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Understanding People in Buildings
1. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017@kerstinsailer
Understanding People in Buildings
Dr Kerstin Sailer
Reader in Social and Spatial Networks
Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL
Behavioural Architecture Exchange BAX, Kolding, Denmark, 24 February 2017
2. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Buildings… (and People)
What architects do when they design…
4. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Buildings and People
Scott Berkun
“ Architects are notorious for
designing and disappearing,
never returning to see how
their choices worked or failed
after the building opens.
”
5. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Buildings and People
Jon Gertner (2012) in the New York Times on
Bell Labs building in New Jersey (opened in
1941):
“ Traveling the hall’s length without
encountering a number of
acquaintances, problems,
diversions and ideas was almost
impossible. A physicist on his way
to lunch in the cafeteria was like a
magnet rolling past iron filings.
”
6. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Buildings and People
Steve Jobs on Pixar:
“ If a building doesn’t encourage
[collaboration], you’ll lose a lot of
innovation and the magic that’s
sparked by serendipity. So we
designed the building to make people
get out of their offices and mingle in
the central atrium with people they
might not otherwise see.
”
8. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Buildings and People
Finding hard evidence? A google search…
Finding hard evidence? A google scholar search…
9. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Behavioural Architecture – Towards an Interdisciplinary Science
PEOPLE
ORGANISATION
SPACE
ENCOUNTERS
COMMUNITY
BEHAVIOURAL
ARCHI-
TECTURE
ArchitecturePsychology
Neuroscience
Sociology
Organisation Science
10. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Behavioural Architecture – Towards an Interdisciplinary Science
PEOPLE
ORGANISATION
SPACE
BEHAVIOURAL
ARCHI-
TECTURE
Architecture
Building
layouts and
social
interactions
11. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Robin Evans:
“If anything is described by an architectural
plan, it is the nature of human relationships.”
Evans (1997): Figures, Doors and Passages
Behavioural ArchitectureBehavioural Architecture
12. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Family Prayers by Samuel Butler (1864)
Coleshill House by Sir Roger Pratt (1650-1667)Villa Capra ‘La Rotunda’ by Andrea Palladio (1567-1592)
Madonna dell’Impannata by Raphael (1513-1514)
RENAISSANCE
19THCENTURY
Inter-
connected
rooms
The birth
of the
corridor
‘habitual
gregariousness,
passion, carnality
and sociality’
‘society aimed at
avoiding human
contact’
Behavioural Architecture Evans (1997): Figures, Doors and Passages
13. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Behavioural Architecture
Two main characteristics of a building (socially):
• Distinguish the inside from the outside and thus drawing boundaries and controlling
access
• Mechanism of generating and constraining patterns of encounter and avoidance, i.e.
bringing together or separating certain groups of people
Patterns of Usage at the British Library
14. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
Conceived in 1970’s at UCL by Bill Hiller, Julienne Hanson and colleagues as theory to think
about relationship between spatial structure and social life
Is there any relationship between the spatial design of cities or buildings, and the way they
work socially?
15. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
Understanding basic functions of space: access and control
(Hillier1996)
16. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
Spatial configuration:
The way in which spatial elements are
put together to form an interconnected
system of spaces
(Hillier1996)
17. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
Analysis of the relative location of single spaces within the wider system of connections
10
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
23
3
10
0
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
Total depth: 16
Integrated Segregated
Total depth: 30
18. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
Regular grid to create isovists
Floor plan Syntax model:
Strategic visibility
IntegratedSegregated
Constructing a
visibility graph
(VGA)
19. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Integrated spaces:
livelier and frequented
by more people ↔
Segregated spaces:
lesser frequentation
First 10 minutes of museum visit of 100 people (Hillier et al 1996)Strategic visibility on the ground floor of Tate Britain
IntegratedSegregated
Background: A Brief Introduction to Space Syntax
20. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Understanding People in Buildings
Libraries
Hospitals Offices
Schools
21. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Libraries
Diversity and temporal dynamics of usage of the
British Library, ‘multiplicities of occupation’ (Groak
1992)
Sailer, Kerstin (2015): The dynamics and diversity of space
use in the British Library; A|Z Journal of the Faculty of
Architecture, ITU, Vol 12, No 3, 23-39
22. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Libraries: Diversity and Dynamics in the British Library
Spatial analysis of the British Library
Connectivity Integration
23. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Libraries: Diversity and Dynamics in the BL
Behavioural differences by spatial quality and between weekday & weekend usage patterns
Weekends:
People working on laptops /
laptops & reading / reading /
sitting: smaller and more
integrated spaces;
Talking in much more integrated
spaces
→ Seeking socialisation
opportunities and more relaxed,
buzzy atmosphere on weekends
24. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Offices
Comparative analysis of interaction patterns
across different knowledge-intensive
industries
Sailer, Kerstin; Koutsolampros, Petros; Zaltz Austwick,
Martin; Varoudis, Tasos; Hudson-Smith, Andy (2016):
Measuring Interaction in Workplaces, In: Dalton N,
Varoudis T, Schnadelbach H and Wiberg M (eds):
Architecture and Interaction, Springer series Human-
Computer Interaction
25. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Offices
Distribution of interactions – the myth of ‘bumping into people in the corridor’
26. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Offices
Analysing interaction density and visual mean depth in a single representation
27. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Hospitals
Comparison of out-patient clinics in a
hospital in the Netherlands and Canada
Pachilova, Rosica and Kerstin Sailer (2014): Evidence-
Based Design: The Effect of Hospital Layouts on the
Caregiver-Patient Interfaces, Proceedings of the
Design4Health Conference, Sheffield, 174-184
28. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Hospitals
HOSPITAL A [CA]
NursesClerks
HOSPITAL B [NL]
Doctors
Av CONN: 491, av MD 2.19
Av CONN: 140,
av MD 6.04
HOSPITAL A [CA]
HOSPITAL B [NL]
5 out-patient clinics investigated in
each case; example: Cardiology
29. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Hospitals
Space creates opportunities for communication
HOSPITALB[NL]
64%
31%
26%
36%
69%
74%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Charting Galley
Corridor
Exam
unintentional intentional
Location of
communication
Unintentional= 44%
Intentional= 56%
Intentional
Unintentional
Physicians
Nurses
Clerks
30. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools
Development of a theoretical framework to
analyse school building in relation to
pedagogy and processes of teaching and
learning
Sailer, Kerstin (2015): The Spatial and Social Organisation
of Teaching and Learning: The case of Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry; In: Karimi, Kayvan et al (eds):
Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax
Symposium, 34:1-34:17
31. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: A wonderful example of a school building...
…and how it shapes human relationships, learning, teaching and sociability.
8movies
20 hours of watching
Observed and categorised 418episodes of learning
Learning: an activity or process of
gaining knowledge or skill by studying,
practicing, being taught or
experiencing something.
32. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: Analysing the spatial structure and logic of Hogwarts
Hand-drawn map by Joanne K Rowling Plan constructed by fan community
33. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: Analysing the spatial structure and logic of Hogwarts
Full Space Syntax model
Visibility Graph (average Mean Depth = 11.4)Integrated Segregated
34. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: Pedagogy at Hogwarts
Relationship between teacher
and taught / among teachers:
‘Strong Framing’ (Bernstein 1973)
35. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: Learning at Hogwarts
48%of learning: Public spaces (corridors, the
Great Hall, courtyards, Quidditch pitch, grounds).
Only 10%of learning takes place in
classrooms.
36. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Schools: Sociability at Hogwarts
Encounters resulting from physical proximity are reinforced by transpatial
solidarities: correspondence models (Hillier and Hanson 1984)
“Your house will be
like your family”
(Prof McGonagoll)
37. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Understanding
People in Buildings
“Culturally and socially, space is never simply the inert background of our material existence. It
is a key aspect of how societies and cultures are constituted in the real world, and, through this
constitution, structured for us as ‘objective’ realities. Space is more than a neutral framework
for social and cultural forms. It is built into those very forms. Human behaviour does not
simply happen in space. It has its own spatial forms. Encountering, congregating,
avoiding, interacting, dwelling, teaching, eating, conferring are not just activities that happen in
space. In themselves they constitute spatial patterns.” (Hillier 1996, p.29)
38. Understanding People in Buildings Sailer, February 2017
Dr Kerstin Sailer
Reader in Social and Spatial Networks
Space Syntax Laboratory
Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL
22 Gordon Street
London WC1H 0QB
United Kingdom
Thank you!
k.sailer@ucl.ac.uk
@kerstinsailer
http://spaceandorganisation.org/
http://tinyurl.com/kerstinsailer