4 history of missions

Joshva session four 1
History of MissionsHistory of Missions
Session 4Session 4
SOCMSSOCMS
Presented by Dr JoshvaPresented by Dr Joshva

ReadingsReadings
• W R Shenk Changing Frontiers ofW R Shenk Changing Frontiers of
MissionMission
• Stephen Neill A History ChristianStephen Neill A History Christian
MissionMission
• G H Anderson, Mission LegaciesG H Anderson, Mission Legacies
• D Bosch Transforming MissionD Bosch Transforming Mission
• K S Latourette, A History of ChristianityK S Latourette, A History of Christianity

Looking at the Historical PeriodLooking at the Historical Period
Stephen Neil (A History of ChristianStephen Neil (A History of Christian
Mission)Mission)
• The Conquest of the Roman World (100-500 AD)The Conquest of the Roman World (100-500 AD)
• The Dark Age (500-1000)The Dark Age (500-1000)
• Early European Expansion (1000-1500)Early European Expansion (1000-1500)
• The Age of Discovery (1500-1600)The Age of Discovery (1500-1600)
• New Beginnings in East and West (1600-1800)New Beginnings in East and West (1600-1800)
• New Forces in Europe and America (1792-1852)New Forces in Europe and America (1792-1852)
• The Heyday of Colonialism (1852-1914)The Heyday of Colonialism (1852-1914)
• Rome, the Orthodox and the world (1815-1914)Rome, the Orthodox and the world (1815-1914)

Ralph WinterRalph Winter The 25 Unbelievable Years: 1945-
1969.
• 0-400 AD Winning the Romans: Evangelizing the0-400 AD Winning the Romans: Evangelizing the
empire of the Caesarsempire of the Caesars
• 400-800 AD Evangelization of the Barbarians400-800 AD Evangelization of the Barbarians
• 800-1200 AD Evangelization of the Vikings800-1200 AD Evangelization of the Vikings
• 1200-1600 AD Evangelization of the Saracens /1200-1600 AD Evangelization of the Saracens /
MuslimsMuslims
• 1600-2000 AD Evangelization of the Ends of the Earth1600-2000 AD Evangelization of the Ends of the Earth
(Kenneth Scott Latourette,(Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity.A History of Christianity. NewNew
York: Harper &Brothers, 1953, pp. 181, 221-234).York: Harper &Brothers, 1953, pp. 181, 221-234).

David Barrett (Statistical Point ofDavid Barrett (Statistical Point of
View)View)
• 30-500 AD The Apostolic Era (Luke and Paul)30-500 AD The Apostolic Era (Luke and Paul)
• 500-1750 AD The Ecclesiastical Era (Cosmas500-1750 AD The Ecclesiastical Era (Cosmas
Indicopleustes and Francis Xavier)Indicopleustes and Francis Xavier)
• 1750-1900 AD The Church Growth era1750-1900 AD The Church Growth era
• William CareyWilliam Carey, the "father of modern missions", the "father of modern missions"
• Henry VennHenry Venn -- "self-governing, self-supporting, and-- "self-governing, self-supporting, and
self-propagating churches"self-propagating churches"
• 1900-1990 AD The Global Mission era (1900-1990 AD The Global Mission era (John R. MottJohn R. Mott
and Kenneth Grubb)and Kenneth Grubb)
• 1990- present The Global Discipling era1990- present The Global Discipling era
(Taken from Latourette, Kenneth Scott.(Taken from Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of theA History of the
Expansion of ChristianityExpansion of Christianity. New York: Harper, 1937-1945.). New York: Harper, 1937-1945.)

Concept of Progress in HistoryConcept of Progress in History
• History is understood in terms of ProgressHistory is understood in terms of Progress
and Development of One stage from theand Development of One stage from the
otherother
• It is a slow, Progressive, evolutionaryIt is a slow, Progressive, evolutionary
accumulation of knowledge from oneaccumulation of knowledge from one
generation to the nextgeneration to the next
• AUGUSTE COMTE and KARL POPPERAUGUSTE COMTE and KARL POPPER

Hans Kung’s Paradigm Shift in theHans Kung’s Paradigm Shift in the
History of MissionsHistory of Missions
• The Apocalyptic paradigm of primitiveThe Apocalyptic paradigm of primitive
ChristianityChristianity
• The Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic periodThe Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic period
• The Medieval Roman Catholic paradigmThe Medieval Roman Catholic paradigm
• The Protestant paradigmThe Protestant paradigm
• The Modern Enlightenment paradigmThe Modern Enlightenment paradigm
• The Emerging Ecumenical paradigm (BoschThe Emerging Ecumenical paradigm (Bosch
book - 182)book - 182)

Joshva session fourJoshva session four 88
History of Mission?!History of Mission?!
1. God’s Salvation History of Israel1. God’s Salvation History of Israel
2. Jesus’ Movement2. Jesus’ Movement
3. Apostolic Missions3. Apostolic Missions
4. Early Christian Fathers’ Mission4. Early Christian Fathers’ Mission
5. Constantism and Mission - Division of5. Constantism and Mission - Division of
Missions – Orthodox and CatholicMissions – Orthodox and Catholic
6. Reformation as mission within the6. Reformation as mission within the
churches and Modern Missionarychurches and Modern Missionary
MovementMovement
7.Indigenous Missions and Parachurch7.Indigenous Missions and Parachurch
MissionsMissions
8. Pentecostal and Charismatic Missions8. Pentecostal and Charismatic Missions

5 Epochs of Redemptive History
Concept developed by Ralph Winter

Winning the RomansWinning the Romans
AD 0-400AD 0-400

Winning the Romans
AD 0-400
Early Roman Fresco of St. Paul
Bible in Gothic
translated by Ulfilas
Moving and wandering preachers
Unsettled Missionary Movements disturbing/challenging
the surrounding contexts economically, politically and
socially

EmperorEmperor
Constantine’s VisionConstantine’s Vision

Winning the Barbarians
AD 400-800

Winning the Barbarians
AD 400-800
Barbarians destroyed the
Roman Empire and
accepted Christianity
Tribal Culture and religion is
community affair – low
culture to adopt to high
culture of Romans
Converted Tribal chief
follows mass conversions
Christianity as a catalyst in
Cultural rebuilding
Boniface after chopping
down the sacred oak
of the thunder god

Winning the Vikings
AD 800 - 1200

Winning the VikingsWinning the Vikings
AD 800 - 1200AD 800 - 1200
 Vikings delighted inVikings delighted in
• killing people in the churcheskilling people in the churches
• burning churchesburning churches
• selling monks into slavery.selling monks into slavery.
 Anskar (801-854)Anskar (801-854)
• ““Apostle of the North”Apostle of the North”
• Sadly, no visible, lasting resultsSadly, no visible, lasting results
 Though England and the Continent wereThough England and the Continent were
devastated by the Vikings, it was not adevastated by the Vikings, it was not a
victory for paganismvictory for paganism

Conversion of VikingsConversion of Vikings
Conversion was a community affair –Conversion was a community affair –
Group decision making – MassGroup decision making – Mass
movementmovement
Royal Initiative – popular movement –Royal Initiative – popular movement –
Kings to affirm solidarity and politicalKings to affirm solidarity and political
authority through conversionsauthority through conversions
Vikings invasions of EnglandVikings invasions of England
The religion of the conquered becameThe religion of the conquered became
the religion of the Mission workthe religion of the Mission work

Winning the Saracens?
AD 1200-1600

Winning the Saracens?Winning the Saracens?
AD 1200-1600AD 1200-1600
The stain of
the Crusades
St. Francis of Assisi and
the Sultan of Egypt
Raymond Lull’s
martyrdom in
North Africa
versus
Monastic Missionary Movement (1200-1600) – Jesuit Order as the Most
Important event in the missionary History of the Roman Catholic Church
Asia,
Africa

For Mongols Franciscan not reported
properly in China

To the Ends of the Earth
AD 1600-2000

To the Ends of the Earth
AD 1600-2000
Formation of
Systematic Theologies
of Mission
Heterogeneous
theological colouring of
Missions

1792-1914:
The Great Century
(in historian Latourette’s words)
 Opened:
 William Carey forms Baptist Missionary
Society
 Ended:
 World War I
“Imperfect as they were, those nineteenth-century
missionaries turned what some thought to be a
declining Caucasian religion into the largest
and most dynamic religious faith in the world”
Ruth Tucker

Three eras; four menThree eras; four men
 To the coast lands (1792-1910)To the coast lands (1792-1910)
– William CareyWilliam Carey
– ““Haystack” prayer meetingHaystack” prayer meeting
– European dominanceEuropean dominance
 To the inland areas (1865-1980)To the inland areas (1865-1980)
– Hudson TaylorHudson Taylor
– ““Faith” mission agenciesFaith” mission agencies
– American dominanceAmerican dominance
 Unreached groups (1934- ? )Unreached groups (1934- ? )
– William Cameron TownsendWilliam Cameron Townsend
– Donald McGavranDonald McGavran

William CareyWilliam Carey
Father of ModernFather of Modern
MissionsMissions
The rebuke to Carey:
“When God chooses to win
the heathen, He will do it
without your help or ours.”

Hudson TaylorHudson Taylor
China InlandChina Inland
MissionMission
A Chinese convert:
“What! For hundreds of years
you have had these glad tidings
and only now have come to
preach it to us? My father
sought after the truth for more
than twenty years, and died
without finding it. Oh, why did
you not come sooner?”

A Few Examples from AfricaA Few Examples from Africa
and Asiaand Asia

Mission in AfricaMission in Africa
• 1490 Portuguese in Kongo Catholic priests appealing1490 Portuguese in Kongo Catholic priests appealing
against slave trade to Pope –not successful –Manikongoagainst slave trade to Pope –not successful –Manikongo
– a convert king –Traders and clergy tension - Vita– a convert king –Traders and clergy tension - Vita
Kimba a convert – Jesus as blackKimba a convert – Jesus as black
• 1840 revival with two congregations (The congregation1840 revival with two congregations (The congregation
of the Holy Fathers and Missionaries of our Lady ofof the Holy Fathers and Missionaries of our Lady of
Africa or the White Fathers)Africa or the White Fathers)
• First Protestant Missionaries were freed slaves - NovaFirst Protestant Missionaries were freed slaves - Nova
Scotia Sierra Leonians – 1807 West Africa – they spreadScotia Sierra Leonians – 1807 West Africa – they spread
Christianity - Samuel Ajayi Crowther -Christianity - Samuel Ajayi Crowther -

Great Century ReconsideredGreat Century Reconsidered
(Shenck)(Shenck)
1. Formation of Missionary Societies
Methodists 1787, Baptists 1792
2. Voluntarism – mission societies and
Churches in tension
3. Christendom expanded and dissolved
with Christianity, Civilization and
Commerce
4. Tension with the State – East India
Company refusing to allow missionaries

• Strategies of mission – Rufus Anderson: An
Indigenous Church led by an Indigenous Pastor
(1869)
• Henry Venn: Work inductively by starting the
local culture bridging between the missionary
and local peoples, respecting the people enough
to learn from them (1868)
• Critique - Church set higher standards in the
overseas Missions than back at home
• E A Ayandele – Local political leadership,
Educational, medical and other social service
• R E Speer – The Civilising influence of Missions
– Political independence and mission support

Post Modern MissionaryPost Modern Missionary
MovementMovement
Multi-Polar MissionsMulti-Polar Missions

Changes in mission centres (Shenck)Changes in mission centres (Shenck)
• Local Missions ariseLocal Missions arise
• Christians grew from 902 Millions to 4.3Christians grew from 902 Millions to 4.3
BillionsBillions
• In 1800 more than 86 percent Christians areIn 1800 more than 86 percent Christians are
European whereas in 1980 half of theEuropean whereas in 1980 half of the
Christians are outside North AtlanticChristians are outside North Atlantic
HeartlandHeartland
• Pentecostal and other CharimaticPentecostal and other Charimatic
Movements arise from local cultural andMovements arise from local cultural and
ethnic groups in developing countries.ethnic groups in developing countries.

Prior to Pilot PointPrior to Pilot Point
Pentecostal MissionPentecostal Mission
Northeast: Association of Pentecostal Churches of AmericaNortheast: Association of Pentecostal Churches of America
– 1897, India1897, India
– 1901, Cape Verde Islands1901, Cape Verde Islands
West: Church of the NazareneWest: Church of the Nazarene
– 1904, Spanish mission in Los Angeles1904, Spanish mission in Los Angeles
South: Holiness Church of ChristSouth: Holiness Church of Christ
– 1903, Mexico1903, Mexico
– 1907, Swaziland1907, Swaziland
South: Pentecostal MissionSouth: Pentecostal Mission
– 1902, Cuba1902, Cuba
– 1903, Guatemala1903, Guatemala

ChangingChanging
PerceptionsPerceptions
Overview ofOverview of
Black MissionsBlack Missions

About 155 were identified in 19983
.
Possibly 400 serve today, far less
than 1 percent of the 118,600 US
foreign missionaries4
. African
Americans are about 13 percent of
the US population ..
 Perhaps 70 African American global
missionaries served between 1790
and 18201
.
 Perhaps another 600 served in Africa
between 1820 and 19802
.
1 Marilyn Lewis, www.urbana.org/_articles.dfm?Recordid=230
2 Sylvia Jacobs, “African Missions and the Af-Am Christian Churches,” p. 22, Encyclopedia of Af-Am Religions, 1993.
3 Jim Sutherland, Ph.D. dissertation, www.RMNI.org/dissertation, p. 5
4 Barrett and Johnson, World Christian Trends, AD 30-AD 2200, c. 2001, p. 421

Sources: Lerone Bennett, Jr., Before the Mayflower, 5th ed., 1982; Sylvia Jacobs, “African Missions and
the African American Christian Churches,” 1983; U.S. Census Bureau
http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/income00/incxrace.html
AME AMEZ CME Nat. Bapt. Conv.
Reconstruction

Sources: Wilbur Harr, “The Negro as an American Protestant missionary in Africa,” 1945. Sylvia Jacobs,
“African Missions and the African American Christian churches,” 1993; Marilyn Lewis, “Overcoming
obstacles: The broad sweep of the African American and Missions,” 2001; Wm. Seraile, “Black American
Missionaries,” 1972; U.S. Census Bureau, “Historical income tables—households, Table H-5, 1967-2000”

Outstanding AfricanOutstanding African
American MissionariesAmerican Missionaries
John Marrant by 1775 had somehow preached
the Gospel to the Cherokee, Creek, Catawar
and Housaw Indians.
George Liele by 1791 had established a church of
350 in Jamaica, despite persecutions.
Prince Williams established a church in the
Bahamas in 1790 that spawned 164 other
Baptist churches. He pastored from age 70 to
104.
Lott Carey in 1821 was the first African American
missionary to Africa. He went to escape
racism and to serve his motherland. He was
sent by Baptists and the American Colonization
Society, established to return Blacks to Africa.
Sources: Sylvia Jacobs, Marilyn Lewis, Alan Neely, Wm. Sereile, Wycliffe
Translators

Dr. William SheppardDr. William Sheppard
Dr. Wm. Sheppard went to the Congo in
1821, becoming head of the American
Presbyterian Congo Mission among the
Bakuba tribe, going 1200 miles inland.
He build churches, day schools and
homes for children rescued from slavery.
His wife published the first book and
hymnal in the Bakuba language.
Sources: Wilbur Harr, Sylvia Jacobs, John Hendrick and Winifred Vass

History of Medical MissionHistory of Medical Mission

Dr. Aaron McMillanDr. Aaron McMillan
Dr. Aaron McMillan was a physician
and Nebraska legislator before
going with the Am. Board of
Commissioners in 1929 to head an
Angolan hospital.
He trained assistants, treated over
80,000 patients and performed over
3,000 surgeries during his medical
ministry1
.
1 Wilbur Harr, 1945. “The Negro as an
American Protestant missionary in Africa”.
Ph.D. dissertation, microfilm, University of
Chicago, pp 54-55.

Dr. Michael JohnsonDr. Michael Johnson
Dr. Johnson serves with World Gospel
Mission in Kenya, East Africa. He works in the
Kibera slums of Nairobi, and trains surgical
residents at Kenyatta National Hospital.
He has a street ministry (The Least of These)
to care for abandoned and orphaned children of
Nairobi.
Kay, his wife, runs development projects in
rural Kenya.

Collaborative Missions TodayCollaborative Missions Today
Mission Partners Working inMission Partners Working in
the Local Initiativesthe Local Initiatives

Discussion on the History ofDiscussion on the History of
Mission studiesMission studies

Looking at the HistoryLooking at the History
of Missionof Mission
God’s Ongoing activity in the WorldGod’s Ongoing activity in the World
through missionariesthrough missionaries
Expansion and Fall of ChristendomExpansion and Fall of Christendom
around the worldaround the world
Mission from Uncivilized to theMission from Uncivilized to the
CivilizedCivilized
Revolutions?Revolutions?
Evolutions?Evolutions?

Issues in the History of MissionIssues in the History of Mission
• Conversion of Kings and Tribal leaders ledConversion of Kings and Tribal leaders led
to massto mass
• Mass conversion by Force or by bread orMass conversion by Force or by bread or
by social serviceby social service
• Conversion of groups as expression ofConversion of groups as expression of
liberation from oppressionliberation from oppression
• Through education, interaction andThrough education, interaction and
rhetoric individual intellectuals convertedrhetoric individual intellectuals converted
• Through adaptation, syncretism,Through adaptation, syncretism,
enculturation, people were converted.enculturation, people were converted.

Issues continued…Issues continued…
Islamization and Christianization wasIslamization and Christianization was
in conflict.in conflict.
Colonialization and ChristendomColonialization and Christendom
revisitedrevisited
Migration, Movement of peopleMigration, Movement of people
through continents, Wars andthrough continents, Wars and
Refugees led to spread of ChristianityRefugees led to spread of Christianity

History from whoseHistory from whose
perspective?perspective?
Missionaries or from Converts or fromMissionaries or from Converts or from
non-convertsnon-converts
Dominant readings – wives or women inDominant readings – wives or women in
mission secondary readingsmission secondary readings
People at the margins are often neglectedPeople at the margins are often neglected
From West to Rest – Orthodox or otherFrom West to Rest – Orthodox or other
denominationsdenominations
Indigenous Mission often unrecognisedIndigenous Mission often unrecognised
Small movements versus Mass movementsSmall movements versus Mass movements
Successful versus failures in MissionsSuccessful versus failures in Missions

History of MissionHistory of Mission
With what viewsWith what views
Ethno Centric/West-centric/Sponsor-Ethno Centric/West-centric/Sponsor-
centric viewscentric views
Heroic or Victors viewsHeroic or Victors views
Teleological viewsTeleological views
Progressive viewsProgressive views
Evolutionary viewsEvolutionary views
Revolutionary viewsRevolutionary views

4 history of missions

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