SLUMSSubmitted by
Tanuja Suggala 141109039
Lahari Yaddanapudi 141109047
1

2. Definition of slum by UN Habitat
• A slum is an area that combines to various extents the
following characteristics-
• Inadequate access to safe water
• Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure
• Poor structural quality of housing
• Overcrowding
• Insecure residential status
2

3. Britannica Encyclopedia
• A densely populated area of substandard housing, usually in a
city, characterised by unsanitary conditions and social
disorganisation
3
In South Africa
• Unplanned settlement on land which has not been surveyed or
proclaimed as residential, consisting mainly of informal dwellings
World Bank, 2008
• Urban areas that are suffering from problems of accessibility,
informality, very high residential densities, and inadequate
infrastructure and no basic services

4. Hindson and McCarthy, 1994
• Dense settlements comprising communities housed
in self-constructed shelters under conditions of
informal or traditional land tenure
4
Huchzermeyer and Karam (2006)
• Those settlements that were not planned by nor
have formal permission to exist from government.

5. Cist and Halbert
• Slum is an area of poor houses and poor people. It is an area
of transition and decadence, a disorganized area, occupied by
human derelicts, a catch of the entire criminal for the defective,
the down and out.
5
Urban sociologist Bergel
• Slum is an area of substandard housing condition within city

6. Leinward (1970)
• Slum areas refer to dilapidated buildings and buildings
that largely exist with broken down men and women
who launch an almost hopeless fight to live decently. A
slum is thus a place where hope is dead.
6

7. Srinivas (1991)
• An area where the urban poor resides and usually
have no access to tenure rights and are forced to
‘squat’ on vacant land either private or public.
7

8. Doshi Harish
• Slum areas are those areas where there is drains and lake of
facilities like lavatories, roads, schools and public & health services.
• Where houses are in form of huts and made from waste materials,
tin and sheets of asphalts, plastic’s bags, waste tires, old bamboos
sticks, tree leafs and mud. The homes from slum has urgent
requirement of mending
• As a building they are in bad condition, lake of facilities and very
clumsy and full of people
8

9. Census Of India
• All areas notified as “Slum” by state/local Government and UT
(Union Territories) administration under particular slum act.
• All areas recognized as “Slum” by state/local Government and
UT (Union Territories) administration, which have not formally
notified as slum under the slum act.
• A compact area at least 300 population or about 60-70
household of poorly built congested tenements in unhygienic
environment usually which inadequate infrastructure and
lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities
9

10. Characteristics of Slums
10
• Slums are characteristics that vary from place to place
• Slums are usually characterized by urban decay, high rates of
poverty, and unemployment
• They are commonly seen as "breeding grounds" for social
problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, high rates of
mental illness, and suicide
• In many slums, especially in poor countries, many live in very
narrow alleys that do not allow vehicles to pass

11. • Appearance : A slum looks neglected with disorderly
buildings, roads and yards.
• Economic status: slum is a poverty prone area generally
poor people reside there.
• Overcrowding: this is a specific characteristic of slum
• Population : heterogeneous occupancy is the order of the
day. A slum may have separate area of linguistic, culture,
economic, religious and caste groups.
11

12. Probable reasons for upcoming
slums
12
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Higher productivity in these condary/tertiary sector against primary sector
makes cities and towns centres of economic growth and jobs
• Cities act as beacons for the rural population as they represent a higher
standard of living and offer opportunities to people not available in rural
areas . This results in large scale migration from rural to urban areas.
• Negative consequences of urban pull results in up coming of slums
characterized by housing shortage and critical inadequacies in public
utilities, overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, etc.

13. Causes of slums
13
• It is vicious cycle of population growth, people migrate to cities for job
opportunities but are not well educated and get low income.
• Unable to find housing which they can afford, they decide to build their
own shelter close to office. First one shelter then two and then ten
thousand.
• Conniving governments look at slums as vote bank. They provide
electricity and drinking water. They organise unauthorised dwellers into
political purposes hence slums took a bit of a permanent shape.
• The key reason for slums is the slow economic progress

14. 14
SLOW
ECONOMIC
GROWTH
POVERTY
MORE
OPPORTUNITIES
IN CITIES
URBAN
MIGRATION
INADEQUATE
HOUSING IN
CITIES
GOVERNMENT
CONNIVANCE
SLUMS
POPULATION

15. STATE SHARE OF SLUM POPULATION
TO TOTAL SLUM POPULATION OF INDIA
15
2011 2001

16. Types of slums (census 2011)
• Notified slums
• All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories
Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’ are
considered as Notified slums.
• Recognized slums
• All areas recognised as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories Administration or
Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under any act are considered as Recognized slums.
• Identified slums
• A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly
built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities are
considered as Identified slums.
16

17. Programmes and Policies Implemented By Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM): Basic Services to
the Urban Poor (BSUP) & Integrated Housing & Slum Development
Programme(IHSDP)
• Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
• Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHIP)
• Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)
• Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS)
• Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
17

18. URBANIZATION
18
• The census of India defines some criteria for
urbanization
1. Population is more then 5 thousand
2. The density is over 400 people per km.
3. 75% of the male population engages in non-
agriculture occupation.
4. Cities are urban area with population more than one
lakh.
5. Metropolitan are cities with population of more than
one million

19. SLUMS IN BHOPAL
19

20. Slums in Bhopal
• A large percentage of population in any Indian city belongs to the lowest
economic strata i.e. economically weaker section
• Majority of this urban poor Population belongs to people who have migrated
from the nearby rural areas in search of work, employment
20
YeYe
arar
CityCity
pop.pop.
SlumSlum
pop.pop.
%sl%sl
umum
SluSlu
m GRm GR
%%
196
1
2,22,
948
9000
197
1
3,84,
859
19,05
0
4.9
111.
7
198
1
6,71,
018
41,76
3
6.2
119.
2
199 10,6 2,50, 23. 498.
Source: Census of India 1971 to 1991- Town
Directory of Madhya Pradesh & 1975 Bhopal
Development Plan.

21. Sources
• Bhopal CDP
• Census of India, 2001
• Census of India, 2011
• Britannica Encyclopedia
• Rao VLS Prakasha, 1983, “Urbanization in India – Spatial Dimension”
• Report of UN- HABITAT, 2007, “UN – HABITAT Twenty First Session of Governing
Council”, United Nations Human Settlement Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
• Desai A. R, 1972, “A profile of an Indian slum”
• Slums: perspectives on the definition, the appraisal and the management of an
urban phenomenon- Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs
21