1. Biologics

3. • Antigens- a toxin or other foreign
substance that induces an immune
response in the body, especially the
production of antibodies.
3 Categories:
1. Biologically- an antigen is a
substance that, when introduced into
the tissue of humans or other
vertebrates that causes formation of
antibodies.

4. a) Immunogenicity- capacity to
induce antibody formation.
b) Specificity- governed by small
chemical sites on the antigen
molecule called the antigenic
determinants.
2. Chemically- antigens are usually
protein, however, some high
molecular weight polysaccharides
are antigenic.

5. 3. Physically- antigens must possess
a high molecular weight. A weight of
more than 10,000 daltons is
required.
Example of antigens directly
concerned in infectious disease are:
exotoxins, proteins, polysaccharides
on the cell surface and capsules of
bacteria, and the protein coat of
virus particles.

6. • Antibodies- Specialized cells
of the immune system which
can recognize organisms that
invade the body (such as
bacteria, viruses, and fungi).
The antibodies are then able
to set off a complex chain of
events designed to kill these
foreign invaders.

7. • IgA (Alpha heavy chains)- is the
predominate immunoglobulin that
found external bodily secretion (as
saliva, tears, sweat).
• IgD (Delta heavy chains)- is
primarily found on B cell surfaces
where it functions as a receptor for
antigen
• IgE ( Epsilon heavy chains)- function
in allergic reaction.

8. • IgM ( Mu heavy chains)- is the first
Ig to be made by the fetus and the
first Ig to be made by a virgin B
cells when it is stimulated by
antigen.
• IgG ( Gamma heavy chains)-
Most abundant serum in
immunoglobulins. IgG is the only
class of Ig that crosses the
placenta.

9. Immunity
Definition:
immunity is the state of having
sufficient biological defenses to avoid
infection, disease, or other unwanted
biological invasion. It is the capability
of the body to resist harmful
microbes from entering it.

11. • Natural immunity- is the natural
resistances with which a person is born.
• Acquired immunity- Immunity obtained
either from the development of antibodies
in response to exposure to an antigen, as
from vaccination or an attack of an
infectious disease, or from the
transmission of antibodies, as from mother
to fetus through the placenta or the
injection of antiserum.

12. Acquired Immunity
1. Active Immunity
a) Naturally acquired active immunity -
Receive by the body in a natural manner.
b) Artificially acquired active immunity-
Receive by the body through the
administration of a vaccine or toxoid.
2. Passive Immunity- is the transfer of active
immunity, in the form of readymade
antibodies, from one individual to another.

13. a) Artificially acquired passive immunity - is
a short-term immunization by the
injection of antibodies, such as gamma
globulin, that are not produced by the
recipient's cells
b) Naturally acquired passive immunity-
occurs during pregnancy, in which
certain antibodies are passed from the
maternal into the fetal bloodstream.

14. • A substance used to stimulate the productionof
antibodies and provideimmunity against oneor
several diseases, prepared from the causative agent
of a disease, its productor asynthetic substitute,
treated to act as an antigenwithout inducingthe
disease.
• It may contain living,attenuated or killedviruses,
killedrickettsiae.

15. • Vaccines create immunity that protects
you from an infection sometimes
vaccines are called immunization,
needles, or shots.
• It protect you from a specific disease
that can make you very sick, disable or
even kill you.
• They boost your body’s own defense
system which is called the immune
system.

16. • Vaccines do not guarantee complete
protection from a disease. Sometimes,
this is because, the host’s immune
system simply doesn’t respond
adequately or at all. This may be due to a
lowered immune system in general (
diabetes, steroid use, HIV infection) or
because the host immune system
doesn’t have A B cell capable of
generating antibodies to that antigen.

17. The efficacy or performance of the
vaccine is dependent on a number
of factors:
1. The disease itself ( for some diseases
vaccination performs better than other
disease)
2. The strain of vaccine ( some vaccinations
are for different strains of disease)
3. Whether on kept to time table for the
vaccination.
4. Some individuals are “non-responders” to a
certain vaccine.
5. Other factors such as age or genetic
predisposition.

18. Vaccine type Vaccine of this type on
US recommended
childhood (ages 0-6)
immunization
Schedule
1. Live attenuated Measles, mumps, rubella,
varicella (chicken pox) ,
influenza (nasal spray).
2. Killed or inactivated vaccines Polio (IPV),
Hepatitis A
3. Toxoid (Inactivated Form) Diptheria
4. Subunit Conjugate Hepatitis B

19. Non-living vaccines include the absence of
virulent, pathogens, the ability to
manufacture these vaccines to a high level
of purity, and their stability under adverse
conditions ( for example heat) which
facilitates their use in field applications.
Viral vaccines- a drug contain either
inactivated viruses, or attenuated (alive but
not capable causing disease) viruses.

20. Table 13-2 Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults
Immunizing Agent Adsorbed
Tetanus and Diptheria Toxoids for
Adults
Indications for use for every adult Dosage
Primarily immunization: 0.5ml
intramuscularly repeated once
after 4-8 weeks, then once 6-12
months later booster every 10
years
Live attenuated measles virus
vaccine
Unimmunized born after 1956
and recipients of un activated
vaccine 1963-1967
1000 TCID502 subcutaneously
Live Rubella Virus Vaccine
influenza virus vaccine
Unimmunized young women
patients with Diabetes or Chronic
pulmonary, cardiovascular, or
renal disease, Immuno
compromised patients, those in
chronic care facilities, and
everyone over 65 years of age.
1000 TCID Subcutaneously
Polyvalent Pneumococcal Vaccine Patients with chronic cardiac or
pulmonary disease, alcoholism
cirrhosis, diabetes, Hodgkins
disease, nephrotic syndrome,
renal failure, cerebrospinal fluid
leaks. Immuno suppression.
0.5ml subcutaneously or
intramuscularly.

21. Hepatitis B vaccine Medical workers and lab
workers with frequent
exposure to blood or blood
products, intravenous drug
abusers, male
homosexuals, dialysis
patients, recipients of
clotting factors VIII or IX,
Mortuary workers,
residents staff of
institutions for mentally
retarded and immuno
comprised patients.
1ml intramuscularly in
deltoid muscle, repeated
after 4 weeks and again 6
months after first dose.

22. Small pox Vaccine
• Is the living virusvaccinla(cowpox)thathas been
grown in the skin of a vaccinatedbovine calf.It was the
first vaccine for smallpox invented by Edward Jenner
to treat smallpoxdiseasecaused byVariolamajorand
Variolaminorviruses.

24. Who should get smallpox vaccine?
1. Anyone who is allergic to the vaccine or any of its
component (streptomycin, chlortetracycline,
neomycin).
2. Pregnant women.
3. Lactating women.
4. Persons with skin problems. ( esp. eczema, and
atopic dermatitis)
5. People with weakened immune system such as
those with received transplant.
6. People taking medications with steroids.
7. HIV Positive.
8. People recovering from the ailment cancer.

25. How isthis Given?
• The smallpox is not given with a hypodermis needle.
• It is not a “shot” like many vaccinations.
• The vaccine is given using abifurcardneedle thatis
dipped into the solution.The needle is then used to
prick the skin a number of times in a few seconds.The
vaccine usuallygiven in the upper arm.

26. Sideeffects of Small pox Vaccine
I. Feelingusuallycold.
II. Shivering.
III. Swollenpainfulor huder lymph glands in the neck,
armpit, or groin.
Dose:
It isadministeredby making punctures in the skin with
specialneedle. Revaccinationis recommended at least
every 10 years.

27. Rabies
• Is a deadly disease caused by virus that
attacks the central nervous system. The
virus is present in the saliva, spinal fluid
and brain tissue of rabid animal, human
get rabies when they are bitten by an
infected animal.

29. Rabies Vaccine
• Is also known as human diploid cells
rabies vaccine HDCV.
• A sterile lyophilized preparation of either
the whire virion on subvirion rabies virus.
Whire Virion- is prepared from wistar rabies
virus grown in cultures of human diploid
embryo lung tissue and inactivated with Tri-
N-Butyl phosphate and B- propiolactone.

30. Subvirion Vaccine
• Is prepared from the Pasteur derived
pamannoore virus crown on human
diploid cell cultures developed in
Europe and inactivated with B-
Propiolactone.
Both vaccines are supplied as 10ml,
single- dose vials of lyophilized vaccines
with accompanying diluent.

31. Preventive Vaccination
( No Exposure)
• People whose activities bring them to
frequent contact with rabies or with
possibly rabid animals.
• International travelers who are likely
to come in contact with animals in
parts of the world where rabies is
common.

32. The Pre exposureSchedulefor Rabies vaccine
is 3 Doses givenat the following time:
• Dose 1- as appropriate
• Dose 2- 7 days after 1 dose
• Dose 3- 21 days or 28 days after 1 dose.

33. YellowFeverVaccine
• Used to treatyellow fever or yellow sack, black vomit. It is a
serious disease caused by theyellow fever virus called flaui
virus.Fibricuscausative agent. Aedesmosquito was finally
proved to be thevector of the disease.
Yellowfever can cause:
a) Fever, flu
b) Jaundice
c) Liver, kidney, respiratory organ system failure
d) death

34. Who should be vaccinated?
• Babies under 9 monthsof age babies who are 6-9 monthsold
should only be vaccinated if therisk of gettingyellow fever.
• Pregnantwomen
• Breast feedingwomen
• Weakened immunesystem
• People who are allergic to eggs.

35. Dose
• Usual adult dose
0.5ml subcutaneously at least10 days before
travel.
• Usual Pediatricdose
9 months 0.5ml subcutaneously atleast10
days beforetravel.

37. Influenza Vaccine
• Is a sterile aqueous suspensions
inactivated influenza virus type A and B.
It also contains a suitable preservative
and may contain an adsorbent such as
aluminum phosphate or protamine.
• Used to treat flu virus that infect our
respiratory system as nose, throat and
sometimes lungs.

38. 2 types of influenzaVaccine (seasonal)
1. The injection ( with killed virus)
2. Nasal spray vaccine (containing live but
weakened virus)
4 things you might not know about flu vaccine:
1. There are no live virus in the flu shots.
2. The composition of vaccine changes every year.
3. The flu shots is safe for pregnant women at all
stages of their pregnancy.
4. Bioscl Fluwax is not recommended for children
under 5 years of age.

39. How long is flu vaccination good for?
 The flu vaccination will protect you for
only one flu season.
Does the vaccine work right away?
 It takes two weeks after the vaccination
for antibodies to develop in the body and
provide protection against virus infection.

40. Poliomyelitis vaccine
Is an active immunizing agent used to
prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It works by
causing your body to produce its own
protection (antibodies) against the virus
that causes polio.
Polio- is a very serious infection that
causes paralysis of the muscles that
enable you to walk and breathe.

41. Immunization against polio is
recommended for:
1. All infants from 6 to 12 weeks of age.
2. All children.
3. All adolescents 18 years of age.
4. Adults who are greater risk of exposure to
polio virus.

42. Three Types of Polio Virus
Type 1 ( Brunhilde)
 Most often isolated from paralytic cases.
Type 2 ( Lansing)
 Concerned in sporadic disease.
Type 3 ( Leon)
 Proved to be theetiologic agentinless frequentepidemics.

43. 2 types ofpoliovaccineby injection
1. PolioVirus vaccine inactivated(IPV)
- Developed by Dr. Jonas Salk.It is also called“salk
vaccine”. It consistof inactivated(killed)poliovirus
strainsof all 3 types of poliovirustypes.
2. PolioVirus vaccine inactivatedenhanced potency
(eIPV)

44. Dosing form and strength
0.5mlsc/im 2 doses 1-2 monthsapart with3rd dose 6 to 12
monthslater OR completelyvaccinated adults can receive,
booster dose if traveling to polio endemic areas or where therisk
of exposure is high.

45. PolioVirus Vaccineliveoral
• Oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin.
• It is also called “Trivalentoralpoliovaccine”or“sabin
vaccine”consist of a mixture of live, attenuated(weakened)
poliovirus strains of all three poliovirus types.
Doses: 2 doses not less than8 week intervals.

46. Measles Vaccine
• a highly effective vaccine used against measles.
• Contains live attenuated ruboela (measles) and
rubella (German measles) viruses.
• Grown on cultures of either avian embryo tissue or
human diploid cells.
• The vaccine acts by stimulating the adaptive
immune response and provides long term
protection against the disease. The onset of the
protection is slow but the effect is long lasting.
• Stored in temperature of between 2 and 8 C and
have 1 year expiration date.

47. MeaslesVirus Vaccineliveor rubeolaVaccine
• Prepared from attenuatedvirus derived from theoriginal
EdmonstonB strain.
• Grown on culturesof chicken embryo tissue.
• Recommendedfor active immunizationof children 15 moths
of age is not recommended.
Prescription product: Attenuvax ®

48. Rubella virus vaccine live
• Recommendedfor active immunizationagainstGerman
measles for children aged 1 to puberty and for certain other
individuals.
• Use infantsunder 1 year age is not recommended.
• Prescription Product:Meruvax II ®

50. Mumps vaccines
Prepared with theB– level Jeryl Lynn strain from the virus
which is grown in cell cultures of chicken embryo tissue.
Provides active immunityfor at least 10 years after
immunizationand is particularly valuable to susceptible
individuals approaching puberty and to adults.

51. Hepatitis Vaccine
• The vaccine contains one of theviral envelopeproteins,
hepatitisB surface antigen(HBsAg). It is produced by yeast
cells, intowhich thegeneticcode for HBsAg has been
inserted.
• A course of two to three (2–3) vaccine injections is given, the
second injectionat least one monthafterthefirst dose and
the thirdinjectionbeing administeredsix monthsafter the
first dose. The first and second dose offer complete
protection. The finalinjectionisto prolong protection against
the hepatitisB virus.

53. Combination Virus Vaccine
•These combination vaccines are
administered subcutaneously to
children 15 months age or older.
•Use in infants 15 months of age is
not recommended.

54. Rickettsialvaccines
• Culturedin chicken embryos or in monkey kidney tissue
cultures in a mannersimilar to thatfor viruses.
• They cannotbe grown in artificial culture media and must be
subjected to the same precautions as viruses.

55. Bacterial Vaccines
• a preparation of killed or
attenuated bacteria used as
an active immunizing agent.

56. Typhoid Vaccine
• any of several preparations of Salmonella typhi
used for immunization against typhoid fever.
• Also known as Enteric vaccine because it
prevents the effect of the disease on the
intestinal tract.
• Recommended for persons who have
household contact with known typhoid carrier or
for travelers going to areas of the world where
typhoid fever is endemic.

57. Cholera Vaccine
• A sterile suspension of killed cholera
vibrios
( vibrio cholerae) in isotonic sodium chloride
solution or other suitable diluent.
• An active immunizing agent in the
development of immunity to the disease.

58. Plague vaccine a preparationofkilledYersinia pestisbacilli,
administeredintramuscularly as an activeimmunizingagent
againstplague.
Pertussis vaccine a preparation ofkilledBordetellapertussis bacilli
or ofpurifiedantigeniccomponents thereof,used toimmunize
againstpertussis; generallyused in combinationwithdiphtheria
andtetanustoxoids(DTP orDTaP).
Pneumococcal vaccine polyvalenta preparation of purified
capsular polysaccharides fromthe 23serotypes of Streptococcus
pneumoniaecausing the majorityofpneumococcaldisease;used
as an active immunizingagentin persons over 2 years of age,
administeredintramuscularly.

59. Haemophilusb polysaccharide vaccine (HbPV) a preparation
of highly purified capsular polysaccharide derived from
Haemophilusinfluenzaetype b, which stimulatesan immune
response in B lymphocytes only; administered
intramuscularly or subcutaneouslyas animmunizingagentin
children ages 18 monthsto 5 years.