1) The document describes an innovative technique called the "anteriorly pedicled retroauricular flap" for reconstructing auricular defects.
2) This technique uses a skin flap from behind the ear that is initially pedicled in an anterior direction, allowing for easy wound access and dressing.
3) In three cases, the technique successfully reconstructed large ear defects, with good aesthetic outcomes and no complications.
Diagnosis is the first step in planning any treatment. For implant placement there are various diagnostic methods which are used prior to its placement inside the oral cavity.
The purpose of this article is to get acquainted with the steps of dental implant placement. We hope to find this text useful. The photos used in these slides did not belong to our clinical practice and were collected to understand the content better.
Diagnosis is the first step in planning any treatment. For implant placement there are various diagnostic methods which are used prior to its placement inside the oral cavity.
The purpose of this article is to get acquainted with the steps of dental implant placement. We hope to find this text useful. The photos used in these slides did not belong to our clinical practice and were collected to understand the content better.
Micro Endodontics Training in Delhi| Advanced Endodontics | DelhiDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Course Schedule
Day 1 – Lecture Highlights
Orientation of Microscope in Endodontics.
Introduction to Microscope.
Indications of use of microscope in endodontics.
Parts of Microscope.
Magnification Step Vs Zoom Lenses – focal Length.
Parfocaling and IPD adjustments.
Beam splitter and its use for Documentation.
– Access; Basics of the operating microscope endodontics
– Rubber dam application & tricks.
– Live patient demonstration with aseptic techniques
– Treatment planning, instruments and techniques
– Working length determination; Principles of Nickel Titanium Instrumentation
– Hands-on for sequence of instrumentation & Live patient demonstration.
Day 2
– Principles, instruments and techniques for root canal obturation
-Treatment of post endodontic disease.
– Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth— Lecture and Hands-on.
– Retreatment versus Endodontic Surgery.
– Hands-on and live patient demonstration for endodontic surgery.
– Five clinical cases will be given to each participant under Microendodontics .
How long is the course?
The course will be conducted over two full days .
How many students are there in a batch?
There will only be two students in a batch. This will ensure that each student gets personal attention.
What are the materials I need to get for the course?
All materials for the course will be provided by the center.
How is this course different from the microscope courses?
1) There are only two participants in a course. This will ensure that each participant gets complete attention.
2) The entire course is done in a clinical setting with a mannequin, natural teeth & 5 patients will be provided to each participant .
3) Each participant will have a separate microscope and dental chair.
4) Every participant will continue to get online mentoring after the completion of the course
When is the course held?
The course is held every month in delhi. Participants can register in advance for whichever month they prefer. Since the number of participants per batch is limited to only two, it is advisable to book your slot well in advance.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Recent advances in prosthodontics / crown & bridge courses by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized-Controlled 5-Year Study of Hybrid and ...elenaAbcdental
Background: The dual acid-etched (DAE) implant was
commercially introduced in 1996 with a hybrid design incorporating
a machined surface in the coronal region from approximately
the third thread to the seating surface. This design
was intended to reduce the risks of peri-implantitis and other
related soft tissue complications that were reported for implants
with surface roughness in the coronal region. The objective
of this prospective, randomized-controlled clinical trial was
to determine the incidence of peri-implantitis for a fully etched
implant with the DAE surface extending to the implant platform.
Methods: Patients had implant sites randomly assigned to receive
one hybrid control implant andat least one fully etched test
implant in support of a short-span fixed restoration to ensure that
variables (e.g., demographics, jaw locations, and bone density)
were consistent between groups. Prostheses were inserted 2
months after implant placement with follow-up evaluations
scheduled annually for 5 years to assess mucosal health based
on bleeding on probing, suppuration, and probing depths. Evaluations
also included radiographic and mobility assessments.
Results: One hundred twelve patients who were enrolled at
seven centers received 139 control and 165 test implants (total:
304 implants). With >5 years of postloading evaluations, there
was one declaration of peri-implantitis associated with a control
implant that was successfully treated later. Clinical probing and
radiographic assessments did not reveal differences between
groups in mucosal health outcomes or other signs of periimplantitis.
Conclusion: Five-year results of this randomized-controlled
study showed no increased risk of peri-implantitis for fully
etched implants compared to hybrid-designed implants.
Macular Abnormality after Successful Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Hole Asse...CrimsonpublishersMSOR
Purpose: Macular changes following Internal Limiting Membrane peeling after successful Macular hole closure using optical coherence tomography.
Methods: 5 eyes of 5 patients were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were idiopathic full thickness macular hole and completed at least 6 months follow up. All patients underwent optical coherence tomography assessment before and after surgery until 6 months. Macular thickness and morphology map was analyzed before and after surgery.
Results: There were 3 males and 2 females. The age range from 45 to 59 years. Conspicuous irregular surface of the inner retina on Optical Coherence Tomography surface topography was evident in all eyes at 6 months. This was also associated with downward slope of the temporal macula seen on surface topography. There was trend towards decrease in subfield thickness especially in the T1, S1, I1 and N1 6 months after surgery. The average decrease was -60.4 microns in T1, -20.4 microns in S1, -13.0 microns in I1 and -23.4 microns in N1.
Conclusion: In this small case series brilliant blue assisted ILM peeling after successful macular whole closure showed evidence of decrease in macular thickness in all first subfield quadrant and downward slope of the temporal macula as well as conspicuous irregularity of the inner retina.
Micro Endodontics Training in Delhi| Advanced Endodontics | DelhiDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Course Schedule
Day 1 – Lecture Highlights
Orientation of Microscope in Endodontics.
Introduction to Microscope.
Indications of use of microscope in endodontics.
Parts of Microscope.
Magnification Step Vs Zoom Lenses – focal Length.
Parfocaling and IPD adjustments.
Beam splitter and its use for Documentation.
– Access; Basics of the operating microscope endodontics
– Rubber dam application & tricks.
– Live patient demonstration with aseptic techniques
– Treatment planning, instruments and techniques
– Working length determination; Principles of Nickel Titanium Instrumentation
– Hands-on for sequence of instrumentation & Live patient demonstration.
Day 2
– Principles, instruments and techniques for root canal obturation
-Treatment of post endodontic disease.
– Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth— Lecture and Hands-on.
– Retreatment versus Endodontic Surgery.
– Hands-on and live patient demonstration for endodontic surgery.
– Five clinical cases will be given to each participant under Microendodontics .
How long is the course?
The course will be conducted over two full days .
How many students are there in a batch?
There will only be two students in a batch. This will ensure that each student gets personal attention.
What are the materials I need to get for the course?
All materials for the course will be provided by the center.
How is this course different from the microscope courses?
1) There are only two participants in a course. This will ensure that each participant gets complete attention.
2) The entire course is done in a clinical setting with a mannequin, natural teeth & 5 patients will be provided to each participant .
3) Each participant will have a separate microscope and dental chair.
4) Every participant will continue to get online mentoring after the completion of the course
When is the course held?
The course is held every month in delhi. Participants can register in advance for whichever month they prefer. Since the number of participants per batch is limited to only two, it is advisable to book your slot well in advance.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Recent advances in prosthodontics / crown & bridge courses by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized-Controlled 5-Year Study of Hybrid and ...elenaAbcdental
Background: The dual acid-etched (DAE) implant was
commercially introduced in 1996 with a hybrid design incorporating
a machined surface in the coronal region from approximately
the third thread to the seating surface. This design
was intended to reduce the risks of peri-implantitis and other
related soft tissue complications that were reported for implants
with surface roughness in the coronal region. The objective
of this prospective, randomized-controlled clinical trial was
to determine the incidence of peri-implantitis for a fully etched
implant with the DAE surface extending to the implant platform.
Methods: Patients had implant sites randomly assigned to receive
one hybrid control implant andat least one fully etched test
implant in support of a short-span fixed restoration to ensure that
variables (e.g., demographics, jaw locations, and bone density)
were consistent between groups. Prostheses were inserted 2
months after implant placement with follow-up evaluations
scheduled annually for 5 years to assess mucosal health based
on bleeding on probing, suppuration, and probing depths. Evaluations
also included radiographic and mobility assessments.
Results: One hundred twelve patients who were enrolled at
seven centers received 139 control and 165 test implants (total:
304 implants). With >5 years of postloading evaluations, there
was one declaration of peri-implantitis associated with a control
implant that was successfully treated later. Clinical probing and
radiographic assessments did not reveal differences between
groups in mucosal health outcomes or other signs of periimplantitis.
Conclusion: Five-year results of this randomized-controlled
study showed no increased risk of peri-implantitis for fully
etched implants compared to hybrid-designed implants.
Macular Abnormality after Successful Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Hole Asse...CrimsonpublishersMSOR
Purpose: Macular changes following Internal Limiting Membrane peeling after successful Macular hole closure using optical coherence tomography.
Methods: 5 eyes of 5 patients were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were idiopathic full thickness macular hole and completed at least 6 months follow up. All patients underwent optical coherence tomography assessment before and after surgery until 6 months. Macular thickness and morphology map was analyzed before and after surgery.
Results: There were 3 males and 2 females. The age range from 45 to 59 years. Conspicuous irregular surface of the inner retina on Optical Coherence Tomography surface topography was evident in all eyes at 6 months. This was also associated with downward slope of the temporal macula seen on surface topography. There was trend towards decrease in subfield thickness especially in the T1, S1, I1 and N1 6 months after surgery. The average decrease was -60.4 microns in T1, -20.4 microns in S1, -13.0 microns in I1 and -23.4 microns in N1.
Conclusion: In this small case series brilliant blue assisted ILM peeling after successful macular whole closure showed evidence of decrease in macular thickness in all first subfield quadrant and downward slope of the temporal macula as well as conspicuous irregularity of the inner retina.
Title: Otoplasty: New Modification of the Mustardé technique
Author: Mohamed A.S.M. El-Rouby, MD,
Assistant Professor of Plastic surgery, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
Background: one of the most established techniques for management of protruding ears is the Mustardé technique (1). Many modifications had been published for this technique; however, all these modifications started by retro-auricular incision. We modify the Mustardé technique using three retroauricular microincisions to correct several deformities of the auricular cartilage in protruding ears.
Patients and Methods: 46 patients (7unilateral, 39 bilateral) (85 ears) who were candidates for this technique, their age (25 ± 2.8 years), 38 males, 8 females. The operation time, steps, follow up sessions (2 weeks, 3, 6 and 18 months) data was recorded. Preoperative and postoperative (1,18 months) photos were compared and analyzed by custom made computer program the evaluated the results.
Results: 42 patients achieve a natural appearance. extrusion of threads occurred in 8 ears. Asymmetrical ears were noticed in 4 patients and recurrence in 11 patients. These patients were revised by Mustardé technique with retro-auricular incisions. None of the patients developed retro-auricular scars.
Conclusion: this versatile modification allows for better asthenic results of otoplasty and minimizes complications of skin incision unless cartilage and/or skin resection is needed.
Advantages of Cervicofial flaps :
Operative time is short.
It causes minimum deviations in relations to important structures around cheek.
reduce surgical risk in high risk patients like old age, diabetic patients, un-controlled hypertension
It can provide excellent skin colour and texture match.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
[Dr. Suh's thesis in International journal SCI]
“A Novel technique for short nose correction”
The nominated thesis is about A Novel technique for short nose correction; Hybrid septal extension graft that have acquired the favorable reputation internationally based on the advanced clinical experiences.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES GENERAL RECONSTRUCTION
Anteriorly Pedicled Retroauricular Flap for Repair of Auricular
Defects
Maria Barbara Stiller • Marcus Gerressen •
Ali Modabber • Albert Ru¨bben • Dieter Riediger •
Alireza Ghassemi
Received: 9 August 2011 / Accepted: 26 October 2011 / Published online: 20 November 2011
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2011
Abstract The reconstruction of the auricle is aestheti-
cally very demanding. Various techniques have been used
depending on the defect size, the defect location, and tissue
involved. For better wound control and result predictabil-
ity, we developed an anteriorly pedicled retroauricular flap.
We used this modified double-full-thickness skin graft in
three patients. This anteriorly pedicled flap provides a
visible wound surface which makes wound dressing easy.
The aesthetic outcome is good and predictable. No major
complications were encountered during surgery or the
healing phase. All patients were satisfied with the outcome.
The described method offers a good option for recon-
structing larger auricular defects with local tissue.
Keywords Anteriorly pedicled retroauricular flap Á
Auricular full-thickness defect
Defects of the auricle frequently occur within the context
of congenital deformities, trauma, and, in particular, the
surgical excision of benign and malignant tumors [1]. As
exposed parts of the head, the ears play an important role in
the overall aesthetic image. They largely help to determine
the outer contour of the face. An anatomically correct
reconstruction of the external ear contributes significantly
to the psychological well being of the patient [2].
The anatomical characteristics, the three-dimensionality,
and the delicate quality of the ear frame make recon-
struction of the auricle particularly challenging [3]. The
reconstruction techniques are diverse and their application
depends on the type, shape, location, extent, and kind of
tissue involved. Many single-stage and multistage treat-
ment methods are available for restoring the helical ear [1,
4–8]. Defects can be covered by a simple reduction pro-
cedure or with local flaps with or without cartilage grafts
[9–13]. With flap-based reconstructive procedures, retro-
auricular skin is frequently used, preferably for its known
advantages [1, 2, 5, 7, 11]. The posterior pedicled retro-
auricular flap is one of these retroauricular skin-using
techniques. However, this method does not allow adequate
control of the wound surface directed inward, which also
hampers dressing changes.
Method
Eight patients with ear defects were treated in our clinic
between 2008 and 2010 in cooperation with the Depart-
ment of Dermatology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen.
All defects included both skin and cartilage deficits. Three
patients had a defect of less than 0.5 cm in diameter, and
five patients had a defect of more than 1 cm in diameter. In
three cases, primary closure was performed in which the
resulting ear size was not significant different than the
contralateral unaffected ear. In five patients, primary clo-
sure could not be performed because it would have resulted
in a visible size difference compared to the unaffected ear.
We used the posterior pedicled retroauricular flap in two of
these cases.
M. B. Stiller (&) Á M. Gerressen Á A. Modabber Á D. Riediger Á
A. Ghassemi
Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery,
University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen,
Germany
e-mail: mstiller@ukaachen.de
A. Ru¨bben
Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Aachen,
Aachen, Germany
123
Aesth Plast Surg (2012) 36:623–627
DOI 10.1007/s00266-011-9847-0
2. For the remaining three patients we developed the so-
called ‘‘anteriorly pedicled retroauricular flap.’’ The oper-
ating procedure is as follows: Corresponding to the existing
defect, a defined area of the retroauricular skin is marked
and an incision is made in the dorsal part (Figs. 1, 2, 3).
The dorsally located tip of the flap is adapted to the pos-
teriorly located tip of the defect (Fig. 4). Thus, the skin
side faces the head. The defect of the flap donor site should
be closed without tension after mobilization of the local
tissue (Fig. 5). After covering the wound surface with a
polyurethane foam sponge, a compression-free dressing is
applied. After 3 weeks, incision and adjustment of the
anterior part of the flap take place in order to cover the
front-side defect (Fig. 6). To shape the ear frame, a cor-
responding piece of cartilage is removed from the concha
of the contralateral ear and fixed with sutures (Fig. 7),
followed by exact adaptation of the soft tissue margins
(Fig. 8). After moving the edges of the wound, the donor-
site defect should again be closed primarily.
Result
In all three cases in which this new technique was used,
there was no need for the patient to return to our clinic forFig. 1 Fan-shaped defect in the upper third of the left ear helix
measuring 3.2 9 2.4 cm following the excision of a malignant
melanoma
Fig. 2 Marked area of the flap to be lifted
Fig. 3 Anterior pedicled skin flap after preparation for the first stage
of reconstruction
Fig. 4 Flap after transposition into the defect area
Fig. 5 Tip of the flap adapted to the medial section of the defect
(rotated from dorsal to anterior position)
624 Aesth Plast Surg (2012) 36:623–627
123
3. postoperative follow-up. The wound dressing and healing
control could be done by a local physician.
The wounds were already healed 3 weeks after the final
flap transposition (Fig. 9). The scar of the donor site is in
the hair-covered area and is barely visible after fading. The
shape and outline of the ear correspond to those of the
contralateral side. The thickness and color of the trans-
planted skin fit well into the overall picture. If desired,
further adjustment and thinning of the flap can be con-
ducted in the course of treatment as well as epilation [5,
14].
In all three cases no major complications were
encountered during surgery or the healing phase. There
were no postoperative complications such as wound
infection, hematoma, or significant pain. The flap survival
rate was 100%. All patients were very satisfied with the
aesthetic outcome.
Discussion
Malignancy and trauma can cause defects of the external ear.
Although mostly aesthetic, the consequences of these defects
can be mental stress and a decrease of self-confidence. To
avoid these problems, adequate reconstruction of the ear is
necessary. Subtotal defects can be replaced by local or free
flaps. Among flap-based techniques, retroauricular flaps are
used most often. However, the often used posteriorly pedi-
cled retroauricular flap is not the best choice with respect to
wound control and dressing as the wound area cannot be seen
easily.
Because of this we developed the anteriorly pedicled
retroauricular flap to close full-thickness auricle defects.
This technique is appropriate for reconstructing large
auricular defects that cannot be closed primarily without
causing aesthetically unfavorable deformities. In contrast
to the techniques previously mentioned in literature, the
postauricular flap is pedicled anteriorly in the first stage of
the operation, and it is then displaced in an anterior
direction and separated from the base in a second stage.
Fig. 6 Transection of the flap pedicle and transposition of the
anterior part of the flap in the second step of reconstruction
Fig. 7 Cartilage graft from the contralateral concha for constructing
a hard tissue frame
Fig. 8 Flap folded down and fixed anteriorly
Fig. 9 Treatment outcome 3 months postoperatively
Aesth Plast Surg (2012) 36:623–627 625
123
4. As a result of this technique, the position, shape, and
size of the external ear are affected as little as possible,
which is necessary for a cosmetically appealing outcome.
However, there are some visible color and surface differ-
ences, as with all retroauricular flaps [11]. Apart from this,
the retroauricular skin of the head is much thicker than the
skin of the ear, which is why the three-dimensional tissue
structure is changed. Nevertheless, this problem can be
easily solved by thinning of the flap [5].
As with other plastic surgery techniques involving
postauricular flaps, the secondary defects are in the not
directly visible area which can be concealed by hair.
However, by mobilization of the local tissue, the donor-site
defects can be closed primarily in most cases [7].
A notable advantage of the retroauricular anterior ped-
icled flap is that after the first step of the operation, the base
of the flap has a width-to-length ratio of not less than 1:3,
thus ensuring a good blood supply to the graft. Moreover,
excellent control of the wound surface is possible during
the healing phase. In the second step of the operation, the
final vertical expansion can be designed and adjusted as
required.
The well-known problem of hair growth in the area of
the transplanted tissue can be avoided by the method pre-
sented here if the transplanted tissue that is in the visible
area is lifted directly from the area behind the ear [5].
Weerda and Mu¨nker [7] solved this problem with the
development of the transposition rotary flap. However, this
flap has the disadvantage in that the base of the flap cannot
be determined freely and there is no possibility of directly
controlling the raw wounded skin. Finally, in order to avoid
unfavorable hairiness of the graft, a possibly large part of
the hair-free skin should be included in the flap design.
Thus, it might be necessary to align the longitudinal axis of
the flap in a more caudal direction (Fig. 10). Otherwise,
any remaining hair can be eliminated by the use of
appropriate epilation techniques, e.g., laser [5, 14].
Reductive surgery can still be performed in many cases.
This one-stage reconstruction is recommended for defects
following wedge or rear excision, with a diameter of up to
1 cm, and also in cases of patient multimorbidity [11, 15].
Conclusion
The retroauricular anterior-pedicled flap offers a good
alternative for reconstructing medium to large full-thick-
ness defects of the auricle. In contrast to posterior pedicled
flaps, the wound surface can be easily controlled and
dressing can be performed by a local physician. Although
some differences in color and thickness will be unavoid-
able, an aesthetically satisfying result can be obtained.
Similar to the previously described methods, reconstruction
of the ear scaffold is possible by means of a supporting
costal cartilage framework or cartilage from the contra-
lateral ear [1, 5, 7]. In case of unpleasant hairiness, one can
make use of the known methods of epilation.
Disclosure The authors do not have any financial interests or
commercial associations to disclose.
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