this for busniness add thats why this research of pricing a

1. Pricing In Retailing
Dr. Gopal Thapa
Tribhuvan University
Email:thapazee@gmail.com

2. Overview
 Pricing is the value that is placed on something. That
something is usually goods and service
 Products must be priced in a way that both achieves profits and
satisfies customers

3. Basic pricing Options
 Discount orientation – low prices as competitive advantages
 At the market orientation – uses average prices to offer solid
value
 Upscale orientation – using a prestigious image as competitive
advantage

4. External Factors Affecting
Retail Pricing
 Consumers
 Governmental issues
 Manufacturers/wholesalers/suppliers
 Current and potential competitors

5. Consumer Factors
 Price elasticity of demand – Measures sensitivity of consumers
to price changes.
 A small change in prices results in a big change is quantity –
very elastic
 Change in prices does not result in significant change in
quantity it is inelastic. Elasticity = ∆ Q/ ∆P

6. Consumer_2
 Price sensitivity varies by market segment based on market
orientation
1. Economic Consumers
2. Status-oriented consumers
3. Assortment oriented consumers
4. Personalizing consumers
5. Convenience oriented consumers

7. Government Issues
 Horizontal pricing fixing – parties
within the same level in channel agree to
set prices
 Vertical price fixing – when
manufacturers or wholesalers seek to
control the retail prices of their products
 Price discrimination –occurs when
retailers sell same product at different
prices to different consumers under
same conditions.

8. Justifiable reasons
to price discrimination
 Products are physically different
 Retailers paying different prices are not competitors
 Competition is not injured
 Price differences are due to differences in costs
 Market conditions change

9. Government issues
 Minimum price laws- can not sell certain
items for less than costs
 Predatory pricing- seeks to reduce
competition by pricing products very low
 Loss leaders - price products below costs to
attract more store traffic
 Unit pricing- must provide total price and
price per a certain unit such as price per
dozen. or price per unit

10. Government issues
 Item price removal – prices are marked
only on shelves and not on individual
items. Scanning equipment reads pre-
marked code at the checkout counter
 Price advertising – cannot advertising a
price reduction unless it has actually been
done
 Price matching- lowest price guaranteed
 Bait and switching – advertising a low
price but then try to switch customers to
another product when they enter the store
or say the product is not available.

11. Manufacturers, wholesalers and
Other Suppliers
 May have conflicts between manufacturers, wholesalers
regarding the pricing of merchandise
 Private label is increasing – selling against the brand
 Gray market goods are sold by retailers and not liked by
manufacturers

12. Competition and retail Pricing
 Market pricing- many retailers are in market and consumers
have many to chose from which makes prices of products very
similar
 Administered pricing- seeks to attract consumers based on
uniqueness of offering rather than price (Different price for
image, service or assortment)

13. Developing a Retail Price
Strategies

14. Factors Affecting Retail
Price Strategy
 Price objectives
 Broad price policy
 Price strategy
 Implementation of strategy
 Price adjustments

15. Pricing objectives
 Sales or market share – market penetration strategy – seek big
revenues by reducing prices
 Profit objectives – market skimming strategy. Sets premium
prices and attracts customers who are less price sensitive.
Objective is recovery of cash quicker.

16. Examples of Specific pricing
Objectives
 Maintain a proper image
 Clear seasonal inventory
 Provide good customer service
 Encourage repeat business
 Match competitors prices
 Increase shopper traffic

17. Broad Price Policy
 Broad price policy a retailer generates an integrated price plan
with short and long run perspective
 Price policy is integrated with target market, retail image, and
other elements of retail mix
 Example of policy: no competitors will have lower prices

18. Price Strategy
 Demand Oriented –price set based on consumers desire
 Cost Oriented – costs are calculated and profits are added to
set price
 Competition oriented – prices set to match competition

19. Demand Oriented
 Use demand to estimate what consumers are willing to pay
 Price- quality association –the higher price the higher the
quality
 Prestige pricing – higher the price the better, consumers
preferences

20. Cost Oriented
 Adding a $ amount to costs to set price
 Markup pricing
 Markup – difference between merchandise costs and selling
price
Example: retailer cost for a shirt is $25
He sells shirt for $45
Markup - $45-25 = $20

21. Markup examples Continued
 Markup percentage = price-cost/price
(30%) markup desired
$12.00 retailers costs
What will the selling price be?
.30 = X - $12.00/ X
12/1-.30= 12/.70 = $17.14
Retail selling price is $17.14

22. Markup examples Continued
 Desire a 40% markup , if the candy retails for .79, what costs
should a retailer pay for the candy
 .79 (1-.40)= .79 (.60) = .474

23. Markup
 Initial markup
 Maintained markups
 Variable markup policy
 Direct product profitability

24. Competition oriented pricing
 Use competitions prices ONLY as a guide
can price above, below or at same level as competition

25. Integrated approaches to pricing
strategy
 Must consider many factors such as
1. if price reduces will revenues increase greatly
2. Will a given price, allow a traditional markup to be attained
3. Can above market prices lead to superior image

26. Implementation of Price
Strategy
 Customary and variable pricing
1. Customary pricing –sets price at one
level and seek to keep them at these
levels
2. Everyday low pricing (EDLP) sell goods
at consistently low prices
3. Variable pricing – change prices as costs
vary
4. Yield management pricing – determines
price that yields the greatest profits for a
given period.

27. Implementation of Price
Strategy
 One price policy and flexible pricing
1. One price policy – charge all customers the same
price
2. Flexible pricing – let consumers bargain over prices
3. Contingency pricing -

28. Implementation of Price
Strategy
 Odd pricing- set prices below even dollar
amt, .49 .99. 1.99, 99.99
 Leader pricing
selling selected items at reduced price to
build store traffic
 Multiple –unit – 2 for .79
bundled pricing combines several products
 Price lining- sell products at a limited price
range.

29. Price Adjustments
 Price adjustments let retailer use price as an adaptive
mechanism
1. markdowns 2. additional markups
3. employee discount
 Markdowns are taken because of competition, seasonality,
demand patterns, merchandise costs and pilferage.

30. Price Adjustments
 Markdown percentage =
Dollar markdown/net sales
 Off-retail markdown percentage =
original price – new price/original price

31. Price Adjustments
 Markdown control
 Timing markdowns
1. Early markdowns – may results in selling
out quicker than late markdowns
2. Staggered markdown – discounted
throughout selling period
- automatic markdown plan
4. storewide clearance – conducted once or
twice a year

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Thank your for
your
patience!