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HUMAN BLOOD - composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, blood grouping, Rh factors, Blood bank, disorders of blood
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HUMAN BLOOD
Anatomy & Physiology
By: Dr.S.Kameshwaran
2.
3. Blood
Blood is a bodily fluid in animals
that delivers necessary substances such as
nutrients and oxygen to the cells &
transports metabolic waste products away
from the cells
Blood accounts for 8% of the human body
weight,
Blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45,
average density of approximately 1060
kg/m3,
The average adult has a blood volume of
roughly 5 litres
4. blood is composed of
PLASMA & SEVERAL KINDS OF CELLS
These blood cells (Corpuscles or "formed
elements") consist of
erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs),
Leukocytes (white blood cells), and
Thrombocytes (platelets).
By volume,
RBC constitute about 45% of whole blood,
The plasma about 54.3%, and
WBC about 0.7%.
5.
6. PLASMA:
About 55% of blood is blood plasma,
a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium,
It is straw-yellow in color.
The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters in
an average human.
It is essentially an aqueous solution containing
92% water,
7% blood plasma proteins (Albumin (60%),
globulin (35%), fibrinogen (4%))
Other solutes - 1%
Dissolved Gasses – including O2 and CO2
Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Waste Products
Serum = plasma- clotting proteins
7. FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS:
Albumins 3.5-5.0 g/dl -
maintains colloid osmotic pressure
transport insoluble molecules
Globulins 2.0-2.5 g/dl
participate in immune system
Fibrinogen 0.2-0.45 g/d
Blood coagulation
Regulatory proteins
Regulation of gene expression
8.
9. FORMED ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD:
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
10. ERYTHROCYTE:
It is also known as
RBCs, Red cells, Red blood corpuscles, Haematids,
Erythroid cells
It is a Greek word:
Erythros - red & kytos - hollow vessel
The first person to describe RBC was biologist Jan
Swammerdam
Mature red blood cells are flexible and oval
biconcave disks
6–8 μm in diameter in size
2 μm in thickness
11. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in
order to accommodate maximum space for
hemoglobin
The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in
hemoglobin,
The cells developed in the bone marrow
Life span about 100–120 days
Destroyed in spleen
NORMAL VALUES: (Medline plus)
Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/mm3
Female: 3.8 to 5.8 million cells/mm3
12.
13. HEMOGLOBIN
It is the gas transporting protein molecule that makes up
95% of a red cell.
It is an iron-containing biomolecule
Each red cell has about 280 million iron-rich hemoglobin
molecules.
• Hb consist of
– 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide, nitric oxide
– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
Iron is required for oxygen transport
The red color of blood is primarily due to Hb
14. Hb normal value:
adults
Male: 13 to 18 g/ 100mL
Female: 11.5 to 16.5 g/dL
children
Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL
Infant: 9.5 to 13 g/dL
15. FUNCTIONS OF RBC:
Delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via blood
flow through the circulatory system.
RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into
tissues
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
16. HEMATOPOIESIS & ERYTHROPOIESIS
Greek 'erythro' - "red" and
'poiesis' - "to make"
“Erythropoiesis is the process by
which the origin, development and
maturation of erythrocytes occur”
“Hemopoiesis is the process which
includes origin, development and
maturation of all the blood cells”
Stem cell- RBCs - 7DAYS
17. DECREASED OXYGEN IN CIRCULATION
WHICH IS DETECTED BY THE KIDNEYS
SECRETE THE HORMONE ERYTHROPOIETIN
THIS HORMONE STIMULATES PROLIFERATION AND
DIFFERENTIATION OF RED CELL PRECURSORS
ERYTHROPOIESIS
INCREASE IN RED BLOOD CELLS
INCREASE IN OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
18. RBC Formation before birth
IN FETAL LIFE
• During embryonic life, the erythropoiesis
occurs in three stages.
Mesoblastic stage
Hepatic stage
Myeloid stage
19. Mesoblastic stage:
During the first two months of intrauterine
life, the primitive red blood cells are produced
from mesenchyme of yolk sac.
20. Hepatic stage:
From third month of intrauterine life, liver is
the main organ that produces red blood cells
also produced from spleen and lymphoid
organs
Myeloid stage:
During the last three months of intra uterine
life, the red blood cells are produced red bone
marrow and liver.
21. RBC Formation after birth
• In newborn babies, growing children and
adults, the blood cells are produced only
from the red bone marrow.
• 1. Up to the age of 5 to 6 years: The red
blood cell produced in red bone marrow of
all bones.
• 2. From 6th year up to 20th year: The red
blood cell produced by red bone marrow of
long bones (Femur, Humerus and Tibia) and
the membranous (flat) bones (Scapula, The
Sternum, Cranium)
22. • 3.After the age of 20 years: RBC produced
from all membranous bones, skull bones and
from the ends of long bones.
• After 20 age, the shaft of the long bones
becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat
deposition and looses the erythropoietic
function.
• During disorders of bone ,the red blood
cells are produced in the spleen.
23. Bone marrow cells for Erythropoiesis
Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC)
Committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes is called
Colony-forming unit–erythrocyte, CFU-E
Factors:
– Growth inducers
– Differentiation inducers.
24.
25. Vitamin B12 & dietary folic acid – peomote
maturation
Dietary iron – production of Hb
27. Basophil erythroblast
• Also known as Early normoblast
• Nucleoli disappear & Show mitosis
• Cytoplasm - deep blue, Increase in RNA
• Hemoglobin starts appearing – Little Hb
29. Orthochromatic Erythroblast
• Also known as Normoblast
• Nucleus smaller
• Nuclear lysis and
• Nuclear extrusion
• Released in to circulation
30. Reticulocyte
immature red blood
1 % of Red Cells
do not have a cell nucleus cells
reticular (mesh-like) network of ribosomal RNA
visible under a microscope with certain stains such as
new methylene blue.
filled with Hb
After 1-2 days develops in to fully matured RBC
31. HAEMOLYSIS OF RBC:
life span of RBC 120 days
after that they getting break down
carried out by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells
mostly haemolysis occurs in
spleen, bone marrow, & liver
iron is release by the hemolysis is retained in the
body and reused by the bone marrow
heme part – biliverdin – bilirubin – liver – excreted in
bile
32. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Defence and immunity
Protect the body from infectious microorganisms
Detect the foreign or abnormal material and destroy it
They are largest among all blood cells
Accounts 1% of total blood volume
WBCs have a nucleus some have granules in its
cytoplasm
4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter
Most produced in bone marrow
Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
33. • Two types of leukocytes
– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
34. Granulocytes
• They contain granules in its cytoplasm
• All granulocytes having multi lobed nuclei
in their cytoplasm
• Eg
• NEUTROPHILS
• BASOPHIL
• EOSINOPHIL
35. Neutrophils
forms an essential part of the innate immune system,
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
Nucleus – has two to six lobes
Granules pick up acidic and basic stains
Contains lysosome enzyme – digest bacterias
They are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Lives for 6-9 hours in blood stream
They are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white
blood cells in mammals
The name neutrophil derives from staining
characteristics on methylene blue and eosin
Looks in purple
36.
37. • Eosinophils
Also known as acidophils
compose 1 – 6% of all WBCs
Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours
Capable of phagocytosis but less active than neutrophils
Special role in eliminating parasites (worms)
Eosinophil binds to the big organisms and release the toxic chemicals
– kills
Play roles in ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections
control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma
appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye,
38. Basophils
< 1% of total WBCs
Nucleus usually has two lobes
Closely associated with allergic reactions
Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules packed with
heparin & histamine and other substances to promote
inflammation
Takes up the alkaline methylene blue dye
39. Agranulocytes
They have a large nucleus
Dose not have the cytoplasmic granules
They make up to 25-50% of the total leukocyte count
Eg:
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
40. Monocytes
compose 2–10% of WBCs
The largest leukocytes
They are amoeboid in shape, having agranulated cytoplasm
Monocytes have unilobar nuclei – kidney shaped
In blood - Phagocytic cells, some migrate in to tissue and
Transform into macrophages
Both cells produce interleukin – 1, which raise the body
temperature when infected by microbes
Enhance the T-Lymphocyte production
41.
42. • Lymphocytes
compose 20 – 50% of WBCs
Smaller than monocyte & Having large nuclei
Mostly found in tissues (lymph node & spleen)
Developed from pluripotent stem cell in red bone marrow
The most important cells of the immune system
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
three subtypes
natural killer cells (NK cells) - which function in cell-mediated,
cytotoxic innate immunity
T cells - cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunit
B cells - humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity, They
are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the
name lymphocyte.
43. • Normal values
•Total leukocytes: 4.00-11.0 x 10 9/L
• Granulocytes:
• Neutrophils: 2.5–7.5 x 10 9/L
• Eosinophils: 0.04-0.44 x 10 9/L
• Basophils: 0.015-0.1 x 10 9/L
• Agranulocytes:
• Lymphocytes: 1.5–3.5 x 10 9/L
• Monocytes: 0.2–0.8 x 10 9/L
44. Platelets
also called "thrombocytes"
2–4 µm in diameter.
which are derived from the megakaryocytes of the
bone marrow
Platelets have no cell nucleus
Cytoplasm packed with granules which contains
variety of substances (heamostasis substances)
function is to stop bleeding by clumping and clogging
blood vessel injuries.
Normal count : 2,00,000 – 3,50,000 cells/mm3
Life span 8-11 days
45.
46. Disorders of RBC:
Polycythemia vera: Increase in RBC count
Anemia : decrease in RBC
Types:
More severe anemia can cause fatigue, pale skin, and
shortness of breath with exertion.
Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)
Aplastic Anemia(bone marrow insufficiency)
hemolytic anemia (immune system destroys the body's
own red blood cells)
sickle cell anemia – RBC sticky and stiff
47. Disorders of WBC
Lymphoma : A form of blood cancer that develops
in the lymph system.
Leukemia : increase in WBC count than normal
Leukophenia : decrease in WBC count
48. Disorders of Platelets:
Thrombocytopenia : A low number of platelets in
the blood
Thrombocythemia : A increase in number of
platelets in the blood.
49. Storage of blood:
Storage units must be equipped with a continuous
temperature monitoring system that records
temperatures at least once every four hours and an
alarm that sounds if temperature limits are
reached.
Whole Blood, Red Blood Cells 1-6C
Plasma -18C or colder
Platelets 20-24C, with gentle agitation
Granulocytes 20-24C, without agitation
50. BLOOD BANK:
A blood bank is a bank of blood or blood
components, gathered as a result of blood
donation or collection, stored and preserved for
later use in blood transfusion.
The term "blood bank" typically refers to a
division of a hospital where the storage of blood
product occurs and
where proper testing is performed (to reduce the
risk of transfusion related adverse events).
sometimes refers to a collection center, and
indeed some hospitals also perform collection.
51. "Whole blood" (WB)
Un separated venous blood with an approved
preservative added.
Most blood for transfusion is collected as whole
blood.
whole blood is typically separated (via
centrifugation) into its components,
red blood cells (RBC) in solution being the most
commonly used product.
Units of WB and RBC are both kept refrigerated at
33.8 to 42.8 °F (1.0 to 6.0 °C), with maximum
permitted storage periods (shelf lives) of 35 and 42
days respectively.
a first-in-first-out inventory management approach
52. The ABO SYSTEM:
55% of the population has either
A blood group (A type antigens),
B blood group (B type antigens) or
AB blood group (A,B antigens)
45% of peoples having O blood group (NO antigen)
Antibodies:
Corresponding antibodies Anti-A & Anti-B
A group- cannot make Anti-A antibody – Anti -B only
B group – cannot make Anti-B antibody –Anti-A only
AB group – No Antibody
O group – makes both antibodies – Anti-A & Anti-B
53.
54. BLOOD GROUP:
Individuals
transfused with blood of same group (possessing
same antigen on the surface of the cell)
immune system will not recognize them as foreign
body
will not reject them
- compatible
55. Patients
supplied with different group of blood (possessing
different antigen on the surface of the cell)
immune system produces antibody to the foreign
antigen
destroy the transfused cell
- incompatible blood transfusion
56.
57. Type O blood may be transfused into all the
other types. It is called the universal donor.
Type AB blood can receive blood from all the
other blood types. It is called the universal
58. Rh Factor:
This name obtained from from the african monkey
Rhesus
It is a speical type of antigen (D Antigen)
it is an inherited protein found on the surface of red
blood cells.
If blood has D antigen - Rh positive.
If blood lacks - Rh negative
85% of peoples are positive
15% negative