Abstract: How can online learning platforms provide useful information about pedagogy to instructors teaching online, while ensuring that course teams are not constrained in leveraging their teaching expertise to personalize their MOOC? The scientific literature on learning and education provides hundreds of detailed studies, which can be synthesized to identify effective instructional strategies, and mined for examples of how an instructional strategy can be implemented in a specific environment, set of educational materials, or student population. This talk illustrates this approach, by presenting a worksheet guide that supports MOOC designers in using two instructional strategies: increasing student motivation to think through challenges by designing exercises which encourage students to see their intelligence as malleable, and enhancing deep understanding with questions and prompts for students to explain. The talk explains how these two instructional strategies are motivated by both existing literature and recently conducted experimental studies. It also presents the specific details of how the guide is targeted at MOOC instructors and provides them with multiple actionable strategies they can use in their courses.

1. Supporting Instructors in MOOCs:
Using cognitive science research to guide pedagogy &
instructional design
May, EdX/MIT
Joseph Jay Williams
josephjaywilliams@stanford.edu
www.josephjaywilliams.com/education
lytics.stanford.edu
Lytics Lab, Graduate School of Education & Office of the
Vice Provost for Online Learning
Stanford University
(Formerly) Graduate School of Education, UC Berkeley

2. Abstract
• How can online learning platforms provide useful information about
pedagogy to instructors teaching online, while ensuring that course teams
are not constrained in leveraging their teaching expertise to personalize
their MOOC? The scientific literature on learning and education provides
hundreds of detailed studies, which can be synthesized to identify
effective instructional strategies, and mined for examples of how an
instructional strategy can be implemented in a specific environment, set
of educational materials, or student population. This talk illustrates this
approach, by presenting a worksheet guide that supports MOOC designers
in using two instructional strategies: increasing student motivation to
think through challenges by designing exercises which encourage students
to see their intelligence as malleable, and enhancing deep understanding
with questions and prompts for students to explain. The talk explains how
these two instructional strategies are motivated by both existing literature
and recently conducted experimental studies. It also presents the specific
details of how the guide is targeted at MOOC instructors and provides
them with multiple actionable strategies they can use in their courses.

3. Complementary Knowledge in Instruction
•
•
•
•
Instructors
Instructional Designers
EdX
Researchers: Cognitive & Learning Scientists

4. Overview
• I. Incorporating cognitive & learning sciences
research
• II. Increasing motivation by changing beliefs about
intelligence
• III. Enhancing understanding by engaging students in
generating explanations

5. III. Cognitive & Learning Sciences Research
• Synthesizing & Applying Broad Principles & Recent Findings
•
•
•
•
•
Williams, J.J. (2013). Improving Learning in MOOCs by Applying Cognitive Science.
Paper presented at the MOOCshop Workshop, International Conference on
Artificial Intelligence in Education, Memphis, TN.
Pashler, H., Bain, P., Bottge, B., Graesser, A., Koedinger, K., McDaniel, M., Metcalfe,
J.: Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning (NCER 20072004). Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of
Education (2007)
Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M. C., Norman, M. K.: How
learning works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. Jossey-Bass
(2010)
Willingham, D. T.: Why Don't Students Like School. Jossey-Bass (2010)
Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E.: E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven
guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning. Pfeiffer (2004)
• Specific detailed studies

6. II. Increase motivation – change beliefs about intelligence
• Many ways to increase motivation
• Change students’ beliefs about whether intelligence
is fixed or malleable (Dweck, 2011; Yeager &
Walton, 2012)

7. Implicit beliefs about Intelligence
• On a scale from 1 to 10, how much do you agree
that?
• Your intelligence is something very basic about you
that you can’t change very much.
• No matter how much intelligence you have, you can
always change it quite a bit.
• Fixed Mindset
• Growth Mindset
(Dweck, 2006)

8. Boost GPA with 2 class lessons?
• Teach students an incremental/growth theory
(Paunesku, Romero et al, 2012)
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Avoid trying hard and uncomfortable challenges
• Avoid asking questions & understanding errors

9. Teach growth mindset of intelligence to increase motivation
• Growth mindset related to motivation & learning
(Dweck, 2008; Yeager & Walton, 2011)
• Embed messages in online Khan Academy exercises
• Effect of Growth Mindset beyond encouragement?
Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

10. Experimentally manipulate added messages
Practice-as-usual Message
Growth Mindset Message
Positive
Some of these problems are hard. Do your best!
Remember, the more you practice the smarter you become!

11. Design
Practice-as-usual
• Growth Mindset Message
• Positive Message
•
•
•
"Remember, the more you practice the
smarter you become.”,
"Mistakes help you learn. Think hard to
learn from them.”
•
"Some of these problems are hard. Just
do your best."
"This might be a tough problem, but we
know you can do it.”
• 50 000+ students per condition
• Dependent measures:
– Number of problems attempted
– Accuracy

12. Number of Problems Attempted by Students
• Unpublished data has been removed from this slide

13. Accuracy
• Unpublished data has been removed from this slide

14. Worksheet Guide
• https://docs.google.com/document/d/199mzM696pH1SbppUeQ5DQTsE628u00YmIngkKlUZ5M
/edit

15. III. Enhance understanding – prompt for explanations
• “Teaching is the best way to learn”
• Cognitive
Psychology, Education, Cognitive Tutors
(Chi, 2000; Legare, 2012; Lombrozo, 2012;
McNamara, 2004; Murphy, 2000; Siegler, 2002)
• Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology
• Many age groups
• Multiple formats

16. Explanation and Learning
• General boost to Learning Engagement
• The Subsumptive Constraints Account:
Interpret target of why-explanation in terms of a broader
generalization (Williams & Lombrozo, 2010)
• Discovery & transfer (Williams & Lombrozo, 2010, Cognitive Science)
• Use of prior knowledge (Williams & Lombrozo, 2013, Cog. Psych.)
• Erroneously overgeneralize at expense of anomalies
(Williams et al, 2013, JEP: General)
16

17. Anomalies in Mathematics
• Anomalies – contradict existing beliefs
• Often ignored by students (Chinn & Brewer, 1993 )
• Effects of explaining anomalies?
(Williams, et al 2012; 2013)
Williams, Walker & Lombrozo, 2012
17

18. Using concept of statistical deviation for ranking
• Statistical concepts:
• Introductory & central to many disciplines
• Difficult but important in everyday reasoning
• Learn to rank using z-scores/standard deviation
(Schwartz & Martin, 2004, Belenky & Nokes, 2011)
Sarah got 85% in a Sociology class, where the average score was 79%, the average
deviation was 3%, the minimum score was 67%, and the maximum score was 90%.
Tom got 69% in a Art History class, where the average score was 65%, the average
deviation was 8%, the minimum score was 42%, and the maximum score was 87%.
Who was ranked higher?
XXXX was ranked higher.
18

19. Statistical rules for ranking
Sarah was ranked higher.
Tom
Type of
Information
Sarah
Tom
Ranking Rule
Use of rule
Higher
ranked
Personal Score
•
85%
69%
Higher score
85 > 69
Sarah
Class Average
79%
65%
Greater distance
from average
(85 – 79) >
(69 – 65)
Sarah
Class Maximum
90%
87%
8%
8%
3%
3%
(90 – 85) <
(87 – 69)
Sarah
Class Deviation
Closer to
maximum
More deviations
above the average
(85-79)/8 <
(69-65)/3
Tom
Tom
•
Anomalous observation
19

20. Design
Study
Items
Pre-Test
Post-Test
5 ranked student pairs.
Make 5 verbal responses
Explain: Why was this
person ranked higher?
?
Write Thoughts: Write your
thoughts about this
ranking.
?
20

21. Improvement in Accuracy
• Unpublished data has been removed from this slide

22. Review
• I. Incorporating cognitive & learning sciences
research
• II. Increasing motivation by changing beliefs about
intelligence
• III. Enhancing understanding by engaging students in
generating explanations