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Phylum tracheophyta 2016
- 1. Phylum Tracheophyta Ferns, Gymnosperms, & Angiosperms
- 2. KINGDOM PLANTAEKINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular PlantsVascular Plants PhylumPhylum TracheophytaTracheophyta Non-Vascular PlantsNon-Vascular Plants Terrestrial:Terrestrial: BryophytesBryophytes Aquatic:Aquatic: AlgaeAlgae Phyla: Bryophyta Hepatophyta Antherocerophyta Phyla: Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta SeedsSeeds No SeedsNo Seeds FernsFerns Sub Phylum: Lycophyta (club & spike moss) Sphenophyta (equisitem) Pterophyta (ferns) Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
- 3. Phylum Tracheophyta Ex: Ferns, gymnosperms, & angiosperms • Vascular plants – have vascular tissue called xylem & phloem • True terrestrial plants
- 4. Ferns • Well developed vascular system therefore, TRUE roots, stems and leaves • Dominant generation is the sporophyte • Gametophyte is small and independent of sporophyte • Needs wet environment – water so sperm can swim to egg
- 5. Ferns continued: • Reproduction: – Sexual – spores dispersed by wind and water – Asexual – rhizome Fiddlehead = young sporophyte = uncurling frond
- 7. The Pteridophytes (fern family) probably evolved from an algae around the same time as the bryophytes were evolving. RHYNIARHYNIA: 400 million years ago The 1st vascular plant.
- 8. 4 Subphyla • Lycophyta – Club Mosses • Sphenophyta – Horsetails • Psilophyta – Whisk ferns • Pterophyta - Ferns
- 9. Subphylum Lycophyta - Club Moss • Commonly called ground pines • Bushy, tree like branches above, but unbranched at the base • Have deep growing root like rhizomes • Live in moist woods and clearings • Small leaves with single unbranched vein **DO NOT COPY**
- 12. Club Moss Spores • Genus Lycopodium is homosporous (makes one type of spore) • Contains chemicals that explode and burn quickly • Yellowish powdery spores used in fireworks and explosives. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAfT2Uktx4c Lycopodium Powder Fireball: **DO NOT COPY**
- 13. Other Uses for Club Moss • Sometimes boiled in water to produce a medicinal tea or an eye wash • Ground pines, green all winter, are used in Christmas decorations • Ancestors of modern club misses helped form coal during the carboniferous period **DO NOT COPY**
- 14. Reproductive structure Subphylum Sphenophyta – Horsetails • Only one living species (Equisteum) • Also called scouring rushes • Hollow, jointed stems contained silica and were once used to scrub pots • Photosynthetic aerial stem • Underground rhizomes • In prehistoric times, grew as tall as trees **DO NOT COPY**
- 15. Vegetative structure – looks like horsetail
- 16. Uses for Horsetails • Used to fight plant fungi • Used in some mouthwashes to cure mouth ulcers • Used as diuretics to eliminate excess water (weight loss products) • Toxic to animals (sheep, cattle, horses) **DO NOT COPY**
- 17. Subphylum Psilophyta – Whisk Ferns• Look like a small, green, twiggy bush • Have TRUE stems, but no leaves or roots • Only two living genera • Rhizomes to anchor (can’t absorb water) • Reproduce asexually from rhizomes or sexually via spores produced in Sporangia **DO NOT COPY**
- 18. Subphylum Pterophyta - Ferns • Largest group of extant (living) vascular plants • Wide range of habitats (terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal tree ferns, epiphytic) • Can asexually reproduce by rhizomes
- 19. Subphylum Pterophyta - Ferns • Dominant Sporophyte stage has true roots, stems and leaves • Roots and stems underground • Leaves called fronds found above ground and attached to a stem like petiole
- 22. Pterophyta (Fern) Life Cycle • Newly forming sporophyte fronds called fiddleheads must uncurl • Spore cases called sori are found on the underside of the fronds • Wind spreads spores that land on moist soil and germinate into a prothallus
- 23. FERN FIDDLEHEADFERN FIDDLEHEAD ((‘baby’ sporophyte)‘baby’ sporophyte) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XruTNNabUe0&feature=related
- 25. eggs sperm
- 27. Ferns • The prothallus starts the gameophyte stage • Gametophyte is heart shaped and short lived • Male antheridia and female archegonia grow on the gametophyte • Sperm swims to egg to fertilize
- 29. Fern Sporophyte
- 30. HOW DO WE USE FERNS?HOW DO WE USE FERNS? Trim the base of your ferns, leaving only a tiny tail beyond the circumference of each Fiddlehead. Rub off any remaining furry brown covering. Rinse under running water. Drop ferns into a large pot of boiling salted water. Boil for about 5 minutes or until tender. If undercooked, you will miss the full, rich flavor. Drain well and serve piping hot with melted butter.
- 31. Uses for Ferns • Help prevent erosion • Fiddleheads are eaten as food • Ornamental plants for yards and homes • Helped form coal deposits millions or years ago
- 34. ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FERNSECOLOGICAL ROLE OF FERNS • Pioneer species: first to establish themselves in areas with poor soil (little nutrients) • Once the ferns are established, they improve living conditions for other species 1. Put nutrients back into the soil 2. Help prevent erosion Ultimately, they set the stage for their own demise, as other plants andUltimately, they set the stage for their own demise, as other plants and trees will come in a take over.trees will come in a take over.
- 35. Questions: Moss vs Ferns Please answer the following questions and include in your notes: 1.Look at the life cycle of moss and ferns. a) Compare the spore-containing structures of both plants. b) Which stage is dominant in mosses? Ferns? c) Compare the events that occur just after the spores are released in mosses and ferns. d) Compare the way in which the sperm and egg join in mosses and ferns. e) Compare the gametophyte and sporophyte of mosses and ferns. 2.Why are spores important for life on land?
- 36. Answers: Moss vs Ferns a) Ferns have a cluster of sporangia whereas moss have single sporangium. b) Dominant stage in moss is the gametophyte whereas it is the sporophyte in ferns. c) Spores are dispersed by wind or water and germinate into a gametophyte. d) Moss and ferns need to utilize water so sperm can swim to join egg. e) In moss, the gametophyte is dominant (not the sporophyte) and in ferns the sporophyte is dominant (not the gametophyte). 2. Spores are important for life on land because they allow for dispersal of plants, protect baby plants from drying out until conditions are good for it to grow.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Gametophyte – 1 cell thick, non-vascular and heart shaped
- Rhizome is an underground stem (vascular). Asexual repro - fiddlehead
- In ferns, the sporophyte was the dominant life form.
- Vegetative form: looks like a horsetail The one on the right is extinct.
- Fern Tree fern Floating ferns
- Fiddlehead (sporophyte) contains spores. Grows into fern frond with sporangia.
- Haploid gametophytes grow from spores (male and female ones)
- Sporophyte grows out of gametophyte and turns into a fiddle head Prothallus means before twig and is the gametophyte stage
- Because Fiddlehead ferns are delicious, with a remarkable wild flavor . The flavor? It has been described as similar to green beans with a hint of artichoke. But descriptions do not begin to capture the flavor. You must try them to know the wonderful flavor and delightful crunch of Fiddleheads. Ferns should be picked early in the morning when they are still very young and fresh. The "crosier" should be tightly curled, and should snap off crisply. They must be washed carefully and rubbed to remove the paper-y brown skin on the outside. Avoid yellow or "floppy" ferns. Trim the base leaving a tiny tail. Exercise caution if you decide to harvest Fiddleheads yourself. There are many varieties of ferns, and only the Ostrich Fern is recommended for consumption. The flavor of fiddleheads goes well with cheeses, tomato sauce and oriental cuisine. Excellent with Hollandaise sauce. Fiddleheads are excellent marinated in vinegar and oil or as a crunchy pickle. Fiddleheads can be used in similar ways to any firm green vegetable such as Asparagus or Broccoli florets. Do not overcook. Fiddlehead ferns are a good source of vitamins A and C. Fiddleheads should not be served raw as they have a slight bitterness until cooked and may cause stomach upset if eaten raw in quantity. Health Canada advises that fresh fiddleheads must be properly cooked before being consumed.
- Fern frond = leaf Fern sori = sporangia release spores (haploid)
- Release of spores is controlled by water pressure Sporangia on fronds because they are taller, therefore, better dispersal
- (ie: burned forests, pastures, lava, glacial retreat)