production technology of chili and its important varieties

1. P R O D U C T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y O F S O L A N A C E O U S C R O P ( C H I L I )
Annoying chili
Presented By :
Kumar Harsh
Institute Of Agricultural Sciences
Banaras Hindu University
Rural Agricultural Work Experience
HOR-411 4(0+4)

2. SOLANACEAE: NIGHTSHADE or TOBACCO FAMILY
E.g., Tomato, eggplant, bell pepper, chili pepper, tobacco, and potato.
Description: Alternate leaves; simple, lobed, or biternate; often pubescent;
characteristic odor. Flower with connivent anthers (come to a point); 5 petals; fruit is a
berry. Many perennial, grown as annuals.
Cultural Characteristics: Many common diseases and pests: tobacco mosaic,
verticillium and fusarium fungi, and nematodes. Prefers rich, damp soil, lots of organic
matter.

3. INTRODUCTION
Chilli is one of the most important commercial crops of India. It is grown almost
throughout the country.
There are more than 400 different varieties of chillie’s found all over the world. It is
also called as hot pepper, sweet pepper, bell pepper, etc.
Both chilli and capsicum belong to same family as well as same genus that is
Capsicum.
C. frutescens are used for their small and very pungent fruits, in hot sauces and as a
spices.
The species C. pubescens and C. baccatum are grown on a very small scale. India is a
major producer, consumer and exporter of chilli in the world.

4. The major chilli growing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
These states account for nearly 80% area under chillies cultivation in India.
Capsicum or Shimla mirch or bell pepper is one of the important vegetable grown in
India which is less pungent.
Mid hills of Himachal Pradesh are leading suppliers of capsicum during off-season.
Pungency in chillies is due to alkaloid capsaicin, which has good export potentiality.
The red colour of chillies is due to the presence pigment capsanthin.
China is a major capsicum producing country.

5. CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : magnoliopsida
Order : Solanales
Family : Solanaceae
Genus : Capsicum
Species : annum; frutescence;
baccatum; pubescence;
chinense etc.

6. • Chillies are known from pre-historic times in Peru.
They are believed to have originated in the tropical
America.
• It is also said that chillies have originated in the Latin
American regions of the New Mexico and Guatemala
as a wild crop around 7500BC.
• The people native to these places domesticated this
crop in and around 5000 BC,. Chilli is said to be the
first ever domesticated crop in America.
• The three species C. annuum, C. frutescens and C.
chinense evolved from a common ancestor located in
the North of the Amazon basin.
History

7. NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS (VALUE PER 100 GM)
Parameters Chillies dry Chillies green
Moisture 10.00 gm 85.70 gm
Protein 15.00 gm 2.90 gm
Fat 6.20 gm 0.60 gm
Minerals 6.10 gm 1.00 gm
Fibre 30.2 gm 6.80 gm
Carbohydrates 31.6 gm 3.00 gm
Energy 246.00 kcl. 29.00 kcl.
Calcium 160.00 mg 30.00 mg
Phosphorus 370.00 mg 80.00 mg
Iron 2.30 mg 4.40 mg

8. VITAMINS
Parameters Chillies dry Chillies green
Carotene 345.00 micro gram 175.00 micro gram
Thiamine 0.930 mg 0.190 mg
Riboflavin 0.430 mg 0.390 mg
Niacin 9.50 mg 0.90 mg
Vit. C 50.00 mg 111.00 mg

9. MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
Parameters Chillies dry Chillies green
Na 14.00 mg -
K 530.00 mg -
Phytin Phosphorus 71.00 mg 7.00 mg
Mg - 272.00 mg
Cu - 1.40 mg
Mn - 1.38 mg
Mo - 0.07 mg
Zn - 1.78 mg
Cr - 0.04 mg
Oxalic Acid - 67.00 mg
Source : The National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.

10. Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum annum
Capsicum frutescens
Capsicum pubescens
Capsicum chinense

11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHILLI AND CAPSICUM
CHILLI
• C. frutescence known as hot pepper.
• Perennial in nature.
• White coloured flower.
• Fruits born in clusters and thin peel.
• Growth determinate.
• More pungent.
• Vit.-C content high.
• Self pollinated.
• Used as spices
CAPSICUM
• C. annum known as sweet or bell pepper.
• Annual in nature.
• White, purple & reddish coloured flower.
• Fruits born singly and thick peel.
• Growth indeterminate.
• Less pungent.
• Vit.-C content low.
• Cross pollinated.
• Used as vegetable

12. IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF CAPSICUM
(A)Introduced:
1. California Wonder:- introduced by IARI, New Delhi.
2. Yolo Wonder:- introduced by IARI, New Delhi.
(B) Selection:
1.Arka Mohini:- selection from Titan of USA by IIHR, Bangalore.
2.Arka Gaurav:- selection from Golden Dalwonder of USA by IIHR, Bangalore.
Indeterminate variety tolerant to bacterial wilt.

13. (C) Public sector hybrid:
1. Pusa Deepti (Kt-1):- hybrid between Yolo Wonder and russian, released by IARI
Regional Station, Katrain (HP). High yielding, tolerant to bacterial leaf spot and
anthracnose.
2. Green Gold
3. Pusa Meghdoot:- first F1 hybrid by public sector.
(D) Private sector hybrid:
1. Bharat:- released by IAHS, Bangalore. Resistant to TMV.
2. Solan Hybrid-2:- released by YSPUHF, Solan. Resistant to fruit rot and virus.
3. Hira

14. IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF CHILLIES
(A)Selection:
1.G-3:- selection from NP-46-A, by Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur.
Suitable for irrigated and rainfed condition.
2. Sindhur:- selection from Hot Portoga, by Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur.
4. Jawahar Mirch 283:- selection from local collection, by JKNV, Jabalpur (MP).
(B) Mutant:
1. MDU-1:- developed through mutation utilizing gamma rays on seeds of K-1, by
Agriculture College and Research Institute, Madurai (TN).

15. (C) Hybrid:
1. Pusa Jwala:- developed from a cross between NP-46-A Puri Red by IARI, New
Delhi. Tolerant to thrips, mite and aphid.
2. Pant C-1:- developed through NP-46-A Khandari by GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Tolerant
to mosaic and leaf curl virus.
D)Public Sector Hybrid:
1.Tejaswani
2. Champion
E) Private Sector Hybrid:
1. CH1:- developed by using male sterility.

16. CLIMATE
• Chillies can be grown from equator to 45º in both hemispheres i.e. tropical and sub
tropical regions in areas with over 40 ºC temperature.
• It is raised from sea level to 2000 meter above sea level.
• Optimum temperature for fruit set is 24 ºC.
• Night temperature below 10 ºC fruit set restricted.
• Fruit weight, length, girth and pericarp thickness were high at 25 ºC day and 18 ºC
night temperature.

17. Field Preparation
 Chilli can be grown in all types of soils from light sandy to heavy clay.
 Optimum soil pH for chilli is 5.8 to 6.5.
 Very sensitive to water logging.
 Thoroughly plough the land 3-4 times followed by planking to level the field.

18. MANURE AND FERTILIZER
 Apply 250q FYM or compost for one
hectare before transplanting.
 150kg N, 75kg P2O5 and 75kg K2O per
hectare recommended.
 Full dose of P2O5 and K2Oand 1/3
dose of N should be applied at the time
of transplanting.
 The remaining 2/3 N is applied in
two equal splits i.e. 5-6 weeks after
transplanting at the time of earthing
up and 8-10 weeks after
transplanting.

19. NURSERY RAISING
• Apply 15-20 kg of well rotten FYM and 500g of
15:15:15 NPK fertilizer during preparation of nursery
bed.
• About 10-12 beds of 8×1.2×0.15m size are sufficient
to raise seedling for one hectare.
• Nursery soil should be drenched with Formalin
solution or with Captan 0.3% @ 5 lit. sol/m² for
damping off control of seedling.
• After drenching, the bed should be covered with
alkathene sheet for 48 hours then open for 48-72 hrs
before sowing.
• 1-1.5 kg seed is sufficient for one hectare.
• 2.5 mm deep 5-7cm apart is better sowing.
• Optimum time for seed sowing in northern plains is
October-November while February-April for hills.

20. TRANSPLANTING
• Transplanting is done in the evening.
• The optimum spacing is 60-45cm for
open field conditions.
• In poly houses spacing is 45-30cm.
• Immediate irrigation after transplanting
facilitates better plant establishment.
• Thereafter light and frequent irrigation
should be given up to the establishment of
plant.

21. Irrigation
 Depends on soil type and season.
 Chilli plant cannot withstand water stagnation and excess moisture, hence light
irrigation proper drainage is recommended.
 Generally crop is irrigated at an interval of 5-6 days in summers and 9-10 days in
winters.
 Sandy soils requires frequent irrigation than clay soils.

22. INTER-CULTRE AND WEED CONTROL
1. Gap filling is essential. It should
be done in the evening hours
followed by irrigation.
2. Two to three hand weeding at 20
and 40 days after transplanting are
essential.
3. Nitralin @ 0.5-1.0kg/ha or
Fluchlorin @0.5-1.0kg/ha pre plant
incorporation before 10 days or
Alachlor @2.5kg/ha pre transplant
surface application give good
control of weeds in chilli

23. HARVESTING
Green chillies are harvested after
60 days of transplanting and dry
chillies are harvested after 90 days
of transplanting.
5-6 picking is done for green
chillies.
2-3 picking for red ripe fruits

24.  Normally, 15-20q dry chilli and 140-150q of green chilli are obtained from a hectare.
 About 25-40% dry chilli recovery is obtained depending upon cultivars and
thickness of the inner walls.
 The yield of capsicum is 200q/ha and from hybrids yield above 450q/ha.
Yield

25. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
1. Blossom end rot(BER):- appearance of water soaked spots on blossom end of the
fruit.
Control:- a). Supply light irrigation regularly.
b). Avoid heavy application of N fertilizers.
c). Adding lime to the soil or spray anhydrous calcium chloride.
2. Sun scald:- soft, light colured and slightly wrinkled areas appear on the fruit surface.
Control:- a). Transplant seedling at closer spacing.
b). Grow abundant foliage varieties and control defoliating insects.
3. Flower and fruit drop:- due to high temperature and low humidity, low light intensity,
short day and high temperature.
Control:- a). Give light and frequent irrigation at flowering and fruit set stages.
b). Spray the crop either NAA 50 ppm at full bloom stage.

26. INSECT-PEST
1. Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis):- The larvae and adult suck the sap of leaves, buds,
flowers and cause curling of leaves.
Control:- spray Dimethoate 0.03% or Endosulfan 0.05% at 15 days interval.
2. Aphid (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae):- suck cell sap from leaves.
Control:- spray Methyl Demeton 0.025% or Dimethoate 0.03% .
3. White fly (Bemisia tabaci):- suck cell sap and spread leaf curl disease.
Control:- spray Malathion 0.1% or Endosulfan 0.05%.
4. Fruit borer (Spodoptera litura):- caterpillars feed gregariously on leaves and scrap
them.
Control:- spray Cypermethrin 0.05% or Carbaryl 0.02% at 15 days interval.

27. FUNGAL DISEASE
o Damping off (Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., and
Phytophthora spp.):-
Control:- 1. seed treatment with Captan or Thiram @ 2g/kg seed.
2. Nursery bed treatment with Formalin.
o Ripe fruit rot, Dieback and Anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici):-
Control:-1.seed treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 @ 2g/kg seed.
2.Spray Dithane M-45 0.25% or Blitox 0.1% or Bavistin 0.1%.
o Fruit rot (Phytophthora capsici):-
Control:-1. Seed treatment with Thiram or Dithane M-45 @ 2g/kg seed.
2. Spray Dithane M-45 0.25% or Blitox 0.1% or Bavistin 0.1%.

28. VIRAL DISEASE
A. Mosaic:- caused by Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). Chlorosis, mottling, thickening
of leaf veins, clustering of infected leaves and stunting of plants are observed. Virus is
transmitted by aphids.
Control:-1.Grow tolerant varieties like Punjab Lal, Perennial etc.
2.Grow barrier crops like maize or amaranthus.
3.Spray Malathion 0.1% or Methyl Demeton 0.2% at 10 days interval.
B. Leaf curl:- characterized by curling, twisting, crumpling and smalling of leaves.
White fly is responsible for transmission of disease.
Control:- 1. Rogue out infected plants and weeds.
2.Apply Phorate @ 1.25kg a.i./ha followed by Carbofuran @ 1.25kg a.i./ha.
3.Spray Dimethoate 0.05% or Endosulfan 0.05% at 10 days interval.

29. BACTERIAL DISEASE
A. Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria):- development of small dark and
greasy spots on the leaves, petioles and stems and water soaked spots on the green
fruits.
Control:-
1. Seed treatment with hot water at 50 C for 25 minutes.
2. Remove affected plant.
3. Destroy weed hosts.
4. Spray Streptomycin 200 ppm + Copper Oxychloride (0.03%) thrice during October
– November at 15 days interval.