commodity market project

COMMODITY MARKET IN INDIA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Different web based literature has been studied to understand which are the major players of commodity markets in the world? And what is their way of operation? Which are the major commodity exchanges in India? What is their modus operandi?
While we were surveying various web site we came to know the whole commodity market and the exchange takes place in this market is broadly classify into two principle categories that is agriculture and non-agriculture commodity market.
The first session deals with the significance of commodity market. As commodity market is the place where 2 parties agree to buy and sell a specified and standardized quantity of a commodity at a certain time of future at a price agreed upon at the time of agreement agreed upon irrespective of availing future price. Following the significance of commodity market is the history of the commodity market. The root of commodity market is traced from Japan where Japanese merchants used to store rice in ware houses and later on they have issued „Rice tickets‟. And as the time passes rice tickets are started to accepted as a currency.
Patterns of exchange that was prevailing in the market which was auction and the pattern that is currently prevailing in the market which

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is future is discussed. Major international and national players are described.
Various national and international markets and their features in brief are described. The perspective of commodity market in which active and passive mode of commodity market, volatility, liquidity of commodity market and their relation with economy are discussed.
Benefits of future commodity markets to agriculturists, farmers are discussed in brief along with price discovery, price risk management, import-export competitiveness, improved product quality-market transparency etc. are discussed. The attractive features of commodity market, various instruments those are available in the market are listed.
Participants of the commodity market those are hedgers, speculators and arbitrators their power and limitations, functioning etc. are described in brief.
A complete working and delivery process of commodity market including various stages are clearly mentioned with the use of flow chart. Spot trade and future trade are also explained well.
At the end unresolved issues of commodity market and future prospect of commodity market is written down.

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Whole commodity market is divided into two broad categories those are agriculture commodities and non-agriculture commodities. Agriculture commodities include wheat, rice, pulses, cereals, edible oils, ground nut etc. Non- agriculture commodities includes crude oil, nonferrous metals like gold, silver, nickel, copper etc.
We have mainly focused upon the commodity groundnut. What are the essential features of groundnut as a crop and as a commodity?
This session would broadly deal with groundnut as a commodity, its cropping pattern, production, major markets and its significance as a commodity traded in exchange

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A commodity is defined as anything other than the monetary unit which can be traded. It may be a tangible product or intangible service. The commodity market is a geographical location where the seller and buyer meet to transfer the ownership of goods from the seller to buyer through negotiation at mutually agreed value. For functioning of commodity market the important elements are commodity, buyer and seller. The commodity market may be organized or unorganized depending upon the aggregation of the buyer and seller at certain geographical location and at a certain given time. With the development of various means of communication, development of storage system, better means of transportation and the advanced form of payment has broadened the definition of the commodity market.
Commodity is divided in various categories based on the source of production like agro and non agri. Non agro commodity is again divided among metals and energy. Metals are divided into precious such as steel, copper etc. Based on the storability factor, like perishable items include vegetables, fruits and milk and non-perishable items include metals or semi perishable like cereals and pulses. Market exits for almost all the commodities all over the world. Commodity market is an important constituent of the financial markets of any country. It is important to develop a vibrant, active and liquid commodity market. This would help investors hedge their commodity risk, take speculative positions in commodities and exploit arbitrage opportunities in the market.

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DEFINITION
A PHYSICAL OR VIRTUAL MARKETPLACE FOR BUYING, SELLING AND TRADING RAW OR PRIMARY PRODUCTS.FOR INVESTORS' PURPOSES THERE ARE CURRENTLY ABOUT 50 MAJOR COMMODITY MARKETS WORLDWIDE THAT FACILITATE INVESTMENT TRADE IN NEARLY 100 PRIMARY COMMODITIES.
COMMODITIES ARE SPLIT INTO TWO TYPES:HARD AND SOFT COMMODITIES. HARD COMMODITIES ARE TYPICALLY NATURAL RESOURCES THAT MUST BE MINED OR EXTRACTED (GOLD,RUBBER,OIL,ETC), WHEREAS SOFT COMMODITIES ARE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OR LIVESTOCK (CORN,WHEAT,COFFEE,SUGAR,SOYABEAN,PORK,ETC.)

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CHAPTER 2
EVALUATION OF COMMODITY MARKET IN INDIA
The history of organized commodity derivatives in India goes back to the nineteenth century when Cotton Trade Association started futures trading in 1875, about a decade after they started in Chicago. Over the time derivatives market developed in several commodities in India. Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd., set up in 1875, was the first organized futures market.
Bombay Cotton Exchange Ltd. was established in 1893 following the widespread discontent amongst leading cotton mill owners and merchants over functioning of Bombay Cotton Trade Association. The Futures trading in oilseeds started in 1900 with the establishment of the Gujarati Vyapari Mandali, which carried on futures trading in groundnut, castor seed and cotton. Futures' trading in wheat was existent at several places in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. But the most notable futures exchange for wheat was chamber of commerce at Hapur set up in 1913. Futures trading in bullion began in Mumbai in 1920. Calcutta Hessian Exchange Ltd. was established in 1919 for futures trading in raw jute and jute goods. But organized futures trading in raw jute began only in 1927 with the establishment of East Indian Jute Association Ltd. These two associations amalgamated in 1945 to form the East India Jute & Hessian Ltd. to conduct organized trading in both Raw Jute and Jute goods. Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act was enacted in 1952 and the Forwards Markets Commission (FMC) was established in 1953 under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution. In due course, several other exchanges were created in the country to trade in diverse commodities.

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However many feared that derivatives fuelled unnecessary speculation and were detrimental to the healthy functioning of the market for the underlying commodities, resulting in to banning of commodity options trading and cash settlement of commodities futures after independence in 1952. The parliament passed the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952, which regulated contracts in Commodities all over the India. The act prohibited options trading in Goods along with cash settlement of forward trades, rendering a crushing blow to the commodity derivatives market. Under the act only those associations/exchanges, which are granted reorganization from the Government, are allowed to organize forward trading in regulated commodities. The act envisages three tire regulations:
 Exchange which organizes forward trading in commodities can regulate trading on day-to-day basis;
 Forward Markets Commission provides regulatory oversight under the powers delegated to it by the central Government.
 The Central Government- Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution- is the ultimate regulatory authority. After Liberalization and Globalization in 1990, the Government set up a committee (1993) to examine the role of futures trading. The Committee (headed by Prof. K.N. Kabra) recommended allowing futures trading in 17 commodity groups. It also recommended strengthening Forward Markets Commission, and certain amendments to Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act 1952, particularly allowing option trading in goods and registration of brokers with Forward Markets Commission. The Government accepted most of these recommendations and futures‟ trading was permitted in all recommended

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commodities. It is timely decision since internationally the commodity cycle is on upswing and the next decade being touched as the decade of Commodities. Commodity exchange in India plays an important role where the prices of any commodity are not fixed, in an organized way.

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CHAPTER 3
PARTICIPANTS IN COMMODITY MARKET
Participants who trade in the derivatives market can be classified under the following three broad categories:
 Hedgers
 Speculators
 Arbitrageurs

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HEDGERS
A Hedger can be Farmers, manufacturers, importers and exporter. A hedger buys or sells in the futures market to secure the future price of a commodity intended to be sold at a later date in the cash market. This helps protect against price risks.
The holders of the long position in futures contracts (buyers of the commodity), are trying to secure as low a price as possible. The short holders of the contract (sellers of the commodity) will want to secure as high a price as possible. The commodity contract, however, provides a definite price certainty for both parties, which reduces the risks associated with price volatility. By means of futures contracts, Hedging can also be used as a means to lock in an acceptable price margin between the cost of the raw material and the retail cost of the final product sold.
Someone going long in a securities future contract now can hedge against rising equity prices in three months. If at the time of the contract's expiration the equity price has risen, the investor's contract can be closed out at the higher price. The opposite could happen as well: a hedger could go short in a contract today to hedge against declining stock prices in the future.

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SPECULATORS
Other commodity market participants, however, do not aim to minimize risk but rather to benefit from the inherently risky nature of the commodity market. These are the speculators, and they aim to profit from the very price change that hedgers are protecting themselves against. A hedger would want to minimize their risk no matter what they're investing in, while speculators want to increase their risk and therefore maximize their profits. In the commodity market, a speculator buying a contract low in order to sell high in the future would most likely be buying that contract from a hedge selling a contract low in anticipation of declining prices in the future.
Unlike the hedger, the speculator does not actually seek to own the commodity in question. Rather, he or she will enter the market seeking profits by offsetting rising and declining prices through the buying and selling of contracts.

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ARBITRAGERS
A central idea in modern economics is the law of one price. This states that in a competitive market, if two assets are equivalent from the point of view of risk and return, they should sell at the same price. If the price of the same asset is different in two markets, there will be operators who will buy in the market where the asset sells cheap and sell in the market where it is costly. This activity termed as arbitrage, involves the simultaneous purchase and sale of the same or essentially similar security in two different markets for advantageously different prices. The buying cheap and selling expensive continues till prices in the two markets reach equilibrium. Hence, arbitrage helps to equalize prices and restore market efficiency.
Since the cash and futures price tend to move in the same direction as they both react to the same supply/demand factors, the difference between the underlying price and futures price is called as basis. Basis is more stable and predictable than the movement of the prices of the underlying or the Futures price. Thus, arbitrageur would predict the basis and accordingly take positions in the cash and future markets.

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CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURE OF INDIAN COMMODITY MARKET

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Commodity trading in India is regulated by the Forward Markets Commission (FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, it is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.
NMCE (NATIONAL MULTI COMMODITY EXCHANGE OF INDIA LTD.)
NMCE is the first demutualised electronic commodity exchange of India granted the National exchange on Govt. of India and operational since 26th Nov, 2002.
Promoters of NMCE are, Central warehousing corporation (CWC), National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), Gujarat Agro-Industries Corporation Limited (GAICL), Gujarat state agricultural Marketing Board (GSAMB), National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) and Neptune Overseas Ltd. (NOL). Main equity holders are PNB.
The Head Office of NMCE is located in Ahmedabad. There are various commodity trades on NMCE Platform including Agro and non-agro commodities.
NCDEX (NATIONAL COMMODITY & DERIVATIVE EXCHANGE LTD.)

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NCDEX is a public limited co. incorporated on April 2003 under the Companies Act 1956, It obtained its certificate for commencement of Business on May 9, 2003. It commenced its operational on Dec 15, 2003.
Promoters shareholders are: Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) other shareholder of NCDEX are: Canara Bank, CRISIL limited, Goldman Sachs, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), Indian farmers fertilizer corporation Ltd (IFFCO) and Punjab National Bank (PNB).
NCDEX is located in Mumbai and currently facilitates trading in 57 commodities mainly in Agro product.
MCX (MULTI COMMODITY EXCHANGE OF INDIA LTD.)
Headquartered in Mumbai, MCX is a demutualised nation wide electronic commodity future exchange. Set up by Financial Technologies (India) Ltd. permanent recognition from government of India for facilitating online trading, clearing and settlement operations for future market across the country. The exchange started operation in Nov, 2003.
MCX equity partners include, NYSE Euronext,, State Bank of India and its associated, NABARD NSE, SBI Life Insurance Co. Ltd. , Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Canara Bank, HDFC Bank, etc.
MCX is well known for bullion and metal trading platform.
ICEX (INDIAN COMMODITY EXCHANGE LTD.)
ICEX is latest commodity exchange of India Started Function from 27 Nov, 09. It is jointly promote by Indiabulls Financial Services Ltd. and MMTC Ltd.

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and has Indian Potash Ltd. KRIBHCO and IFC among others, as its partners having its head office located at Gurgaon (Haryana).
OTHER REGIONAL EXCHANGES
1.
Bhatinda Om & Oil Exchange Ltd., Batinda.
Gur
2.
The Bombay Commodity Exchange Ltd.Mumbai
RBD Pamolein, Groundnut Oil, Sunflower Oil, CottonSeed, Safflower, Groundnut, Castor oil-Int’l, Castorseed, Cottonseed oil, Sesamum oil, Sesamum OilCake, Safflower, OilCake, Rice Bran, Rice Bran Oil, Rice Bran OilCake, Safflower Oil, Crude Palm Oil
3.
The Rajkot Seeds oil & Bullion Merchants` Association Ltd
Groundnut Oil, Castorseed
4.
The Meerut Agro Commodities Exchange Co. Ltd., Meerut
Gur
5.
The Spices and Oilseeds Exchange Ltd.
Turmeric
6.
Ahmedabad Commodity Exchange Ltd.
CottonSeed Castorseed
7.
Vijay Beopar Chamber Ltd.,Muzaffarnagar
Gur Mustard Seed
8.
India Pepper & Spice Trade Association.Kochi
Pepper Domestic-MG1 Pepper Domestic-500g/l Black Pepper Int’l-MLS ASTA Black Pepper Int’l-VB ASTA Black pepper Int’l FAQ Pepper 550 G/L Rubber RSS4
9.
Rajdhani Oils and Oilseeds Exchange Ltd. Delhi
Gur Rapeseed/Mustardseed
10.
National Board of Trade. Indore.
Rapeseed/Mustardseed Rapeseed/Mustardseed Oil Rapeseed/Mustardseed oil-Cake Soy bean

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Soy Meal Soy Oil Crude Palm Oil
11.
The Chamber Of Commerce.,Hapur
12.
The East India Cotton Association Mumbai.
Indian Cotton
13.
The Central India Commercial Exchange Ltd, Gwaliar
14.
The East India Jute & Hessian Exchange Ltd,
Hessian Sacking
15.
First Commodity Exchange of India Ltd, Kochi
Copra Coconut oil Copra cake
16.
Bikaner Commodity Exchange Ltd.,Bikaner
Rapeseed/Mustardseed Rapeseed/Mustardseed Oil Rapeseed/Mustardseed oil-Cake Guarseed Gram GuarGum
17.
Esugarindia Limited.
Sugar Grade – M Sugar Grade – S
18.
National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited.
Gur RBD Pamolein Groundnut Oil Sunflower Oil Rapeseed/Mustardseed Rapeseed/Mustardseed Oil Rapeseed/Mustardseed oil-Cake Soy bean Soy Oil Copra CottonSeed Safflower Groundnut Sugar Sacking Coffee-Robusta Cherry AB Coconut oil

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Castorseed Castor-oil Groundnut oilCack Cottonseed oil Sesamum (Til or Jiljili) Sesamum oil Sesamum OilCake Safflower OilCake Rice Bran Oil Safflower Oil Sanflower OilCake Sunflower Seed Pepper Crude Palm Oil Guarseed CastorOil Cake Cottonseed – Oilcake Aluminium Ingots Nickel Vanaspati Soybean Oilcake Rubber Copper Zinc Lead Tin Linseed Linseed Oil Linseed Oilcake Coconut Oilcake Gram Gold Silver Rice Wheat Cardamom Kilo – Gold Masoor Urad Tur / Arhar Moong Rapeseed – 42

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Raw Jute Coffee-Arabica Plantation A
19.
Surendranagar Cotton oil & Oilseeds Association Ltd,
Kapas CottonSeed Cottonbales
20.
Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd.
Gur RBD Pamolein Groundnut Oil Rapeseed/Mustardseed Oil Pepper Domestic-MG1 Soy bean Kapas Soy Meal CottonSeed Turmeric Castorseed Castor-oil Crude Palm Oil Guarseed Cottonseed – Oilcake Nickel Rubber Copper Tin Gram Sugar Grade – M Sugar Grade – S Gold Silver Gold-M Rice Wheat Ref Soya oil – Indore Urad Tur / Arhar GuarGum Castorseed-5 Silver-M Steel – Flat Steel – Long Yellow Peas

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Long Staple Cotton Medium Stapple Cotton Castorseed – Disa Mustard Seed Guarseed Bandhani Gold – HNI Silver – HNI Red Chilly Maize Guar Gum Bandhani CASHEW KERNEL W320 Basmati Rice Jeera Mustard Seed Jaipur Crude Oil Sarbati Rice Sesame Seed ( Natural 99.1) Cotton Long Kadi Cotton Med Abohar Cotton Short Staple Steel Long Bhavnagar Mentha Oil
21.
National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Ltd.
S06 L S Cotton Ahmedabad J34 M S Cotton Bhatinda Crude Palm oil – Kandla RBD P’Olein – Kakinada EXP R/M oil – Jaipur Rape/Mustard seed – Jaipur Ref Soya oil – Indore Soy bean – Indore Pure Gold – Mumbai Pure Silver – New Delhi Pure Gold – Mumbai – 1 Kg Pure Silver – New Delhi – 30 Kg (Mega) Rubber – Kottayam Pepper – Kochi Gram(Chana) – New Delhi Guarseed – Jodhpur Jute (B twill-665 Gms) – Kollata Turmeric – Nizamabad Castorseed – Disa Raw Jute – Kolkata

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GuarGum – Jodhpur Sugar M Grade – Muzaffarnagar Urad – Mumbai Sugar S Grade – Vashi Yellow Peas – Mumbai Wheat – New Delhi SMQ Soy Meal – Indore SONA995MUM CHANDIDEL CottonKadi CottonAbohar Gur-chaku – Muzaffarnagar Yellow Red Maize – Nizamabad Grade A Raw Rice Delhi Grade A Parboiled Rice Delhi Common Raw Rice Delhi Common Parboiled Rice Delhi Mulberry Raw Silk Mulberry Green Cocoons Jeera Unjha Chilli (Paala) Guntur Mild Steel Ingots – Ghaziabad Cashews W-320-Kollam Whitish Sesame Seed – Rajkot Cotton Seed Oilcake – Akola Lemon Tur – Mumbai Maharashtra Lal Tur – Akola Arabica Coffee – Hassan Robusta Coffee – Kushalnagar
22.
Haryana Commodities Ltd., Hissar
Rapeseed/Mustardseed Rapeseed/Mustardseed Oil
23.
The Bullion Association Limited
24.
e-Commodities Ltd

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CHAPTER 5
INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY EXCHANGES
Futures’ trading is a result of solution to a problem related to the maintenance of a year round supply of commodities/ products that are seasonal as is the case of agricultural produce. The United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Brazil, Australia, Singapore are homes to leading commodity futures exchanges in the world.
THE NEW YORK MERCANTILE EXCHANGE (NYMEX)
The New York Mercantile Exchange is the world’s biggest exchange for trading in physical commodity futures. The exchange is in existence since last 132 years and performs trades trough two divisions, the NYMEX division, which deals in energy and platinum and the COMEX division, which trades in all the other metals.
Commodities traded: Light sweet crude oil, Natural Gas, Heating Oil, Gasoline, RBOB Gasoline, Electricity Propane, Gold, Silver, Copper, Aluminium, Platinum, Palladium, etc.
LONDON METAL EXCHANGE
The London Metal Exchange (LME) is the world’s premier non-ferrous market, with highly liquid contracts. The exchange was formed in 1877 as a direct consequence of the industrial revolution witnessed in the 19th century
Commodities traded:- Aluminium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Aluminium Alloy, North American Special Aluminium Alloy (NASAAC), Polypropylene, Linear Low Density Polyethylene, etc.

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THE CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE
The first commodity exchange established in the world was the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) during 1848 by group of Chicago merchants who were keen to establish a central market place for trade. Presently, the Chicago Board of Trade is one of the leading exchanges in the world for trading futures and options. More than 50 contracts on futures and options are being offered by CBOT currently through open outcry and/or electronically.
Commodities Traded: - Corn, Soybean, Oil, Soybean meal, Wheat, Oats, Ethanol, Rough Rice, Gold, and Silver etc.
TOKYO COMMODITY EXCHANGE (TOCOM)
The Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM) is the second largest commodity futures exchange in the world. It trades in to metals and energy contracts. It has made rapid advancement in commodity trading globally since its inception 20 years back. TOCOM’s recent tie up with the MCX to explore cooperation and business opportunities is seen as one of the steps towards providing platform for futures price discovery in Asia for Asian players in Crude Oil since the demand-supply situation in U.S. that drives NYMEX is different from demand-supply situation in Asia
Commodities traded: - Gasoline, Kerosene, Crude Oil, Gold, Silver, Platinum, Aluminum, Rubber, etc

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CHICAGO MERCANTILE EXCHANGE
The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is the largest futures exchange in the US and the largest futures clearing house in the world for futures and options trading. Formed in 1898 primarily to trade in Agricultural commodities, the CME introduced the world’s first financial futures more than 30 years ago.
Commodities Traded: - Butter milk, Diammonium phosphate, Feeder cattle, frozen pork bellies, Lean Hogs, Live cattle, Non-fat Dry Milk, Urea, Urea Ammonium Nitrate, etc.

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CHAPTER 6
DIFFERENT COMMODITIES TRADED IN COMMODITY MARKET
World –over one will find that a market exists for almost all the commodities known to us. These commodities can be broadly classified into the following:

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METAL
Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Sponge Iron, Steel Long, Steel Flat, Tin, Zinc
BULLION
Gold, Gold HNL, Gold M, I- Gold, Silver HNL, Silver M
FIBER
Cotton L Staple, Cotton M Staple, Cotton S Staple, Cotton Yarn, Kapas
ENERGY
Brent Crude Oil, Crude Oil, Furnace Oil, Natural Gas, M. E. Sour Crude Oil
SPICES
Cardamom, Jeera, Pepper, Red Chili, Turmeric
PLANTATIONS
Cashew Kernel, Coffee (Robusta), Rubber
PULSES
Chana, Masur, Yellow Peas
OIL & OIL SEED
Castor Oil, Castor Seed, Coconut Cake, Coconut Oil, Ctton Seed,
Crude Palm Oil, Groundnut Oil, Kapasia Khalli, Mustered Oil, Mustered Seed, RBD Palmolein, Refined Soya Oil, Refined Sunflower Oil, Rice Bran Doc, Rice Bran Refined Oil, Sesame Seed, Soya meal, Soya bean, Soya Seeds
CEREALS
Maize
OTHER
Guargum, Guar Seed, Gurchaku, Mentha Oil, Potato, Sugar M-30, Sugar S-30

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TO QUALIFY AS A COMMODITY FOR FUTURES TRADING, AN ARTICLE OR A PRODUCT HAS TO MEET SOME BASIC CRITERIA:
1. The product must not have gone through any complicated manufacturing activity, except for certain basic processing such as mining, cropping, etc. In other words, the product must be in a basic, raw, unprocessed state. There are of course some exceptions to this rule. For example, metals, which are refined from metal ores, and sugar, which is processed from sugarcane.
2. The product has to be fairly standardized, which means that there cannot be much differentiation in a product based on its quality. For example, there are different varieties of crude oil. Though these different varieties of crude oil can be treated as different commodities and traded as separate contracts, there can be a standardization of the commodities for futures contract based on the largest traded variety of crude oil. This would ensure a fair representation of the commodity for futures trading. This would also ensure adequate liquidity for the commodity futures being traded, thus ensuring price discovery mechanism.
3. A major consideration while buying the product is its price. Fundamental forces of market demand and supply for the commodity determine the commodity prices.
4. Usually, many competing sellers of the product will be there in the market. Their presence is required to ensure widespread trading activity in the physical commodity market.
5. The product should have adequate shelf life since the delivery of a commodity through a futures contract is usually deferred to a later date (also known as expiry of the futures contract).

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CHAPTER 7
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN DEVELOPING COMMODITY MARKET
Government of India has introduced two approaches strategies to strengthening Indian Commodity Market. The responsibility of agriculture produce mechanism is of state government as per constitution of India. Agriculture is a state subject. The responsibility of a central government is to enact modern act for Agriculture Marketing which may adopted by state government as it is or in a modified format. The responsibility of a developing and regulating commodity exchange is of central government.
There are two board regulatory aspect of commodity market in India. The agricultural commodity market are established and regulated under the State Act or State Agricultural Produce Marketing Regulation Act.
The forward, future and option trading in India is governed by Forward Contract Regulation Act, 1952. It is implemented by Forward Market Commission (FMC). FMC is an agency constituted under the provision of FCRA, 1952 and its function under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
Agricultural Marketing is witnessing major changes all over the world due to LPG. In order to make global market opportunities available in India, Government of India decided to integrate and strengthen the internal agricultural marketing system of the country.
Ministry of Agricultural, GOI appointed an Export committee on 19th Dec, 2000 followed by an Inter-Ministerial Task Force to review the prevailing of agricultural marketing and the recommend measures to make system more efficient and competitive. After several meeting the model legislation was drafted by the name of legislation was given state Agricultural Produce Marketing (Developmental &Regulation ) Act, 2003. This Act provides for

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establishment of private market yard, direct purchase centers, consumer/farmers market for direct sale. These acts also provide special market for commodities like onion, fruits, vegetable and flower. This acts prohibits commission agency in a transaction of agricultural commodities with the producers. It redefines the role of APMC to promote alternative marketing system such as contract farming, direct marketing. It redefines the role of state government and state agricultural marketing board. It requires promoting standardization of grading, quality, certification, market led extension and training of farmers. This will facilitate to get finance from the banks, international of E-commerce direct purchasing, future, forward trading and introduction of negotiable warehouse receipt system.

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RESPONSIBILITY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCT MARKETING COMMITTEE (APMC):
 Following are the responsibility APMC under Section 24 &27 of AMPRA :
 To ensure complete transparency in the transaction taking place in market area.
 To provide market related services to the farmers
 To ensure payment for agricultural produce sold by the farmers on the same date.
 To promote agricultural processing to promote value added products of agricultural produce.
 To publish data at arrival of agricultural commodities data on products sold by the farmers directly.
 To set up and promote public private partnership in the management of agricultural markets.

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 Section 36 of AMPRA deals with appointment of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of market committee.
 Section 59 of AMPRA gives permission to market committee to use funds to create facilities like grading, standardization and quality certification, creation of infrastructure and to promote public private participation.
 Section 63 deals with establishment of state agricultural market board which is responsible for setting up of marketing extension
 Section 79 provides for research and development.

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ROLE OF NABARD IN DEVELOPING COMMODITY MARKET
NABARD is the apex financial institution of the country for agricultural & rural development and plays a vital role in coordinating all financial institution, banks, state agencies, etc. to develop the agricultural sector. It formulates strategies provides information and extends financial assistance. However the role of NABARD is indirect. It provides refinance to financing institutions. It ensures flow of credit to small and marginal farmer by implementing different schemes it also promotes flow of credit for activities like poultry, diary, aquaculture, sericulture and goat farming, etc. NABARD also supports initiatives in natural resources management. It also provides credit for agricultural marketing, infrastructure facilities like Rythu Bazaar, TMC. It provides refinance and co-finance for various agricultural facilities.
As per recommendation of FMC (Forward Market Commission)NABARD plays promotional and developmental role in setting up modern, transparent and vibrant commodity exchange. NABARD participates in spot and future markets for efficient price discovery of farmer produce. NABARD has provided equity to two national level commodity exchange i.e. NCDX & MCX
Role of NABARD in promoting Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ):
At present, Agricultural Products Exports Development Authority (APEDA)has setup 60 Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ) all over the country. The crops covered under AEZ include fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, cashew, tea basmati rice, medicinal plants and pulses, etc. In all over 35 crops have been identified for AEZ. The main objective of AEZ is to promote exports of this 35 agricultural commodities. NABARD also plays active role in contract farming and development of farmers club.

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ROLE OF DEPOSITORIES IN DEVELOPING COMMODITY MARKET
The Indian Farming community consist of small and marginal farmers. The studies indicate that small farmers contribute 54% of marketable surplus. The small farmers sell their produce in a distress manner. Farmers often sell their products to repay their debts immediately often harvesting. The solution for these problem is to provide access to safe and scientific storage facilities and to provide finance against the stored goods at minimum rate of interest. This is referred as ‘Pledge Financing’. Farmers get warehousing receipt is a document of title which represents legal rights on goods stored in warehouse. Nowadays warehousing receipt are not issued in a paper format but in a electronic format. Dematerialization refers to process of conversion of physical security or paper security into electronic format. Demat helps settlement of trade on commodity exchanges and improves settlement efficiency. Demat of warehousing receipt as being introduced by - multi commodity exchange of india limited.

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF INDIAN COMMODITY MARKET
The need for regulation arises on account of the fact that the benefits of futures markets accrue in competitive conditions. Proper regulation is needed to create competitive conditions. In the absence of regulation, unscrupulous participants could use these leveraged contracts for manipulating prices. This could have undesirable influence on the spot prices, thereby affecting interests of society at large.
Regulation is also needed to ensure that the market has appropriate risk management system. In the absence of such a system, a major default could create a chain reaction. The resultant financial crisis in a futures market could create systematic risk.
Regulation is also needed to ensure fairness and transparency in trading, clearing, settlement and management of the exchange so as to protect and promote the interest of various stakeholders, particularly non-member users of the market.
After independence, the Constitution of India brought the subject of "Stock Exchanges and futures markets" in the Union list. As a result, the responsibility for regulation of commodity futures markets devolved on Govt. of India. A Bill on forward contracts was referred to an expert committee headed by Prof. A.D.Shroff and Select Committees of two successive Parliaments and finally in December 1952 Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952, was enacted. The Act provided for 3-tier regulatory system;
(a) An association recognized by the Government of India on the recommendation of Forward Markets Commission,
(b) The Forward Markets Commission (it was set up in September 1953) and
(c) The Central Government.

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Forward Contracts (Regulation) Rules were notified by the Central Government in July, 1954.The Act divides the commodities into 3 categories with reference to extent of regulation, viz.:
 The commodities in which futures trading can be organized under the auspices of recognized association.
 The Commodities in which futures trading is prohibited.
 Those commodities which have neither been regulated for being traded under the recognized association nor prohibited are referred as Free Commodities and the association organized in such free commodities is required to obtain the Certificate of Registration from the Forward Markets Commission.

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FORWARD MARKETS COMMISSION
Forward Markets Commission (FMC) headquartered at Mumbai, is a regulatory authority which is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India. It is a statutory body set up in 1953 under the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952.
Forward Markets Commission provides regulatory oversight in order to ensure financial integrity (i.e. to prevent systematic risk of default by one major operator or group of operators), market integrity (i.e. to ensure that futures prices are truly aligned with the prospective demand and supply conditions) and to protect and promote interest of customers/ non-members. It prescribes the following regulatory measures:
 Limit on net open position as on the close of the trading hours. Sometimes limit is also imposed on intra-day net open position. The limit is imposed operator-wise, and in some cases, also member- wise.
 Circuit-filters or limit on price fluctuations to allow cooling of market in the event of abrupt upswing or downswing in prices.
 Special margin deposit to be collected on outstanding purchases or sales when price moves up or down sharply above or below the previous day closing price. By making further purchases/sales relatively costly, the price rise or fall is sobered down. This measure is imposed only on the request of the exchange.

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 Circuit breakers or minimum/maximum prices: These are prescribed to prevent futures prices from falling below as rising above not warranted by prospective supply and demand factors. This measure is also imposed on the request of the exchanges.
 Skipping trading in certain derivatives of the contract, closing the market for a specified period and even closing out the contract: These extreme measures are taken only in emergency situations.
Besides these regulatory measures, the F.C(R) Act provides that a client's position cannot be appropriated by the member of the exchange, except when a written consent is taken within three days time. The FMC is persuading increasing number of exchanges to switch over to electronic trading, clearing and settlement, which is more customer-friendly. The FMC has also prescribed simultaneous reporting system for the exchanges following open out-cry system. These steps facilitate audit trail and make it difficult for the members to indulge in malpractices like trading ahead of clients, etc. The FMC has also mandated all the exchanges following open outcry system to display at a prominent place in exchange premises, the name, address, telephone number of the officer of the commission who can be contacted for any grievance. The website of the commission also has a provision for the customers to make complaint and send comments and suggestions to the FMC. Officers of the FMC have been instructed to meet the members and clients on a random basis, whenever they visit exchanges, to ascertain the situation on the ground, instead of merely attending meetings of the board of directors and holding discussions with the office-bearers.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMMODITY MARKET
 Price Discovery:- Based on inputs regarding specific market information, the demand and supply equilibrium, weather forecasts, expert views and comments, inflation rates, Government policies, market dynamics, hopes and fears, buyers and sellers conduct trading at commodity exchanges. This transforms in to continuous price discovery mechanism. The execution of trade between buyers and sellers leads to assessment of fair value of a particular commodity that is immediately disseminated on the trading terminal.
 Price Risk Management: - Hedging is the most common method of price risk management. It is strategy of offering price risk that is inherent in spot market by taking an equal but opposite position in the futures market. Futures markets are used as a mode by hedgers to protect their business from adverse price change. This could dent the profitability of their business. Hedging benefits who are involved in trading of commodities like farmers, processors, merchandisers, manufacturers, exporters, importers etc.
 Import- Export competitiveness: - The exporters can hedge their price risk and improve their competitiveness by making use of commodity market. A majority of traders which are involved in physical trade internationally intend to buy forwards. The purchases made from the physical market might expose them to the risk of price risk resulting to losses. The existence of futures market would allow the exporters to hedge their proposed purchase by temporarily substituting for actual purchase till the time is ripe to buy in physical market. In the absence of

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commodity market it will be meticulous, time consuming and costly physical transactions.
 Predictable Pricing: - The demand for certain commodities is highly price elastic. The manufacturers have to ensure that the prices should be stable in order to protect their market share with the free entry of imports. Commodity futures contracts will enable predictability in domestic prices. The manufacturers can, as a result, smooth out the influence of changes in their input prices very easily. With no commodity market, the manufacturer can be caught between severe short-term price movements of oils and necessity to maintain price stability, which could only be possible through sufficient financial reserves that could otherwise be utilized for making other profitable investments.
 Benefits for farmers/Agriculturalists: - Price instability has a direct bearing on farmers in the absence of commodity market. There would be no need to have large reserves to cover against unfavorable price fluctuations. This would reduce the risk premiums associated with the marketing or processing margins enabling more returns on produce.
 An option for high net worth investors:- With the rapid spread of derivatives trading in commodities, the commodities route too has become an option for high net worth and savvy investors to consider in their overall asset allocation.

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DIS- ADVANTAGES OF COMMODITY MARKET
 You need a mentor: - With this lack of guidance, it is only natural to expect that many traders will be prone to repeating the same mistakes which eventually cost them their capital. Trading in commodities requires a trader to have firm knowledge of the factors that affect the demand and supply of a particular commodity. Having an experienced broker with whom you can discuss trading strategies is likely to keep you out of trouble. This seeking an advice of a mentor is crucial if we want to improve our trading proficiency.
 Leverage: - Commodity futures operate on margin, meaning that to take a position only a small percentage of the total value needs to be available in cash in trading account. High leverage means high risk attached to the account. It acts as a double edge sword where benefit of low margin can result in poor money management.
 Over trading:- The third disadvantage of online trading relates to the issue of over trading. Online commodity trading can be risky if you are not disciplined. There is a tendency for a trader to deviate from his original trading strategy and switch o day trading after he gets bored of holding a market position for a considerable period of time. When this happens, it is similar to gambling in a casino.

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CURRENT SCENARIO
The growth paradigm of India’s commodity markets is best reflected by the figures from the regulator’s official website, which indicated that the total value of trade on the commodity futures market in the financial year 2008/09 was INR52.49 lakh crore (over US$1 trillion) as against INR 40.66 lakh crore in the preceding year, registering a growth of 29.09%, even under challenging economic conditions globally. The main drivers of this impressive growth in commodity futures were the national commodity exchanges. MCX, NCDEX and NMCE along with two regional exchanges – NBOT Indore and ACE, Ahmedabad – contributed to 99.61% of the total value of commodities traded during 2008/09. So far, this year’s volumes have seen a significant jump over the last year in agro-commodities, as well as „international‟ commodities like gold, silver, crude oil and copper. Of course, more than 100 commodities are today available for trading in the commodity futures market and more than 50 of them are actively traded. These include bullion, metals, agricultural commodities and energy products. Most importantly, an archaic market has suddenly turned into an organized, service-oriented set-up with shooting volumes. The unqualified success of the futures market has ensured the next step, i.e., the launch of electronic spot markets for agro-products. Being in a time-zone that falls in the gap left by the major commodity exchanges in the US, Europe and Japan has also worked in India’s favor because commodity business by its very nature is a 24/7 business. Innovation coupled with modern and successful financial market environment has ensured the beginning of a success story in commodities which will eventually see India becoming a price- setter in major commodities on the strength of its large production and consumption.

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It is pertinent to note that India and China are being projected as the major drivers for the initiation of yet another commodity super-cycle. Tracking price trends and analyzing the statistics have always been key areas of economic research; but in each cycle – whether defined by Jim Rogers, Kondratieff or Dewey & Dakin – the trigger is always different, and in this case it may well be increase in regional consumption, some of which we have already seen. One outcome of the recent boom-bust cycle has been that mergers and acquisitions have gained speed and the biggest beneficiaries will likely be large companies from historically conservative countries, like India. This phase is likely to propel India into the international big league quicker and on a firmer footing. In fact, India did well to weather the global financial crisis over the last year and a half, with GDP growing at 6% at the worst of times, compared to almost every other country which showed negative growth in one or more quarters during this period. Growth did fall from 9% to 6% but was way above the World Bank’s forecast of 4%, demonstrating economic resilience, a sure sign of things to come.
Turnover at Indian commodity bourses rose 49.80 percent to 73.51 trillion rupees in the first eleven-and-a-half months of fiscal 2009/10, regulator Forward Markets Commission (FMC) said on its website (as on 25th March 2010).
Turnover rose 44.12 percent to 3.79 trillion rupees in the fortnight ending March. 15, data showed on Thursday.
Active trade was seen in gold, silver, copper and crude oil in the energy and metals pack during the March ’10 first fortnight.
Guar seed, chana, soybean, turmeric and jeera saw maximum trade among agricultural commodities.

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Turnover at India's 23 commodity bourses, including four operating at the national level, grew from 1.29 trillion rupees in 2003/04 to 52.49 trillion rupees in 2008/09.
The regulator said it has approved Fid Fund (Mauritius) Ltd, an affiliate of Fidelity International's sale of 1.62 percent stake in Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) to Intel Capital (Mauritius) Ltd.
FMC had last month allowed Fid Fund (Mauritius) Ltd's sale of 2.03 percent stake in MCX to Passport India Investments (Mauritius) Ltd.

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CONCLUSION
This decade is termed as Decade of Commodities. Prices of all commodities are heading northwards due to rapid increase in demand for commodities. Developing countries like China are voraciously consuming the commodities. That‟s why globally commodity market is bigger than the stock market. India is one of the top producers of large number of commodities and also has a long history of trading in commodities and related derivatives. The Commodities Derivatives market has seen ups and downs, but seems to have finally arrived now. The market has made enormous progress in terms of Technology, transparency and trading activity. Interestingly, this has happened only after the Government protection was removed from a number of Commodities, and market force was allowed to play their role. This should act as a major lesson for policy makers in developing countries, that pricing and price risk management should be left to the market forces rather than trying to achieve these through administered price mechanisms. The management of price risk is going to assume even greater importance in future with the promotion of free trade and removal of trade barriers in the world.
As majority of Indian investors are not aware of organized commodity market; their perception about is of risky to very risky investment. Many of them have wrong impression about commodity market in their minds. It makes them specious towards commodity market. Concerned authorities have to take initiative to make commodity trading process easy and simple. Along with Government efforts NGO‟s should come forward to educate the people about commodity markets and to encourage them to invest in to it. There is no doubt that in near future commodity market will become Hot spot for Indian farmers rather than spot market. And producers, traders as well as consumers will be

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benefited from it. But for this to happen one has to take initiative to standardize and popularize the Commodity Market

commodity market project

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