materi biokimia Fotosintesis

FOTOSINTESIS Proses yang mengubah energi matahari menjadi energi kimia

[object Object],[object Object],Vein Leaf cross section Mesophyll CO 2 O 2 Stomata

Energi mengalir ke dalam suatu ekosistem sebagai cahaya matahari dan meninggalkannya dalam bentuk panas Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy

Fotosintesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Light Chloroplast NADP  ADP + P RuBP 3-PGA Light reactions Calvin cycle Electrons G3P Cellular respiration Cellulosse Starch Other organic compounds

Persamaan Fotosintesis ,[object Object]

Reduksi CO2 menjadi karbohidrat melalui oksidasi carrier energi (ATP, NADPH) Reaksi terang memberi energi pada carrier Reaksi gelap (siklus Calvin) menghasilkan PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) Pada fotosintesis Fotosintesis terdiri dari dua proses yaitu -Reaksi terang -Siklus Calvin

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Struktur kloroplas Chloroplast Mesophyll 5 µm Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 µm

cahaya ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Spektrum tampak ,[object Object],[object Object]

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[object Object],[object Object],Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) Action spectrum. Plot antara kecepatan fotosintesis vs panjang gelombang. Sepktrum aksi mewakili spektrum absorpsi klorofil a tetapi tidak benar-benar tepat. Hal ini karena penyerapan cahaya oleh pigmen aksesoris seperti klorofil b dan karotenoid.

[object Object],[object Object],400 500 600 700 Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga Engelmann‘s experiment. Tahun 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann menyinari alga filamen dengan cahaya yang telah dilewatkan ke prisma, sehingga segmen yang berbeda dari alga mendapat panjang gelombang yang berbeda. Digunakan bakteri aerob yang terkonsentrasi dekan sumber oksigen untuk menentukan segmen alga yang paling banyak mengeluarkan O2. Bakteri berkumpul dalam jumlah besar disekitar alga yang mendapat cahaya biru-violet dan merah. cahaya biru-violet dan merah paling efektif dalam fotosintesis

Klorofil a ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Excited state Energy of election Heat Photon (fluorescence) Chlorophyll molecule Ground state Photon e –

Fotosistem ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Aliran elektron ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],LIGHT REACTOR NADP + ADP ATP NADPH CALVIN CYCLE [CH 2 O] (sugar) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Photosystem II LIGHT H 2 O CO 2 Cytochrome complex O 2 H 2 O O 2 1 1 ⁄ 2 2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H + concentration) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP + + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP 3 H + 2 H + +2 H + 2 H +

[object Object],Phase 1: Carbon fixation Phase 2: Reduction Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) (G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6 P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH + 6 P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6 ATP 3 ATP 3 ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H 2 O CO 2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP + ADP [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE O 2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds

Siklus Calvin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tanaman C4

[object Object],CO 2 Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Photosynthetic cells of C 4 plant leaf Stoma Mesophyll cell C 4 leaf anatomy PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) Malate (4 C) ADP ATP Bundle- Sheath cell CO 2 Pyruate (3 C) CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Vascular tissue CO 2

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Spatial separation of steps. In C 4 plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in different types of cells. (a) Temporal separation of steps. In CAM plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. (b) Pineapple Sugarcane Bundle- sheath cell Mesophyll Cell Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar CO 2 CO 2 Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar C 4 CAM CO 2 incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation) Night Day 1 2 Organic acids release CO 2 to Calvin cycle

materi biokimia Fotosintesis

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