1. AP EUROPEAN UNITS 1&2 REVIEW
Middle Ages

2. Agriculture and the Feudal System
• Less attacks in country=more security
• Horse collar brings about more animal power
• New inventions + Christian clergy= serfdom replacing slavery
• Medieval Christian's did NOT enslave each other
• Communications improved and there was less isolation

3. Three Field System
• Peasant village is divided into three parts:
– 1st field: sown with one crop (ex: wheat)
– 2nd field: sown with another crop (ex: barley)
– 3rd field: left to lie fallow
• Fields were rotated each year
• 2/3 of land came into annual use
• Increase in supply of food

4. Feudalism
• Political and social government system that is
based on the granting of land in return for loyalty,
military assistance, etc.
• Charlemagne’s death brings about the power of
“counts”
• There was no central ruler who could take charge
and repel invaders, so defense became localized
• Lords protected vassal and assured justice and
tenure of land
– Ended disputes

5. Feudalism Breakdown
• Fief: land granted
• Vassal: one who received the land and fights
for his lord when the situation arises
• Lord: one who grants the land and protects
the vassals KING-provide $$ and
knights
NOBELS-provide
900’s AD
protection& military
service
KNIGHTS-provide
food and service
PEASANTS/SERFS

6. The Normans in England
• Conquered by Duke of Normandy,
William the Conqueror in 1066 at
Battle of Hastings
– Served as King of England and France
for a while
• King had considerable power-more
civil peace and security
• Brought feudalism, Norse influence,
and French language to England
• Early form of constitutional
government
BATTLE OF HASTINGS

7. The Manor and Serfs
• Manor: estate of a lord
• Serfs were “bound to the soil”
• While lords provided protection
and administration of justice,
serfs worked the land
• No money in feudalism, because
there was no $$$ in circulation

8. The Rise of Towns and Commerce
• No great commercial centers or merchant
class
• Early traders are Jews because Judaism
offered communication among different
Mediterranean cultures
• Venice founded in 570-brought Eastern goods
up the Adriatic Sea

9. Towns (cont.)
• Trade puts > money in circulation
• Great migration from country cities
• Local governments wished to govern themselves
• Towns were largest and closest @ trade routes
• Many towns became imperial free cities within
the HRE
• More intensive town prevents political unification

10. Corporate Liberties
• Built walls for defense
• Economic solidarity
– Locally grown and sold to prevent competition
– Tariffs/tolls; coined own money
• No individual rights
– Didn’t want individual rights; wanted to band
together
• Ex: Italy and Germany

11. Guilds
• Masters supervised affairs of
specific trade
• Women worked in clothing
guilds
• Apprenticeship Journeyman
Master
• Improper to work for monetary
gain

12. Towns and Decline of Serfdom
• Lords offered freer terms to entice peasants to
settle on new land
• Peasants obtain personal freedom from their
own lands in return for payments
• Serfdom disappears by 15th century

13. Changes in Monarchial Rule
• Hereditary
• Rule by executive orders
• Main pillar of government is assertion of legal
jurisdiction and military might

14. Taxation
• Kings needed money for govt.
machinery/war
• Magna Carta in England 1215
– English lords joined by reps from
London required King John to
confirm and guarantee historic
liberties

15. Origins of Parliament
• Kings hold great talks with chief retainers
– Spanish: Cortes
– Germany: Diets
– France: Estates General
– British Isles: Parliament
• Called as means
of publicizing/strengthening
royal rule

16. The Three Estates
• Parliament represents “estates of the realm”
– Clergy: first and highest class
– Landed/Noble: second in rank
– Burghers: lowliest

17. England’s Parliament
• Two houses: Lords and Commons
– Lords: great prelates and lay magnates
– House of Commons: lesser landholders
• England was small and jealousy rare

18. Early Middle Ages Timeline
• 410 AD-Visigoths sack Rome and Roman
Empire deteriorates
– Byzantine Empire is left
• 476 AD-End of the Roman Empire
• Emperor Romulus Augustus deposed by Goths

19. Timeline (cont.)
• 732 AD-Battle of Tours
– Franks repel Muslim invasion
– Dark Ages (400-1000); period of
recovery/stagnation
– Christianity is official religion
– Muslims have N. Africa and move up Iberian
Peninsula

20. Timeline (cont.)
• 800 AD-Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy
Roman Emperor and King of the Franks
– Marks beginning of the rise of power of the popes
– Church + state
– Amassed largest empire since the fall of the
Roman Empire

21. Timeline (cont.)
• 1000’s- Agricultural Revolution
– Increased productivity through the use of:
• Iron plow
• 3 field system
• Horse collar

22. Timeline (cont.)
• 1054 AD-Great Schism: split in the Eastern
Orthodox and Catholic Churches
– Unite to fight for the Holy Land

23. Timeline (cont.)
• 1066 AD-Normans capture England with
leadership of William the Conqueror
– French chivalric code
– Domesday Book (survey of land/property)
– Old Vikings

24. Timeline (cont.)
• 1095 AD- Pope Urban II calls for a “great
crusade”
– 1st Crusade: led by Peter the Hermit
• Leaders take up call
• Successful in taking back the Holy Land
– 3rd Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin
• Christians are allowed passage for pilgrimages by
Saladin
• Holy Land is not gained back

25. Timeline (cont.)
• Effects of Crusades
– Increased wealth and power of Church and papacy
– Expanded trade routes and new markets
– Breakdown of feudal aristocracy because nobles
are dying off
– Intellectual development-resurgence of Eastern
learning
– Voyages of Discovery

26. European Civilization in 1300
• Separate institutions of church and state
• Economic institutions, long distance trade,
judicial councils, universities
• Enduring faith in Christianity

27. Scholasticism
• Intellectual movement of the late 13th and
14th centuries
• Based on work of Thomas Aquinas’ Summa
Theologica
– Wrote over 80 works assimilating ancient
knowledge with Medieval Christianity
• Marriage of faith and reason

28. Scholasticism (cont.)
• And reasoning about faith was a form of
weakness
• Developed in medieval universities
– These started as educational guilds
– 1st University: Bologna, Italy

29. Thomas Aquinas
• Summa Theologica
• Influenced by Aristotelian empirialism
• 5 ways in which God’s existence can be proved
– First mover
– Efficient causes
– Necessity
– Graduation
– Living for salvation

30. Medieval Church and Papacy
• The Church in Crisis
– Clergy is only literate class
– Christian beliefs merged with pagan mysticism
– Rome is something legendary and far away
– Pope had no influence

31. Medieval Church and Papacy (cont.)
• 962 AD-Holy Roman Empire proclaimed
– Preserve and extend the Christian faith
– Purify monastic life and set higher standards for
papacy
– Refused to accept any authority except Rome
• 1022-bishops recognize emperor as feudal
head but look to Rome for spiritual authority

32. Innocent III
• Feudal overlord in realms of England, Aragon,
and Portugal
• Struggled to repress heresy
• 1215-calls for a great church council
– Keeping clergy away from worldly temptations
– Regularize the belief in supernatural
– Sacraments are channel of God’s saving grace

33. Theology
• Study of religion
• Anslem wrote treatise called Cur Deus Homo
(Why Did God Become Man?)
– Reason supported faith
• Abelard wrote Sic es No (Yes or No?)
– Inconsistent statements made by St. Augustine
and others
– Apply logic, show truth, make faith consistent

34. Disasters of the 14th Century
• Babylonian Captivity-keeping French popes in
France and benefitting the French kings
• Pope’s political position
– Ruler of papal states
– Needed to maintain armies to hold position
– Often threatened by Germanic, French, and Italian
city states
ROMAN CATHOLIC HEIRARCHY
POPES PRIESTS/MONKS BISHOPS/ABBOTS ARCHBISHOPS CARDINALS

35. Babylonian Captivity
• Move to Avignon
– Roman partisan families battling for influence
deposed Pope Boniface VIII
– French influence elects Clement V as Pope
• Decides to reside in Avignon

36. Critics of Babylonian Captivity
• Marsiglio of Padua
– “Defensor Pacis”
– 1st to write for a separation of church and state
• William of Ockham
– “Ockham’s Razor”
– Accused Pope John XXII of heresay

37. Papacy Restored to Rome
• Great Western Schism-two popes
– Rome & Avignon
– Rise of concillar movement
• Babylonian Captivity ends in 1378 and papacy is
restored to Rome only

38. The Great Schism
• Papal revenues rose and new papal taxes
implemented
• Complaints of extravagance and worldliness of
papacy

39. 100 Years War
• Fought over English area in Northern France
• England vs. France
• Powers of Parliament expand as kings need more
$$$
• Battle of Crecy: emergence of longbow/cavalry
• Battle of Agincourt: win for Henry V
• Battle of Orleans: Joan of Arc
– Burned at stake for heresy and witchcraft

40. Happenings
• Black Death (1356)
• Peasants Revolt (1381)
• War of the Roses-upper class war in England
between opposing noble factions

41. The Upheaval in Western Christendom
• Authority of papacy and Roman Catholic
church questioned
• Less regard for Christian values

42. The Black Death
• ½ of all of Europe died
• First struck in 1348
• Disrupted marriage and family life
• Trade exchange was disrupted
• Deaths  famine

43. Revolts and Repression
• Worker’s rebel as upper class tries to control
wages
– Wat Tyler’s Rebellion
– Jaqueries
• Royalty spending more money
• Inflation and higher prices
• New taxes
• “Golden Age” of medieval parliaments

44. Troubles of the Medieval Church
• Centralized in papacy
• Weakened by believing in exists for benefit of
clergy
• Papacy becomes corrupt
• Unwilling to reform

45. Lollards and Hussites
• Lollards-those who held unsettling ideas
about Church
• Thoughts of poor expressed by Jon Wyatt
– True church could do w/o elaborate possessions
– Ordinary people can attain salvation through
reading the Bible
• Hussite Wars ravage Europe in 15th century
• Hussite vs. Germans
• Thoughts of poor expressed by Jon Wyatt

46. The Concillar Movement
• 1409-church council met at Pisa
– Both reigning popes deposed and due election of
another
– First two refused to resign
• 1414-council met at Constance w/ 3 goals
• End threefold schism (all three withdrew and Martin
V elected)
• Extradite heresy
• Reform church
• Unity of church restored

47. Church Corruption and Indulgences
• Church corrupted by $$$
• Simony-buy or sell a church office
• Churchmen living with mistresses
• 1300-Pope Boniface gave encourage of sale of
indulgences

48. Middle Ages Questions
1. What important institutions began in the mid-
12th century?

49. 1. Universities

50. Middle Ages Questions
2. During which war was Joan of Arc alive?

51. 2. Hundred Years War

52. Middle Ages Questions
3. During which century did the Church first seek
to increase its control over heretics?

53. 13th century

54. Middle Ages Questions
• What was between the English nobility began
in the 1400s?

55. War of the Roses