2. Collective
behavior
The term was first used by
Franklin Henry Giddings
(1908), and it was used to
denote any spontaneous or
unplanned reaction as
well as action recorded
from a group of people.
Later, used by Robert E.
Park, and employed
definitively by Herbert
Blumer, to refer to social
processes and events
which do not reflect
existing social structure
(laws, conventions, and
institutions), but which
3. • collective behavior refers to relatively spontaneous and relatively
unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or
being influenced by other individuals.
• Relatively spontaneous means that the behavior is somewhat
spontaneous but also somewhat planned.
• while relatively unstructured means that the behavior is somewhat
organized and predictable but also somewhat unorganized and
unpredictable.
• In some forms of collective behavior individuals act together as
opposed to merely being influenced by each other.
• collective behavior is regarded as less spontaneous and less
structured than conventional behavior, such as what happens in a
classroom, a workplace, or the other settings for everyday behavior
with which we are very familiar.
CONTI..
4. Collective behavior is a meaning creating social
process in which new norms of behavior that
challenges conventional social action emerges.
DEFINITION
5. • Crowds, mobs, audience, riots, mass hysteria, fashion, social
movements, and disaster behavior.
• It is the opinion of some psychologists that there are three
fundamental emotions of human beings, Joy, Fear, And Anger
• Similarly, there are three corresponding types of crowds
expressing these emotions, ‘craze’ which expresses joy, ‘panic’
which expresses fear, and ‘hostility’ which expresses anger.
• The crowd can be a casual crowd, like people in a shopping mall,
or an organized crowd, as in the people at any function or social
gathering.
• Every time a crowd turns violent, it is called a mob.
• Riots are more planned than mobs, they take time to take shape
and finally the outburst sets in.
FEW TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
6. 1.Spontaneous and episodic: it takes place occasionally and it’s
a spontaneous
2.Unstable: It is not stable, not hastened to live in short time
does not have goals values like institutionalized
behavior
3.Irrational: This type of behavior is guided by beliefs, fears,
and
hatred etc., in this situation no one takes decision
logical and rational basis
4.NonTraditional: It is not clearly defined according to any
cultural
norms and values, in this type of situation
formal authority fails.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
7. 1. CONTAGION- LE BONN
2. CONVERGENCE- Symbolic
interaction
3. EMERGENT NORMS- functional
interaction
THEORIES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
8. • Developed by Gustav Lebon
• Contagion refers to the propensity for individuals in a crowd
to unquestioningly follow the predominant ideas and emotions
of the crowd.
• Simple contagion suggests only “a gathering of individuals”
who lack a common sentiment or focus….They lose their
individualities and become overtaken by group mind.
• While contagion theory makes the assumption that all like-
minded individuals will be swept away by others…..Converge
in a crowd.
• Being in a crowd simply gives them an excuse to “reveal their
true selves’’
CONTAGION THEORY
9. • Developed by Floyd Allport (1924) and later expanded upon by
Neil Miller and John Dollard (1941) as "Learning Theory,“
• The central argument of all convergence theories is that collective
behavior reveals the otherwise hidden tendencies of the
individuals who take part in the episode.
• Convergence theory holds that crowd behavior is not a product
of the crowd itself, but is carried into the crowd by particular
individuals.
• Thus, crowds amount to a convergence of like-minded
individuals.
CONVERGENCE THEORY
10. • Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian developed the Emergent-norm
theory of crowd dynamics.
• Crowds begin as collectivities, acting, and protest crowds – norms
may be vague and changing as when, say, one person at a rock
concert holds up a lit cigarette lighter to signal praise for the
performers, followed by others. In short, people in crowds make
their own rules as they go along.
1. Decision-making then plays a major role in crowd behavior,
although casual observers of a crowd may not realize it.
2. Emergent-norm theory points out that people in a crowd ‘take on
different roles’.
3. Some step forward as leaders others become lieutenants, rank-
and-file followers, inactive bystanders or even opponents.
EMERGENT NORM THEORY
11. A crowd is a large number of people who gather together with a
common short-term or long-term purpose.
Sociologist Herbert Blumer (1969) developed a popular typology of
crowds based on their purpose and dynamics.
The four types he distinguished are:
• Casual crowds,
• Conventional crowds,
• Expressive crowds, and
• Acting crowds.
CROWD..
12. CASUAL CROWDS
A casual crowd is a
collection of people who
happen to be in the same
place at the same time. It
has no common identity
or long-term purpose.
..This gathering of people
waiting to cross the street
is an example of a casual
crowd.
13. A conventional crowd is a collection of people who gather for a specific
purpose. They might be attending a movie, a play, a concert, or a
lecture.
CONVENTIONAL CROWD
14. An expressive crowd is a collection of people who gather primarily
to be excited and to express one or more emotions. Examples
include a religious revival, a political rally for a candidate.
15. ACTING CROWD
As its name implies, an acting
crowd goes one important
step beyond an expressive
crowd by behaving in
violent or other destructive
behavior such as looting.
A mob—an intensely
emotional crowd that
commits or is ready to
commit violence—is a
primary example of an
acting crowd.
16. Audience are the group of spectators at a
public event; listeners or viewers collectively,
as in attendance at a theater or concert:
The audience was respectful of the
speaker's opinion. the persons reached by a
book, radio or television broadcast, etc.;
AUDIENCE
17. MOB
• The Mob is a slang term used to refer to
organized crime in general
• A large crowd of people, especially one that is
disorderly and intent on causing trouble or
violence
• one bent on riotous or destructive action
• The Mob usually means the most powerful
groups, not street gangs or small operations.
• It is implied that when referring to the mob,
one means a group like a mafia family or other
syndicate with full control over a territory.
18. HERD MENTALITY
Herd mentality, and
pack mentality, also
lesser known as gang
mentality, describes as
how people can be
influenced by their peers
to adopt certain behaviors
on a largely emotional,
rather than own rational,
basis.
