2.
The Macedonians <ul><li>North of Greece </li></ul><ul><li>Greeks considered them foreigners </li></ul><ul><li>Macedonian King Phillip II saw Greek city-states weakness </li></ul><ul><li>Began raising army </li></ul><ul><li>Conquered northern territories </li></ul>

3.
The Greeks <ul><li>Demosthenes warned the Greeks </li></ul><ul><li>Couldn’t agree on a way to defend themselves </li></ul><ul><li>338 B.C. Macedonians defeated the Greeks at Chaeronea </li></ul><ul><li>Greece now ruled by King Phillip II </li></ul><ul><li>Planned to attack Persians next </li></ul>

4.
Alexander the Great <ul><li>King Phillip II was murdered </li></ul><ul><li>His son, Alexander took over </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Just turned 20 </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Student of Aristotle </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Love sport, especially riding </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Bucephalus </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><li>Inherited Macedonia and all of Greece </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Greeks thought they could regain their freedom </li></ul></ul>

5.
The Conquests of Alexander <ul><li>Worked w/ Greeks to attack Persia </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Greeks willing to fight for him </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Marched on to Persia </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Dominated first Persian army at the Granicus River </li></ul></ul>

6.
The Conquests of Alexander <ul><li>King Darius (Persia) tried to negotiate </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Alexander didn’t </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Planned to conquer all of Persian empire </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Headed to conquer Egypt </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Accepted Alexander as a liberator </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Named him Pharaoh </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Founded Alexandria </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Moved east - to King Darius at Gaugamela </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Attacked King Darius and his huge army </li></ul></ul>

7.
The Conquests of Alexander <ul><li>Conquered Babylon, Susa, Persepolis </li></ul><ul><li>Now ruled Greece, Egypt, Phoenicia, Palestine, Babylonia, Assyria, Asia Minor and Persia </li></ul>

8.
Conquests of Alexander <ul><li>Left Persia, rode to India </li></ul><ul><li>King Porus (India) heard he was coming </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Waited on far side of river </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Alexander’s troops crossed the river and defeated the army </li></ul>

9.
End of Alexander’s Campaign <ul><li>Troops got tired, wanted to go home </li></ul><ul><li>Alexander agreed to turn back </li></ul><ul><li>Spring 323 B.C. they had reached Babylon </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Alexander planned to unify his empire </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Died from a fever weeks later </li></ul>

10.
Conquests of Alexander

11.
Dividing Alexander’s Kingdom <ul><li>Antigonus </li></ul><ul><li>King of Macedonia </li></ul><ul><li>Control of Greek city-states </li></ul><ul><li>Ptolemy </li></ul><ul><li>Egypt </li></ul><ul><li>Became Pharaoh </li></ul><ul><li>Seleucus </li></ul><ul><li>Persian empire </li></ul><ul><li>Known as Seleucid Kingdom </li></ul>

13.
Hellenism <ul><li>B/c of Alexander, Greek culture spread and blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian culture </li></ul><ul><li>Influenced: language, trade, development, science, technology, math, philosophy, art </li></ul>

14.
Hellenism - Language <ul><li>Language: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>“ Koine” - common </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Influenced by Greek </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Sharing language = sharing ideas </li></ul></ul>

15.
Hellenism - Trade <ul><li>Alexandria became trading capital </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Population 1/2 million </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Access to the seas </li></ul><ul><li>Commerce helped city grow, prosper </li></ul><ul><li>Increased cultural mixing </li></ul>

16.
Hellenism - Development <ul><li>Broad streets lined with statues </li></ul><ul><li>Tomb for Alexander </li></ul><ul><li>Museum </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Art galleries </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Zoo </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Botanical gardens </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Dining hall </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Institute for study </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Alexandrian Library </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Produced brilliant scholars </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Pharos - lighthouse overlooking harbor </li></ul>

19.
Hellenism - Astronomy <ul><li>Aristarchus </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Estimated the sun larger than Earth </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Proposed that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Put planets in proper order </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Eratosthenes </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Used geometry to compute Earth’s circumference </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Invented leap day </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Created map of the world </li></ul></ul>

21.
Hellenism - Math and Physics <ul><li>Euclid </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Wrote Elements </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Work is the basis for geometry </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Archimedes </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Estimated value of ∏ </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Explained the laws of levers </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Archimedes screw </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Compound pulley </li></ul></ul>

23.
Hellenism - Archimedes <ul><li>Archimedes screw </li></ul><ul><li>Law of Levers </li></ul>

24.
Hellenism - Philosophy <ul><li>Focused on how people should live their lives </li></ul><ul><li>Stoicism: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Founded by Zeno </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Live life in harmony with will of god(s) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Desires were distractions </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Promoted social unity </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Focus on what can be controlled </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Epicureanism: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Founded by Epicurus </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Gods ruled the universe, had no interest in humans </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Reality (truth) is what could be perceived by the senses </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Greatest good is virtuous behavior, absence of pain </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Harmony of body, mind </li></ul></ul>

28.
Hellenism - Art <ul><li>Moved away from idealized forms </li></ul><ul><li>Realism </li></ul><ul><ul><li>New subjects </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>More natural </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Used bronze, metals </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Sculpture flourished </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Colossus of Rhodes </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Over 100 feet high </li></ul></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Nike - winged victory </li></ul></ul>

31.
For next class… <ul><li>Distribute Review Sheets </li></ul><ul><li>Review for Academic Olympiad next class </li></ul><ul><li>TEST – 3/5 EVEN, 3/6 ODD </li></ul><ul><li>G-SPRITE – Due 3/5 EVEN, 3/6 ODD </li></ul><ul><li>Term Corrections - Due 3/5 EVEN, 3/6 ODD </li></ul>