unj fmipa-fisika

1. TeknologiSel Surya SatwikoSidopekso Sesion#14 JurusanFisika FakultasMatematikadanIlmuPengetahuanAlam

2. Outline Electrical Characteristic: Conductivity Current –Voltage Staeblewronski effect © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 2 06/01/2011

3. Electrical Characteristic © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 3 06/01/2011

8. Sodium Chloride, NaCl, dissociates into Na+ + Cl-5

9. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Typical Conductivity Values 6

12. 1,000,000 MicroSiemens/cm = 1.0 Ohm/-cm7

14. Conductivity Measured as Resistivity in MegOhms/cm

16. Conductivity Measured in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)8

17. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Conductance of Common Acids, Bases and Salts @ 25oC 9

19. Natural Waters 2.0%/oC

20. Bases > 1.8 - 2.2%/oC

21. High Purity Water 2.3% - 7.3%/ oC10

22. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Specific Conductivity of Sulfuric Acid 11

23. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 5.0% Sulfuric Acid Solution 12

24. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Change in Temperature Slope/oC 13

25. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Na+ Cl- Conductivity Measurement Apply an AC Voltage to Two Electrodes of Exact Dimensions Acids, Bases and Salts (NaCl) Dissolve in Solution and Act as Current Carriers The Current Flow is Directly Proportional to the Total Dissolved Solids in Solution The Physical Dimensions of a Conductivity Electrode are Referred to as the Cell Constant Cell Constant is Length/Area Relationship Distance Between Plates = 1.0 cm Area of Each Plate = 1.0 cm x 1.0 cm Cell Constant = 1.0 cm-1 Cell Constant Used to Determine the Measuring Range of the Analyzer Acts as Multiplier Used to Calibrate Analyzer Determined Using NBS Standards Can be NIST Traceable 14

26. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | V Four Electrode Conductivity Cells Measures Current and Voltage Drop Current Increases with an Increase in Voltage Drop Across Electrodes Compensates for Minor Coatings on Conductivity Electrodes Used for Higher Range Measurement 15

29. High Range Measurement Only > 100 uS/cm16 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |

30. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Reverse Osmosis Unit pH Transmitter Feed Water Acid Feed Feed Water Tank Conductivity Transmitter RO Unit Waste 17

31. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Demineralizer Unit Acid Regeneration Caustic Regeneration Conductivity Transmitter Conductivity Transmitter Mixed Bed Anion Bed Cation Bed Conductivity Transmitter To Water Storage Conductivity Transmitter Conductivity Transmitter 18

32. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Power Utilities Average Number of Analyzers for Each Demin Unit TypeNumber Conductivity 4 Concentration 2 pH 1 Total 7 Usually 2 per generation unit (make up & polisher) and built in pairs Total X 4 = 28 Analyzers per Unit Two Units Built at a time = 56 Analyzers 19

33. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Power Utilities Average Number of Analyzers Per Generating Unit Analyzer TypeNumber pH 5 Specific Conductivity 6 Cation Conductivity 11 Condensate Analyzer 1 Total 23 Usually Units Built in Pairs = 46 Analyzers 20

34. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Conductivity Transmitter Heat Exchanger Condensate Return Feed Water Tank Waste Steam Header Conductivity Transmitter Steam Drum Top Blowdown Line Blowdown Valve Mud Drum Flash Tank Manual Blowdown Valve Do Not Automate ! Boiler Blowdown and Condensate Return Lines 21

35. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | Clean in Place (CIP) Conductivity Transmitter CIP Return Lines Caustic Process Vessels Caustic Dilution Tank Solution Recovery Conductivity Transmitter Water 22

36. 06/01/2011 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id | 23 TerimaKasih