The document discusses key materials challenges for electric vehicle batteries, including safety, availability over a wide temperature range, durability for 10-15 years of operation, and cost. It examines several cathode chemistries and their properties, finding that LiFePO4 provides the best safety properties while NCA and NCM offer higher energy density. The document also analyzes anode materials, concluding that while hard carbon has the highest capacity, Li4Ti5O5 may be best for next generation vehicles due to its high rate charging ability especially at low temperatures. Overall, the document determines that LiFePO4 is currently one of the best cathode platforms for electric vehicles, but continued research is needed to improve performance and lower costs.

1. Background-Key Materials Challenges
Safety The number one concern for passenger vehicles
Availability Meet a wide temperature range of -30 to 60
Durability Cycle and calendar life must allow for 10~15
years of battery operation
Cost Batteries for EV with large batteries require low cost
Cathode Chemistry in Lishen
KPI of Cathode Materials
Voltage Capacity /
Cycle Life Cost Safety
Range/V (mAh/g)
LiMn2O4 3.0-4.2 100 120 Good Low Better
LiFePO4 2.0-3.6 130 150 Excellent Low Excellent
NCM 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good
NCA 2.5-4.2 150 Better High Good
‡At least four different cathode chemistries are being considered in power battery
‡NCA and NCM are the choices for high energy density
‡LFP shows the lowest energy density due to low voltage and low material density

2. Safety of Cathode Material
DSC of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 LiMn2O4
LiFePO4 and Electrolyte at 4.3V
‡Most cathode materials exhibit a strong exothermal reaction with the electrolyte in
the charged state which can lead to a thermal runaway of the battery
‡LFP is completely stable and allows the development of an intrinsically safe cell
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Basic Performance
Energy Type Power Type
Items A B C D E F G H
Surface area (m2/g) 9 11 16 10 14 18 15 14
Tapped density (g/cm3) 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6
Particle size ( m) (D10) 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.75 0.2 0.2
(D50) 5.4 3.4 2.3 4.2 4.5 5.1 0.8 0.6
(D90) 9.1 5.9 11.2 10.3 12.2 16.6 4.8 5.0
Moisture (ppm) 420 800 300 500 1100 100 410 700
Discharge capacity (mAh/ 148 150 145 148 145 143 143 152
g)
Processability Hard Hard Hard Hard OK OK Hard Harder

3. Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM
A B
C D
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—SEM
E F
G H

4. Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance
Discharge Performance:
A E B C D F
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Cycle Life
Cycle Life( According to cycle life trend line): B C A E D

5. Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Discharge Performance
Discharge Performance:
G E
Study on LiFePO4 in Lishen—Safety performance
No Hot Oven Nail Penetration No
Explosion 150 /10min Nail: 3- 8mm, Explosion
No Fire Speed:10-40mm/s No Fire
No No
Explosion Over Safety & Abuse Over Explosion
No Fire Discharge Testing Charge No Fire
1C/10V
No No
Explosion Crush Short Circuit Explosion
No Fire No Fire
All the Materials are Safe!

6. Anode Chemistry in Lishen
Properties of anode materials
Item MCMB HC SC LTO
Structure
SEM
KPI of anode materials
Particle size Capacity Tap Density/
Advantage Disadvantage
D50/( m) /(mAh/g) (g/cc)
Graphite Low cost; Low temp.;
8.104 300 1.3
(MCMB) High capacity Rapid charge
Energy; Initial
Hard High Power;
9.146 430 0.9 Longevity
Efficiency; low
Carbon tap density
Low energy
Soft
11.216 360 0.8 Low cost; Longevity density; low tap
Carbon density
High Power;
Longevity Low energy
Li4Ti5O4 9.7 150 1.2 density
Low Temp.; Safety

7. Charge curves of anode materials
No SEI forming, which can
improve the low temp. electron
Anode electrode Potential (V)
conductivity. the voltage Vs. Li is
1.5V, which can effectively avoid Hard carbon has the excellent
the creating of the lithium specific capacity, and the charge
dendrites. and discharge curve shows good
gradient, which is propitious to
estimate the SOC of the battery .
1.5V Vs Li
LTO
Hard Carbon
The properties of soft carbon
Soft Carbon is between hard carbon and
artificial graphite.
Graphite
0.1V Vs Li
Charge Capacity (mAh)
Electrochemical performances—rated discharge
Because of the intrinsic properties,
hard carbon is benefit to be
discharged at large current. The
hard carbon displays the higher
voltage than soft carbon and
MCMB at high rate discharge.

8. Electrochemical performances—rated charge
LTO shows excellent high rate
charging property, which is
better than HC and SC, and the
high rate charging capacity of
the MCMB is the least.
Time of charging to 90%SOC (10C)
Anode Time/min
MCMB 12.8
HC 7.3
SC 5.4
LTO 5.6
Electrochemical performances—cycle life

9. Low temperature performance
Conclusions
Batteries are the primary barrier in making electric-drive vehicles
possible. Li-ion batteries can best meet the electric-drive challenge;
LiFePO4 is an intrinsically safe system with good cycle life. At present
LiFePO4 platform is one of the best choice for EV/HEV application in
Lishen;
MCMB and hard carbon are used in Lishen present EV/ HEV cell
products; Li4Ti5O12 has higher rate charge ability (at low Temp. vs. AG) ,
so it seems that Li4Ti5O12 is the best choice for next generation HEV
application;
Raw material is one of the key premise for good battery, but the
electrode process is a big challenge for battery maker due to the property
of LiFePO4. Lishen has sound base and enough manufacture experience
to penetrate the EV market.

10. Thank You!

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