Interface between mitigation and adaptation in primary industries. Richard Eckard
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A presentation at the WCCA 2011 event in Brisbane.
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Interface between mitigation and adaptation in primary industries. Richard Eckard
- 1. NCCARF Interface between mitigation and adaptation in primary industries Richard Eckard, Snow Barlow, Peter Grace, Peter Hayman, Richard Harper
- 2. Workshop Program • Presentations to set the scene – Richard Harper, Murdoch University – Bram Govaerts , CIMMYT – Pat Wall, CIMMYT • Facilitated group discussions – List key conflicts, synergies and challenges – Developing solutions or strategies – Report back • Synthesis by the PIARN team
- 3. Background • At a global scale – Smith and Olesen (2010) suggest synergies between mitigation and adaptation • At a local and regional scale – Significant conflicts need to be addressed • Climate change itself could lead to increased – Enteric methane – Nitrous oxide – Soil carbon respiration Smith & Olesen 2010; Eckard et al. 2010
- 4. Examples of Global Synergies • Reducing emissions – Less enteric CH4 = improved C and energy efficiency • Improved feed conversion efficiency – Less N2O = improved N use efficiency • Improved water and air quality • Reducing input costs • Building soil carbon – Improve productivity – Reduce soil erosion – Conserving soil moisture Smith & Olesen 2010
- 5. Examples of Global Conflicts • Building soil carbon – Productive soils need rapid soil C ‘turnover’ – Long term sequestration >100 yr C ‘turnover’ – Requires nutrients esp N – Warmer future climates -> higher soil C and N loss • Feedstocks for bio-energy – Competes with land for food – Increased N2O and C loss – Reduces residue return to soil Smith & Olesen 2010, Eckard & Cullen 2011
- 6. Regional and local conflicts Australian examples • Shift from grazing to cropping in SW Victoria – Adaptation to lower rainfall – Large losses of soil C and organic N as N2O • Dairy pastures in SE Australia – Earlier onset of summer plus warmer winter – More N fertiliser in warmer winter to offset loss of early summer growth – More N2O loss
- 7. Regional and local conflicts Australian examples • Shift from C3 to C4 grasses with warming – More resilient pasture systems – Lower forage quality thus increased methane • Shift to annual based systems – To manage climate uncertainty – More soil C and N2O loss?
- 8. Regional and local synergies Australian examples • Carbon offset income – Lower intensity farming becomes more profitable • Adaptation to lower or more variable rainfall – More conservative stocking rates – More targeted N fertiliser inputs – Shift to more resilient crop and pasture species • Native grasses -> Deeper rooted & less N –> less leaching –> less N2O • Adaptation to heat stress – Plant more trees for shade and shelter – More carbon sequestration in landscape • Minimum tillage – Increased soil carbon, reduced N2O – Better water holding capacity
- 9. Summary • Short-term adaptation to mitigation policies can create conflicts with long-term climate adaptation – BUT • Synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation • Identify the conflicts and synergies – Maximise synergies – Minimise the conflicts – The focus of this workshop