Ponència de la Jornada de Juristes de Centres Penitenciaris que va tenir lloc al Centre d'Estudis Jurídics i Formació Especialitzada, l'1 d'octubre de 2014

1. 1
Prison and Probation Challenges
Punishment across Europe
Natalia Delgrande, part-time lecturer & research associate
School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
VIII Annual Conference of Legal Assessment in Prisons (Compartim Knowledge Manadgment Programme of Department of Justice in Catalonia)
Barcelona, October, 1st, 2014
Avís legal
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2. Contents
1.
Introduction (SPACE project)
2.
Current situation in Prison and Probation
3.
Evolution…
4.
Prison versus Probation: what alternatives?
5.
Probation… or “alternatives” to Probation?
6.
Conclusion (avenues for reflection…)

3. 3
1. Introduction (SPACE project)
PROJECT
1.
CoE tool for practice and research
2.
GOAL: Long-time series & target an.
3.
BASIS: Strong methodological background
NETWORK
1.
National Prison and Probation administrations
2.
Researchers
3.
National & International organisations
RESEARCH
1.
R&D: validity of the raw-data
2.
Update of the definitions
3.
Comparability
4.
Indicators
PRACTICE
1.
Professional toolbox for reforms
2.
Annual [internal] reports
3.
Projections
4.
…

4. 4
2.1 Prison 2.2 Probation

5. 5
2.1 Current situation in Prison [2012]
RUSTURESPUKRFRAFINSWEDEUITAPOLNORBLRROUISLBGRGRCPRTIRLAZECZESRBAUTHUNLVALTUGEOBIHSVKHRVESTUK:ENG&WALCHEBELNLDALBARMMKDSVNUK:SCOMDADNKMNEUK:NIRCYPLUXANDMLTLIESMRMCOPRISON POPULATIONPER 100,000 INHABITANTS1ST SEPTEMBER 2012Less than 100From 100 to less than 150From 150 to less than 200From 200 to less than 250250 and overData not suppliedNot a CoE Member State
HIGHEST Prison Pop. Rates (more than 200 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants):
MEDIAN European Prison Population Rate
126inmates per 100,000 inhab.
1.
Georgia=516
2.
Russia=502
3.
Lithuania=334
4.
Ukraine=333
5.
Latvia=303
6.
Estonia=258
7.
Azerbaijan=228
8.
Poland=218
9.
Czech Rep.=216
10.
Slovak Rep.=205

6. 6
2.1 Current situation in Prison [2012]
Occupancy: 98 inmates per 100 places in custody
Length: 9 months spent in custody during 2011
Price: 103 €per inmate/day in 2011

7. 7
2.1 The most recent situation in EU Prisons [2014]
PPR in 2012
PPR in 2014
Decrease

8. 8
2.1 Current situation in Prison [2014]
PPR in the EU member states decreased between Sept. 2012 and Jan. 2014. But…
1.
…without constitutive raw-data Æ impossible to make any target analysis;
2.
…the period is definitively too short to rely any policy change;
3.
…there is a risk of over-interpretation of presumed positive actions…

9. 9
2.2 Current situation in Probation [2012]
RUSTURESPUKRFRAFINSWEDEUITAPOLNORBLRROUISLBGRGRCPRTIRLAZECZESRBAUTHUNLVALTUGEOBIHSVKHRVESTUK:ENG&WALCHEBELNLDALBARMMKDSVNUK:SCOMDADNKMNEUK:NIRCYPLUXANDMLTLIESMRMCOPROBATION POPULATIONPER 100,000 INHABITANTS1ST SEPTEMBER 2012Less than 100From 100 to less than 150From 150 to less than 200From 200 to less than 250From 205 to less than 300300 and overData not suppliedNot a CoE Member State
HIGHEST Prob. Pop. Rates (more than 300 probationers per 100,000 inhab.):
MEDIAN European Probation Population Rate
176persons per 100,000 inhab.
1.
Turkey=830
2.
Georgia=736
3.
Estonia=529
4.
Poland=524
5.
Belgium=352
6.
Russia=326
7.
Czech Rep.=[321]

10. 10
2.2 Current situation in Probation [2012]
Underrepresented
Overrepresented
Overrepresented
JUVENILES*
FEMALES*
FOREIGNERS*
s
s
s
(*median values)

11. 11
3.1 Prison 3.2 Probation

12. 12
3.1 Prison trends [2000-2012]
MEDIAN = +1.4%/annually
AVERAGE = +1.5%/annually
ÆAmong EU countries, 1/4 are continuouslyreducing Prison Population Rates.
ANNUAL
AVERAGE
VARIATION
[AAV]

13. 13
3.2 Probation trends [2001-2012]
On the basis of the example of Community Service
RUSTURESPUKRFRAFINSWEDEUITAPOLNORBLRROUISLBGRGRCPRTIRLAZECZESRBAUTHUNLVALTUGEOBIHSVKHRVESTUK:ENG&WALCHEBELNLDALBARMMKDSVNUK:SCOMDADNKMNEUK:NIRCYPLUXANDMLTLIESMRMCOPROBATION POPULATIONPER 100,000 INHABITANTSFLOW DURING 2001CS does not existNo data availableLess than 20From 20 to less than 50From 50 to less than 100100 and overNot a CoE Member StateRUSTURESPUKRFRAFINSWEDEUITAPOLNORBLRROUISLBGRGRCPRTIRLAZECZESRBAUTHUNLVALTUGEOBIHSVKHRVESTUK:ENG&WALCHEBELNLDALBARMMKDSVNUK:SCOMDADNKMNEUK:NIRCYPLUXANDMLTLIESMRMCOPROBATION POPULATIONPER 100,000 INHABITANTSFLOW DURING 2009CS does not existNo data availableLess than 20From 20 to less than 50From 50 to less than 100From 100 to less than 150150 and overNot a CoE Member StateRUSTURESPUKRFRAFINSWEDEUITAPOLNORBLRROUISLBGRGRCPRTIRLAZECZESRBAUTHUNLVALTUGEOBIHSVKHRVESTUK:ENG&WALCHEBELNLDALBARMMKDSVNUK:SCOMDADNKMNEUK:NIRCYPLUXANDMLTLIESMRMCOPROBATION POPULATIONPER 100,000 INHABITANTSFLOW DURING 2012CS does not existNo data availableLess than 20From 20 to less than 50From 50 to less than 100From 100 to less than 150From 150 to less than 200From 200 to less than 300300 and overNot a CoE Member State

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4.1 Background 4.2 Alternatives? 4.3 Challenges

15. 15
4.1 Background
s
s
Rate of persons under CSM per 100,000 inh., 2012
Prison Population Rate per 100,000 inh., 2012
Countries with a high prison population tend to have the highest total judicialized populations.
Almost ¾ of the EU countries increased their PPR [2000-2012] and reached highest CSM rates [more than 300].
Among the countries that reduced their PPR (8), there are only Estonia and Latvia that had high CSM rates [more than 200] in 2012.

16. 16
4.2 Alternatives?
Recommendations: pre-trial detention Æuse of alternatives
46%
46%
2010
2012
2011
37%
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No data
No data
No data

17. 17
4.2 Alternatives? Special case: Foreigners
1.
Increase of the proportion of foreign inmates in custody [2000-2012]: +2%/annually
2.
In 2012, about 40%of all non-national prisoners across EU countries were EU-citizens
Framework Decisions [FD] on the transfer of prisoners and on probation are not fully implemented

18. 18
4.2 Alternatives? Short sentences
How many under
alternatives…?

19. 19
4.3 Challenges

20. 20
5.1 Do we need it? 5.2 Example…

21. 21
5.1 Do we need it?
1.
Probation became part of the CJS
2.
The misuse of the “fashionable” practices contributes to the net-widening effect
3.
Sometimes, the criminal stigma persists
4.
At the implementation level…Æ“we cannot change the law but we can apply it in a different way”(specialised educator)

22. 22
5.2 Example…of misuse
Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on electronic monitoring
“SCOPE:
•
[…] It is also intended to bring to the attention of national authorities that particular care needs to be taken when using electronic monitoring not to undermine or replace the building of constructive professional relationships with suspects and offenders by competent staff dealing with them in the community […]”
“STAFF:
•
5. Staff entrusted with the imposition or execution of electronic monitoring shall be regularly updated and trained on the handling, use and impact of the equipment on the persons concerned.
•
6. Staff shall be trained to install and uninstall technology and provide technical assistance and support in order to ensure the efficient and accurate functioning of the equipment.”
Victim
Marie:
19 y. old woman
Perpetrator’s ex-girlfriend
Perpetrator
Claude D.:
40 y. old man
Facts
Mai, 2013: Sequestrated, raped, and murdered Marie
Prior criminal record
Jan., 1998: Sequestration, rape, and murder of his ex-girlfriend
EM
End of the 20 years’ prison sentence Æ at 2/3 of his sentence Æhome arrest with EM (ankle bracelet without GPS)
Risk
Among 10 most dangerous offenders in Switzerland (psychopathic personality)

23. 23
DEU & CHE:
New forms of penal sanctions [measures]. Enforcement in “appropriate” institutions
1.
Socio-therapeutic institutions (sometimes private & fully extra-judicial) Ætogether with voluntary placements…
2.
Centres for drug and alcohol addicts…
5.2 Example…of [promising] use

24. 24
5.2 Example…of [promising] use
CJ: penal measure
(sentence imposed)
0
FEEDBACK Æsocial inclusion
Final
Extra-penal institutions
2.1
ENFORCEMENT Execution authority: start point of the network
1
Judicial partnership (not control)
c
Pro-social desinstitu alisation
a
If needed: custodial network
2.2
Education + treatment
b

25. 25
Conclusion
STATISTICAL conditions:
1.
(Formal) rules of the collection and production of statistics
2.
(Informal) application of these rules
LEGAL conditions:
1.
(Formal) differences between legislation and legal process
2.
(Informal) differences relating to their application
IMPLEMENTATION conditions:
1.
Reliability on the network level (legal, implementation, results)
2.
Likelihood of detection of specific cases
3.
Reporting propensities between services concerned , etc.
(Based on Westfelt & Estrada, 2005)

26. 26
Conclusion
Alternatives… Yes! But alternatives to what?...
New persons Ænew Probation statistics…
…but how many of them are under alternatives to custody?
National and international projections… do they follow the same trend?
1.
CoE recommendations go in the line with the reduction of the use of custody by… implementing alternatives.
2.
In some European countries, the national figures show the increase in both, prison and probation populations.
3.
New forms of CSM: is there always a need of something new? Æmeta- analyses are not unanimous…

27. 27
Thank you for your attention!
…or…
www.unil.ch/space
Natalia.Delgrande@unil.ch